15-01-2022

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani
presentation CE F323: Introduction to
BITS Pilani Dr. Pubali Mandal
Department of Civil Engineering
Environmental Engineering -
Lecture No. 04-05 Dr. Pubali Mandal
Pilani Campus

Department of Civil Engineering

Material Balance: Step function Material Balance: Step function

response (Non-steady) response (Non-steady)

𝑄
𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶 + 𝐶0 − 𝐶 . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − + 𝑘𝑑 𝑡
𝑉

Generally, Generation is zero-order and decay is first-order reaction.

𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= − +
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

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Problem 1.7: A bar with volume 500 m3 has 50 smokers in it, each smoking 2 Problem 1.8: Consider the lake of 10*106 m3 of volume which, under a
Cigarettes per hour. An individual cigarette emits, among other things, about 1.4 conditions given, was found to have a steady-state pollution concentration of
mg of formaldehyde (HCHO). Formaldehyde converts to CO2 with a reaction 3.5 mg/L. The pollution is nonconservative with reaction-rate constant
rate coefficient k=0.4/hr. Fresh air enters the bar at the rate of 1000 m3/hr. kd=0.2/day. Suppose the condition of the lake is deemed unacceptable. To
Suppose when the bar opens at 5 P.M., the air is clean. If formaldehyde, with solve the problem, it is decided to completely divert the sewage outfall from the
decay rate kd=0.4/hr, is emitted from cigarette smoke at the constant rate of 140 lake, eliminating it as a source of pollution. The incoming stream still has flow of
mg/hr, starting at 5 P.M., what would the concentration be at 6 P.M.? Qs=5 m3/s and concentration Cs=10 mg/L. With the sewage outfall removed, the
outgoing flow Q is also 5 m3/s. Assuming complete-mix conditions, find the
concentration of pollutant in the lake one week after the diversion, and find the
new final steady state concentration.

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Energy Conservation/Balance
Energy Conservation/Balance
•Energy: Capacity to work product of force and
displacement 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠 +
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
•Power: rate of doing work, Energy per unit time (1 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
W= 1J/s=3.412 Btu/hr) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
−
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
•Open System: Allow flow of both energy and =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
matter across boundary
•Closed system: Only energy is allowed to flow For closed systems,
across the boundary, not matter.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠 + 0 −0=
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

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Energy Energy

• Macroscopic forms of energy-kinetic and potential energies • Specific heat: The amount of energy needed to increase temperature
of unit mass of a substance by one degree is called as specific heat
• Microscopic forms of energy-kinetic energies of molecules and the • 1 kcal/kg°C = 1 Btu/lb°F =4.184 kJ/kg°C
energies associated with the forces acting between molecules, • Btu? Energy required to raise 1 lb substance temperature by 1oF.
between atoms within molecules, and within atoms. • kilocalorie? Energy required to raise 1 kg substance temperature by
1oC.
• Sum of microscopic energies at molecular levels are called as • For gases, specific heat at constant volume (cv) and specific heat
internal energy (U). at constant pressure (cp) differs. For incompressible substances, cp
and cv are same (solid and liquid). For gas, cp>cv
• Total energy, 𝐸 = 𝑈 + 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸 • Enthalpy (H), 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉, where P and V are pressure and volume
Where U is internal energy, KE and PE are kinetic energy and potential and U is internal energy.
energy

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Energy

• If the process is without change of volume, ∆𝑈 = 𝑚 · 𝑐𝑣 · ∆𝑇 Problem 1.11: How long would it take to heat the water in a 40-gallon
• If the process is without change of pressure, ∆𝐻 = 𝑚 · 𝑐𝑝 · ∆𝑇 electric water heater from 50°F to 140°F if the heating element delivers 5
kW? Assume all of the electrical energy is converted to heat in the water,
• For solids and liquids, 𝑐𝑣= 𝑐𝑃 ∆𝑈= ∆𝐻 neglect the energy required to raise the temperature of the tank itself, and
• energy needed to raise the temperature of mass m by an amount ∆𝑇 neglect any heat losses from the tank to the environment.
• Change in stored energy=𝑚 · 𝑐 · ∆𝑇

Masters and Ela, (2015)

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References

• Masters, G.M. and Ela, W.P., 2014. Introduction to

Environmental Engineering and Science–3rd edition,
Pearson Education.

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