Md.

Abdul Malek
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
 Rectifier
A rectifier is a circuit that converts an alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC).
Application:
1. Aircraft converter systems
2. Zinc electrolysis
3. Graphitizing furnaces
4. High voltage DC transmission
5. Electroplating
6. Adjustable speed drives
7. Battery charging
8. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)
9. Copper refining
2
10. Many more
 Rectifier
Classification of rectifier:

3
 Rectifier
Uncontrolled rectifier converts AC voltage to fixed DC voltage

Application:
1. Zinc electrolysis
2. Aluminum potline
3. Graphitizing furnaces
4. Traction substations
5. Medium voltage ac drives
6. Low voltage ac drive applications
7. Many more
4
 Rectifier
Controlled rectifier converts AC voltage to variable DC voltage.

Application:
1. Copper refining
2. DC arc furnace
3. HVDC transmission
4. Chemical electrolysis
5. Many more

5
 Uncontrolled Half-Wave Rectifier
+ vD - vs
is
i Vm
+
+ 0 ωt
π 2π
vp vs R vo
-
- vo
Vm
0 π ωt
Fig. : Half-Wave uncontrolled rectifier. 2π

i
Vm/R
The average output voltage is
0 ωt
2 π 2π
1
Vdc 
2  v (t) d (t )
o vD
0 0 ωt
π 2π
Vm -Vm
Vdc 
 6
 Performance Parameters
The output DC power,
Pdc  Vdc I dc
Where,
Vdc  The average value of the output (load) voltage
I dc  The average value of the output (load) current

The output AC power,

Pac  Vrms I rms
Where,
Vrms  The root-mean-square (rms) value of the output voltage
I rms  The root-mean-square (rms) value of the output current

7
 Performance Parameters
The efficiency (or rectification ratio) of a rectifier is defined as

 Pdc
Pac

η is not the power efficiency. It is the conversion efficiency which is a measure of

the quality of the output waveform. For a pure dc output, the conversion efficiency
would be unity.

The output voltage can be considered as composed of two components:

(1) DC component
(2) AC component or ripple.

The effective (rms) value of the AC component of the output voltage is

Vac  Vrms
2
 Vdc2 8
 Performance Parameters
The form factor, which is a measure of the shape of output voltage, is

FF 
Vrms
Vdc

The form factor (FF) of pure DC voltage is 1.

The ripple factor, which is a measure of the ripple content, is defined as

RF 
Vac
Vdc

RF  FF 2  1

The ripple factor (FF) of pure DC voltage is 0.

9
 Performance Parameters
The transformer utilization factor is defined as

TUF 
Pdc
Vs I s

Where,
Vs  rms value of the transformer secondary voltage

I s  rms value of the transformer secondary current

The input power factor is calculated as

PF 
Pac
Vs I s

10
 Performance Parameters
CF of the input current is defined by

I s ( peak )
CF  Is

Crest factor (CF) specify the peak current ratings of devices and components.

11
 Performance Parameters
CF of the input current is defined by

I s ( peak )
CF  Is

Crest factor (CF) specify the peak current ratings of devices and components.

12
 Performance Parameters
Problem_1: If the half-wave rectifier has a purely resistive load of R, determine (a)
the efficiency, (b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d) the TUF, (e) the PIV of diode (f) the CF of
the input current, and (g) the input power factor PF.

Problem_2: If the full-wave rectifier with center tapped transformer has a purely
resistive load of R, determine (a) the efficiency, (b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d) the TUF,
(e) the PIV of diode (f) the CF of the input current, and (g) the input power factor
PF.

Problem_3: If the full-wave bridge rectifier has a purely resistive load of R,

determine (a) the efficiency, (b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d) the TUF, (e) the PIV of
diode (f) the CF of the input current, and (g) the input power factor PF.

13
 Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
+ vD1 - vs
is

D1
Vm
+
vs 0 ωt
R i π 2π
-
vp + - vo +
vs vo
- D2 Vm
D1 D2
0 π ωt
+ vD2 - 2π
i
Fig. : Full-Wave rectifier with center
Vm/R
tapped transformer.
0 ωt
π 2π
The average output voltage is vD1
0 ωt
 π 2π
1
Vdc 
  v (t) d (t )
0
o
-2Vm
vD2
0 π ωt
2π
2Vm
Vdc  -2Vm
 14
 Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
is vs

+ Vm
+
vD1 i
D1 D3
vs - + 0 ωt
R vo π 2π
vp -
D4 D2
vo
Vm
D1,D2 D3,D4
0 π ωt
2π
i
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier.
Vm/R

0 ωt
π 2π
The average output voltage is vD1,vD2
0 ωt
 π 2π
1
Vdc 
 
0
vo(t) d (t ) -Vm
vD3,vD4
0 π ωt
2π
2Vm
Vdc  -Vm
 15
 Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier
+ vT -G
is vs
A K
+ i Vm
+
0 ωt
vp vs R vo π 2π
-
- vgk
0 ωt
vo α
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier. Vm

0 π ωt
α = Firing angle or delay angle 2π
i
Vm/R
The average output voltage is
0 ωt
 π 2π
1
Vdc 
2 

vo(t) d (t ) vT
0 π
ωt
2π
-Vm
V
Vdc  m (1  cos  )
2 16
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
+ vT1 - G1 vs
is
A K Vm
+ T1
vs 0 ωt
R i π 2π
-
vp + - vo +
vs vg1k
- T2 G2
0 ωt
α
A K vg2k
+ vT2 -
0 ωt
Fig. : Full-Wave rectifier with center π+α
vo
tapped transformer. .
Vm
The average output voltage is 0 α ωt
π π+α 2π
 i
1
Vdc 
  v (t) d (t )

o
Vm/R
ωt
0 α π 2π
Vm
Vdc  (1  cos  )
 17
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
is
G1 G3 vs
K K
+ i
T1 T3 + Vm
vs
A A R vo ωt
vp 0
- π 2π
G4 K G2 K

T4 T2 vg1k, vg2k
A A
0 ωt
α
vg3k, vg4k
0 ωt
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier π+α
vo
Vm
The average output voltage is 0 α ωt
π π+α 2π
 i
1
Vdc 
  v (t) d (t )

o
Vm/R
ωt
0 α π 2π
Vm
Vdc  (1  cos  )
 18
 Controlled Rectifier
Problem_4: If the controlled half-wave rectifier has a purely resistive load of R and
delay angle is α=π/3 , determine (a) the efficiency, (b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d) the
TUF, (e) the PIV of diode and (f) the CF of the input current.

Problem_5: If the controlled full-wave rectifier with center tapped transformer has
a purely resistive load of R and delay angle is α=π/3 , determine (a) the efficiency,
(b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d) the TUF, (e) the PIV of diode and (f) the CF of the input
current.

Problem_6: If the controlled full-wave bridge rectifier has a purely resistive load of
R and delay angle is α=π/3 , determine (a) the efficiency, (b) the FF, (c) the RF, (d)
the TUF, (e) the PIV of diode and (f) the CF of the input current.

19
 Rectifier
Problem_7: For the half-wave rectifier, the source is a sinusoid of 220 V rms at a
frequency of 50 Hz. The load resistor is 12 Ω. Determine (a) the average load
current, (b) the average power absorbed by the load and (c) the power factor of the
circuit

Problem_8: Design a half-wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit to produce an average

voltage of 60 V across a 100 Ω load resistor from a 220 V rms 50 Hz ac source.
Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.

Problem_9: Design a half-wave controlled rectifier circuit to produce an average

voltage of 60 V across a 100 Ω load resistor from a 220 V rms 50 Hz ac source.
Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.

20
 Rectifier
Problem_10: For the full-wave rectifier, the source is a sinusoid of 220 V rms at a
frequency of 50 Hz. The load resistor is 10 Ω. Determine (a) the average load
current, (b) the average power absorbed by the load and (c) the power factor of the
circuit

Problem_11: Design a full-wave uncontrolled rectifier circuit to produce an

average voltage of 90 V across a 100 Ω load resistor from a 220 V rms 50 Hz ac
source. Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.

Problem_12: Design a full-wave controlled rectifier circuit to produce an average

voltage of 100 V across a 100 Ω load resistor from a 220 V rms 50 Hz ac source.
Determine the power absorbed by the resistance and the power factor.

21
 Rectifier
Problem_13: The half-wave rectifier circuit has a transformer between the source
and the remainder of the circuit. The source is 240 V rms at 50 Hz, and the load
resistor is 20 Ω. (a) Determine the required turns ratio of the transformer such that
the average load current is 12 A. (b) Determine the average current in the primary
winding of the transformer.

Problem_14: A controlled half-wave rectifier has an ac source of 240 V rms at 50

Hz. The load is a 30 Ω resistor. (a) Determine the delay angle such that the average
load current is 2.5 A. (b) Determine the power absorbed by the load. (c) Determine
the power factor.

Problem_15: The full-wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac input of 220 V rms
at 50 Hz and a 20 Ω load resistor. The delay angle is 40ᵒ. Determine the average
current in the load, the power absorbed by the load, and the source volt amperes

22
 Rectifier
Problem_16: A single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier has a resistive load of 18 Ω
and an ac source of 220 V rms. Determine the average, peak, and rms currents in
the load and in each diode

Problem_17: A dc lighting load of 25 Watt at 10 Volt is to be operated from a 230

volt ac source through a step down transformer of 230/12-0-12 volt rating. Design
the rectifier circuit.

23
 Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
+ vD - Vm

i 0 ωt
+
π 2π
+ +
R v
R
i
vp vs vo -
+
vL 0 ωt
L π β 2π
- _ _ vo
Vm

0 ωt
π β 2π
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with RL load. vR

0 ωt
π 2π
The average output voltage is vL

 0 ωt
1 π 2π
Vdc 
2  v (t) d (t )
0
o
vD
0
π 2π ωt
24
-Vm
 Half-Wave Controlled Rectifier
vs
G Vm

A K i 0 ωt
+
π 2π
+ +
R v
R
vo - vgk
vp vs +
0 ωt
L vL α
- _ _ i

0 ωt
π β 2π
vo
Vm
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with RL load.
0 α β ωt
π 2π

The average output voltage is vR

 0 ωt
1 π 2π
 v (t) d (t )
vL
Vdc 
2
o Vm

0 ωt
π 2π 25
 Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
i1 Vm

i 0 ωt
+ D + + π 2π
R v
R
Df i
vp vs vo -
+
i2 vL 0
-
L
π ωt
_ _ i1 2π

0
π ωt
2π
i2
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with RL load. 0 ωt
vo π 2π
Vm
The average output voltage is 0 π 2π ωt
vR

1
Vdc 
2 
0
vo(t) d (t )
vL
0
π 2π
ωt

0 π ωt
2π 26
 Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
i1
i
+ D + +
R v
R
Df vo -
vp vs +
i2 L vL
- _ _ i

Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with RL

load.

0 ωt

Fig. : Waveform of current i

T
when 5  2.

27
 Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
Vm
(L/R)>>T
i1
i 0 ωt
+ D + + π 2π
R v
R
Df i
vp vs vo -
+
i2 vL 0
-
L
π ωt
_ _ i1 2π

0
π ωt
2π
i2
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with RL load. 0 ωt
vo π 2π
Vm

0 π 2π ωt
vR
(L/R)>>T 0 ωt
π 2π
vL

0 π ωt
2π 28
 Half-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
DC vs
+ vD - motor Vm

+ i 0 ωt
π 2π
+ +
R v
R
vo - i
vp vs +
L vL 0 ωt
α β π 2π
- _
vo
_ E
Vm
0 E
α ωt
β π 2π
Fig. : Half-Wave rectifier with motor
vR
load.
0 ωt
π 2π
vL

0 ωt
π 2π

29
 Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
is
Vm
i
+ +
vD1 i + 0 ωt
vs
D1 D3 R π 2π
-
vo
vp vo
D4 D2 L Vm
- D1,D2 D3,D4
0 π ωt
i 2π

Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier with 0 ωt

π 2π
RL load. π 2π
vL
The average output voltage is
 0 ωt
1
Vdc 
  v (t) d (t )
0
o

2Vm
Vdc 
 30
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
is vs
G1 K G3 i
K Vm
+ i +
T1 T3
vs R ωt
A A vo 0
π 2π
vp
G4 K G2 K
L vg1k, vg2k
T4 T2
- 0 ωt
A A vg3k, vg4k α
0 ωt
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier π+α
vo
Vm

0 π ωt
The average output voltage is 2π
i

1
Vdc 
  V

m sin (t ) d (t ) 0 α π β 2π
ωt
vL

ωt
0
31
Discontinuous current mode
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
is
vs
G1 K G3 i
K
+ i + Vm
T1 T3
vs R
A A vo 0 ωt
vp π 2π
G4 K G2 K
L vg1k, vg2k
T4 T2
- 0 ωt
A A α
vg3k, vg4k

Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier 0 ωt

π+α
vo
Vm

The average output voltage is 0 π 2π ωt

  i
1
Vdc 
 V

m sin (t ) d (t )
0 α π 2π
ωt
vL

ωt
α 2π
0
Continuous current mode 32
 Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
is Vm
i
+ + 0 ωt
+
vD1 Ri π 2π
D1 D3
vs -
vo
vp vo
D2
L Vm
D4

E
- E
0 ωt
α β π 2π
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier with i
motor load.
0 ωt
α β π π+α 2π
vL

0 ωt
α π π+α 2π

Discontinuous current mode

33
 Full-Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier
vs
is Vm
i
+ + 0 ωt
+
vD1 Ri π 2π
D1 D3
vs -
vo i
vp L
D4 D2

E 0 ωt
- π 2π
vo
Vm

Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier with

0 ωt
motor load. π 2π
vL

0
ωt

Continuous current mode

34
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
is vs
i
G1 K G3
K + Vm
+ R
T1 T3
vs 0 ωt
A A vo π 2π
vp
G4
L
K G2 K vg1k, vg2k
T4 T2 0 ωt
E vg3k, vg4k α
A A -
0 ωt
π+α
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier vo
Vm

0
i π 2π ωt

α ωt
0 β 2π ωt
vL

Discontinuous current mode

ωt
0 35
 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier
vs
is
i
G1 K G3 Vm
K +
+ R
vs
T1 T3 0 ωt
A A vo π 2π
vp vg1k, vg2k
G4
L
K G2 K

T4 T2 0 α ωt
E vg3k, vg4k
A A -
0 π+α
ωt
vo
Fig. : Full-Wave bridge rectifier
Vm

0 π ωt
2π
i

0 ωt
α π 2π

Continuous current mode

36
 Semiconverter

Fig. : Semiconverter

Continuous current mode

37
 Commutation
Commutation is the process of turning off an electronic switch, which usually
involves transferring the load current from one switch to another.

Natural commutation or line commutation, where the change in instantaneous line

voltage results in a device turning off.

Forced commutation, where current in a device such as a thyristor is forced to zero

by additional circuitry.

38
Commutation

39
Commutation

40
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
van D1 i
a

vbn D2 ib i

vcn +
D3 ic
Load v0

Fig. : Uncontrolled Three Phase Star (half-wave) Rectifier.

41
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
vi van vbn vcn

0 ωt
2π

vo
Vm
D3 D1 D2 D3
ωt
π/6 5π/6 3π/2 2π
i

ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of uncontrolled three phase star

(half-wave) rectifier with resistive load.
42
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
van ia T1
vbn i T2 i
b

vcn i T3 +
c
Load v0

Fig. : Controlled Three Phase Star (half-wave) Rectifier.

43
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
vi van vbn vcn

ωt
0
2π Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1= + 𝛼
6
vo 5𝜋
T2= +𝛼
Vm 6
T1 T2 3𝜋
T3 T3 T3= +𝛼
2
0 ωt
i π/6+α 5π/6+α 3π/2+α 2π
Vm/R

ωt
ia
Vm/R
0 ωt

Fig.: Input-output waveform of controlled three phase star rectifier with R load
when α=π/12 (0< α<π/6). 44
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
vi van vbn vcn

ωt
0
2π Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1= + 𝛼
6
vo 5𝜋
T2= +𝛼
Vm 6
3𝜋
T3 T1 T2 T3 T3= +𝛼
2
0 ωt
i π/6+α 5π/6+α 3π/2+α 2π
Vm/R

ωt
ia
Vm/R

0 ωt

Fig.: Input-output waveform of controlled three phase star rectifier with R load when α=π/6.
45
 Three Phase Star Rectifier
vi van vbn vcn

ωt
0
2π Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1= + 𝛼
6
vo 5𝜋
T2= +𝛼
6
3𝜋
T3 T1 T2 T3 T3=
2
+𝛼
0 ωt
π/6+α 5π/6+α 3π/2+α 2π
i

ωt
ia

0 ωt

Fig.: Input-output waveform of controlled three phase star rectifier with

R load when α=5π/18 (π/6<α<5π/6). 46
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier

Fig. : Uncontrolled three phase bridge rectifier.

47
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb

0 ωt
2π

vo
3Vm
D5 D6 D1 D6 D1 D2 D3 D2 D3 D4 D5 D4 D5 D6
0 ωt
π/6 3π/6 5π/6 7π/6 3π/2 11π/6 2π
i

( 3Vm)/R

0 ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of uncontrolled three phase bridge rectifier

with R load. 48
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vo
3Vm
D5 D6 D1 D6 D1 D2 D3 D2 D3 D4 D5 D4 D5 D6
0 ωt
π/6 3π/6 5π/6 7π/6 3π/2 11π/6 2π
ia
( 3Vm)/R
0 ωt

id1
( 3Vm)/R
0 ωt
id4

0 ωt
Fig. : Input-output waveform of uncontrolled three phase bridge rectifier
with R load. 49
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier

Fig. : Controlled three phase bridge rectifier.

50
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb
Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1= + 𝛼
6
3𝜋
0 ωt T2=
6
+𝛼
2π 5𝜋
T3= +𝛼
6
7𝜋
vo T4= +𝛼
6
3Vm 3𝜋
T5= +𝛼
2
T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4 T5 T6 T6=
11𝜋
+𝛼
0 ωt 6
π/6+α 3π/6+α 5π/6+α 7π/6+α 3π/2+α 11π/6+α 2π
i

( 3Vm)/R

0 ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier

with R load for α=π/12. 51
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb

0 ωt
2π

vo vcb vab vac vbc vba vca

3Vm
T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4
0 ωt
π/6+α 3π/6+α 5π/6+α 7π/6+α 3π/2+α 11π/6+α
i

( 3Vm)/R

0 ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier

with R load for α=π/6. 52
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
3Vm
T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4
0 ωt
π/6+α 3π/6+α 5π/6+α 7π/6+α 3π/2+α 11π/6+α 2π
ia
( 3Vm)/R
0 ωt

iT1
( 3Vm)/R
0 ωt
iT4
( 3Vm)/R

0 ωt
Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier
with R load for α=π/6. 53
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb

0 ωt
2π

vo
vcb vab vac vbc vba vca
T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4
0 ωt
π/6+α 3π/6+α 5π/6+α 7π/6+α 3π/2+α
i

0 ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier

with R load for α=π/4 (π/6< α<π/3). 54
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb
Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1, T6= + 𝛼
6
3𝜋
0 ωt T1, T2= + 𝛼
6
2π 5𝜋
T2,T3= + 𝛼
6
7𝜋
vo T3,T4= + 𝛼
vca vcb vab vac vbc vba vca 6
3𝜋
T4,T5= + 𝛼
T5 T4 2
11𝜋
T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4 T5, T6= +𝛼
0 ωt 6
π/6 3π/6 5π/6 7π/6 3π/2 11π/6 2π
i

ωt
0
Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier
with R load for α=π/3. 55
 Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
vi vcb vab vac vbc vba vca vcb
Firing Sequence
𝜋
T1, T6= + 𝛼
6

0 ωt 3𝜋
T1, T2= + 𝛼
6
2π
5𝜋
T2,T3= + 𝛼
6
vo 7𝜋
T3,T4= + 𝛼
6
vca vcb vab vac vbc vba vca 3𝜋
T4,T5= + 𝛼
2
11𝜋
T5, T6= +𝛼
0 ωt 6
π/6+α 3π/6+α 5π/6+α 7π/6+α 3π/2+α
i
T5 T4 T5 T6 T1 T6 T1 T2 T3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T4

0 ωt

Fig. : Input-output waveform of controlled three phase bridge rectifier

with R load for π/3< α<2π/3. 56
57