S.No.

Question
1 What is Diode?

2 Difference between Silicon and Germanium

Diode & why is Silicon diode preferred?

3
What are Active and Passive
components?

4 What is a Resistor?

5 What is a Capacitor?

6 What is an Inductor?

7 What is a Transistor?

8 How does the Transistor act as a Switch?

9 What is the main difference between BJT and

FET?

10 What is Oscillator?
11 What is a Transformer?

12 Explain the difference between AC and DC

currents.

13 What is an op amp?

14 What is virtual ground in an opamp?

15 Advantage of CMOS and TTL.

16 How do you forward bias a transistor?

17 What is SCR

18 What is the Role of Capacitor in AC and DC

Circuit?

19 Explain the operation of a zener diode.

20
21
22
23
24
Answer
A diode is a unidirectional semiconductor device with two terminals called Anode & Cathode.
allow current in only one direction which is known as forward bias.
# The voltage drop of a silicon diode is 0.7v and that of germanium diode is 0.3v.
# Silicon crystals are more resistant to heat than germanium.
# Silicon diode has a high voltage rating than the germanium diode.
# Silicon diodes are more preferable because silicon is available in abundant compared to germanium.
Active components are those electrical components which require an external source for its full operation s
Transistor, Thyristor etc.
Passive components are those components which do not need any external source for its function. Examp
components is resistor, capacitor & Inductor.
A resistor is an electronic component with two terminals, which resist or oppose the electrical current i
develops a voltage drop across its terminals, which depends on the current flowing through it. Thi
calculated using the Ohm’s law: V= IR.
A capacitor is a two-terminal electronic component, which stores potential energy in the form of charge
ability of the capacitor to store charge is called capacitance and it is measured in Farad. The stored
measured using the equation: q = CV
An inductor is an electronic device, which resists the change in electrical current passing through it. It sto
form of the magnetic field when the current pass through it. The voltage drop across an inductor can be c
= L (di/dt).

A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device. It is can be used for amplifying or switching an electr

There are three useful regions of operation of a transistor namely saturation region, cutoff region & active
# In the active region, the transistor acts as an amplifier.
# In the saturation region, the transistor acts as a closed switch.
# In the cutoff region, the transistor acts as an open switch.
# So to use a transistor as a switch, it needs to be operated in the saturation & cutoff region.

# BJT stand for bipolar junction transistor and FET is the acronym for Field Effect Transistor.
# BJT is bipolar that is there is a flow of both minority and majority charge carriers, while FET is unipola
flow of only majority carriers.
# BJT is controlled using the input current (base current) while FET is controlled using the input voltage (G
# The input impedance of FET is much higher compared to BJT.
# The three terminals of BJT is emitter, base & collector while FET is drain, gate & source.

An oscillator is an electronic circuit which generates a periodic AC signal from a DC source. An oscillator
output of oscillator can be sinusoidal or Square or a triangle wave.
transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit without any physical connection instead it u
of electromagnetic induction. A transformer either increase or decrease the input voltage & current.
# A Transformer doesn’t change the circuit frequency during operation.
# A Transformer works on the principle of electric i.e. mutual induction.
# A Transformer operates when both circuits take effect by mutual induction.
# A Transformer can’t step-up or step-down the level of DC voltage or DC Current.
# A Transformer only step-up or step-down the level of AC voltage or AC Current.
# A Transformer doesn’t change the value of flux.
# A Transformer won’t operate on DC Voltage.
AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) are two types of electrical current. AC changes direction
DC flows in one constant direction. AC is commonly used in power supply systems due to its ease of tr
different voltages,

An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that can amplify weak electric signals. An operational ampli
pins and one output pin. Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage difference between the two input

In op-amp the term virtual ground means that the voltage at that particular node is almost equal to ground
not physically connected to ground. This concept is very useful in analysis of op-amp circuits and it w
calculations very simple.
CMOS stands for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, and it uses pairs of transistors to creat
stands for transistor-transistor logic, and it uses multiple transistors to create logic gates. CMOS
consumption, higher noise immunity, and greater fan-out than TTL, but it also has slower switching sp
capacitance, and more susceptibility to electrostatic discharge. TTL has faster switching speed, lower i
and more robustness to electrostatic discharge, but it also has higher power consumption, lower noise im
fan-out than CMOS.
The emitter diode of the transistor is forward biased by applying the required positive base bias voltag
limiting resistor RB. Assuming a standard bipolar transistor, the forward base-emitter voltage drop would
value of RB is simply: (VCC – VBE)/IB where IB is defined as IC/β.
Silicon controlled rectifier or thyristor is unidirectional semiconductor device but unlike diode, it has three
Cathode & Gate. The SCR can be switched on & off using the gate input.
# In an AC circuit, capacitor reverses its charges as the current alternates and produces a lagging voltag
capacitor provides leading current in AC circuits and networks)
# In a DC Circuit, the capacitor once charged with the applied voltage acts as an open switch.
A Zener diode functions similarly to a regular diode when forward-biased. However, in reverse-biase
leakage current flows through the diode. As the reverse voltage increases and reaches the predeterm
voltage (Vz), current begins to flow through the diode.
1. What are Flip flops and explain their working?
2. Differentiate between flip-flops and latches.
3. What is totem pole?
4. What is the mode of transmission of TV signals?
5. Draw the internal circuit of 8085 microprocessor.
6. What is a bit? What is CMOS?
7. What is the bandwidth of FM?
8. As an electronics engineer, how would you distinguish between paper money and digital money?
9. What is modem? Draw its internal diagram.
10. Obtain a square wave from a sine wave form Zener diodes.
11. What is difference between oscillator and multivibrator?
12. What is blue tooth and WAP?
13. What are trappatt arid impatt diodes?
14. What is emitter follower?
15. Give the electromagnetic equations in the order of discovery.
16. Find the transfer function of a given RLC circuit.
17. What happens when you type user-name and password while logging on to a Unix system?
18. Draw the circuit for an adder using NAND gates.
19. Explain internal organization of memory chips.
20. What are the different types of control systems?
21. Explain open loop with block diagram examples.
22. What are the advantages of closed loop?
23. How can you design a stable system?
24. Explain different stability criteria.
25. Explain Ruthz-Hervitz rule in one sentence.
26. What are poles and their significance?
27. Is there any control system in this room (interview hall)?
28. What is Karnaugh map?
29. What are the 4 methods to reduce a Boolean expression?
30. Draw 8086 internal architecture.
31. What are the different types of buses?
32. What are the different registers in CPU?
33. What is the use of segment register?
34. Which is the 1st 32-bit microprocessor?
35. What are the different UPS?
36. Compare 8086 and 80286.
37. Explain the internal architecture of 8086.
38. What do you know about antennas?
39. Define control system. Why are control systems so important?
40. Draw the block diagram of a control system and write its transfer function.
41. What is ROC?
42. Transformation between S and Z plane.
43. What is wave studio?
44. What is bit rate?
45. What is the difference between mp3 and wave formats?
46. What is sampling?
47. How do you damp noises and jerks in recording?
48. What is Winamp?
49. What are plugins?
50. Explain the functioning of an OP-AMP.
51. What is the difference between input and output plugins?
52. What do you know about CD writing?
53. How do you mix BGM? What is its procedure?
54. What is bus?
55. What do you mean by 20-bit address bus?
56. What is the ideal gain of an opamp?
57. What is a database?
58. What is the database software that is proprietary of IBM?
59. What is the difference between half adder and full adder?
60. Implement a half adder and a full adder.
61. What is packet switching and circuit switching?
62. What is VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)?
63. What types of communications do you know?
64. Explain various types of digital communication.
65. Explain the structure of MOSFET - where and why they are preferred.
66. How is amplification possible in a transistor?
67. Classify power amplifiers (A, B, AB).
68. What is doping?
69. Describe DMA controllers.
70. What is the protocol used in telephone network?
71. Explain different types of switching.
72. How many pins are there in 8086?
73. What is the most important advantage of blue tooth?
74. Which is the universal flip-flop?
75. What are interrupts? How will you set an interrupt?
76. What is Dynamic Memory Access?
77. What is SRAM, DRAM? Compare the two, relative cost of the two.
78. What will happen in case of a power failure for the above?
79. What is modulation? What are the different modulation techniques?
80. What is FM, PM and AM? Compare the three and what happens in them?
81. Which waves will travel longer distance - FM or AM?
82. What is a thyristor? Differentiate between thyristor and diode.
83. Explain the witching action of SCR and triggering.
84. Draw the diagram of thyristor.
85. Advantage of CMOS and TTL.
86. What technology is used in cmos logic?
87. What are VLSI and ULSI? What is the number of components in both?
88. How many components are there in the Pentium processor that we use?
89. Which is the latest Pentium processor? What is its speed?
90. Explain the technology used in the manufacture of Pentium processor.
91. Design a decade counter.
92. Explain asynchronous and synchronous counter.
93. Minimize function using Quine McCluskey: f = xy + x'y + yz + x' y 'z'.
94. What is a prime implicant?
95. How does a diode look (internally)? Explain working using internal diagram.
96. Explain processes taking place in the depletion junction of a forward biased diode.
97. What is an op amp?
98. What is a buffer? what is the gain of a buffer?
99. What is an oscillator?
100. How do you forward bias a transistor?
101. What are the practical applications of transistors?
102. What is reverse recovery time and how does it affect a diode?
103. What is a compiler?
104. How can you test a compiler with certain boundary conditions?
105. What is VHDL?
106. What is FSF? What do you know about it? Any current relevance?
107. Differentiate between open loop and closed loop control systems?
108. Draw and explain the working of a monostable vibrator using op-amp.
109. State Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem. What is their application?
110. What is the mathematics used in DSP and from which domain to which domain is signal convert
111. Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor.
112. Draw an internal block diagram of a normal voltage stabilizer.
113. What is a reference variable?
114. Volume control in TV is logarithmic. Why?
115. Does MATLAB have an interpreter or a compiler?
116. What do you know about segmentation of memory in 8086?
117. What is virtual memory?
118. Differentiate between macros and functions in C.
119. Explain the significance of electromagnetic interference in PCBs and computer boards.
120. What are the various pin connections to peripherals, memory and interrupts?
121. Draw a rough diagram of a mother board using 8086 with relevant connections.
122. What is the tri-state or high impedance state?
 123. What are the differences between open collector output and totem pole output?
124. Find the highest clocking frequency of a digital circuit given the rise time, fall time and propaga
125. Implement Boolean expression using MUX (2 to 4, 3 to 8 etc).
126. Draw the state graphs of a given problem like sequence generator, flip flops etc.
127. Why is the accumulator called so?
128. How can we implement a stack?
129. Construct a D flip flop from a T flip flop.
130. What is virtual ground in an opamp?
131. Why is uplinking frequency higher than down linking frequency?
132. Explain the booting procedure of a computer?
133. What is metastable state in flip-flops?
134. What is round robin technique of interrupt arbitration?
135. What is avalanche breakdown? When does it occur?
136. Explain the operation of a zener diode.

10. What does DHCP stand for and what is its purpose?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol – it assigns dynamic IP addresses to network devices allowing t
different IP address each time they are

11. What does DNS stand for and what is it used for?
Domain Name Service (or System or Server) – it translates domain names into IPaddresses.

What is the purpose of BOOT.INI?

Boot.ini is used to decide which operating system options are displayed during the start-up process.

Identify a few Firewalls.

There are two basic types of firewall – network layer, which makes decisions based on source and de
addresses, and application layer, which are hosts run on proxy servers and allow no direct traffic bet
networks. Comodo and Zone Alarm are two commonly used firewalls.

1. What is the difference between HTTP and HTTPS?

25. How do you see new AI technology, like ChatGPT, impacting the industry?

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state[1][2][3] devices such as relaxation
oscillators, timers, latches and flip-flops.
1. Astable multivibrator, in which the circuit is not stable in either state —it continually switches from one state to
functions as a relaxation oscillator.
2. Monostable multivibrator, in which one of the states is stable, but the other state is unstable (transient). A trigg
the circuit to enter the unstable state. After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable state afte
a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is als
a one shot.
3. Bistable multivibrator, in which the circuit is stable in either state. It can be flipped from one state to the other b
trigger pulse. This circuit is also known as a flip-flop or latch. It can store one bit of information, and is widely used
and computer memory.
Pin diagram of 8086 microprocessor is as given below:
What are the types of Logic gates?
There are three basic logic gates, two universal gates, and a few other combinational logic
gates in digital electronics.
Basic Gates:
AND gate.
OR gate.
NOT gate.
Universal Gates:
NAND gate
NOR gate
Other Gates:
XOR gate
XNOR gate
S.No. Question

What is Digital Latch?

1

2 What is a Flip-Flop?
3 Type of Flip-Flop?

4 SR Flip-Flop

5 D Flip-Flop

6
What is Digital
Demultiplexer (Demux)?
What is Digital Multiplexer
7 (MUX)?

8
Define Rise Time, Fall time,
Hold time, and Setup time.

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Answer
A sequential logic circuit or electronic device used for storing binary information is known as L
stable multi-vibrator; it means that latches have 2 stable states, LOW and HIGH. latch’s output change with
asynchronous
# There are two types of latches; - S-R Latch and D Latch
Digital flip-flops are memory devices used for storing binary data in sequential logic circuits. flip-flop’s
there is an edge of controlling signal. They operate on clock edges. Synchronous
SR Flip-flop, D Flip-flop, JK Flip-flop, T Flip-flop

A digital device capable of forwarding its single input onto any one of the output lines is
called Demultiplexer abbreviated for DEMUX. It is the reverse of Multiplexer.
A digital device capable of selecting one input out of its multiple input lines and forwarding it
line is called a multiplexer. It is abbreviated as MUX or MPX.
Rise time: Time required to change the voltage level from 10% to 90%.

Fall time: Time that is required to change the voltage level from 90% to 10%.
Hold Time: The lowest time at which the voltage level becomes constant after triggering the clock pulse to clock in
known as the Hold time. It is denoted by thold.
Setup time: The minimum time required to maintain the constant voltage levels at the excitation inputs of the flip-f
triggering edge of the clock pulse reliably clocked in the flip-flop is called the Setup time. It is denoted as tsetup.
S.No. Question
1 What is Modulation?

2 Why do we need Modulation?

3 What is the Baseband Signal?

4 What is a Bandpass or Passband Signal?

5 What is Demodulation?

6 What are the Types of Modulation?

7 What is the difference between AM and FM

Modulation?

8 What is a Repeater in Telecommunication?

9 What is the difference between Analog and

Digital signal?

10 What is Sampling?

11 What is Sampling Rate

12 What is a Filter?
13 Types of Passive Low Pass Filters – RL
and RC Passive Filters

14 What is the Cutoff Frequency?

15 What is Passband?
16 What is Stop band?
17 What is the Notch filter?

18 Define RF?

19 What do you mean by the base station?

20
Answer
The process in which one of the characteristic parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase) of the carrier signa
respect to message signal’s amplitude is called modulation.

Modulation converts a baseband signal into a passband signal making it suitable for long distance commu

A signal consisting of significantly lower frequency (up to 10 kHz) is known as a baseband signal.
# Example of the baseband signal is voice (300Hz to 3.5 kHz ), audio (20 Hz to 20 kHz) and a video signa
# The baseband signal cannot be transmitted directly through the antenna. They are transmitted using cop
A signal consisting of significantly higher frequencies (Higher than 100 kHz) is known as Passband or Ban
signal does not contain any frequency lower than 100 kHz.
# Bandpass signal can be directly transmitted through the antenna.
The demodulation is a process of extracting the information or message signal from the received or modul
wo main types of modulation are Analog modulation and Digital modulation.
# Analog modulation is further divided into three types;
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
2. Frequency modulation (FM)
3. Phase modulation (PM):
Digital modulation : Digital Amplitude modulation, Digital phase modulation, Digital Frequency
phase modulation, Trellis-coded modulation.

# AM signals can be affected by noise as the information lies in the amplitude of the signal,
# FM is immune to noise because the information lies in the frequency of the signal.
# The design of Transmitter and receiver for AM is very simple except for some cases like SSB.
# in FM, the transmitter and receiver have a complex design.
# AM signal can travel long distances as compared to FM signals.
# FM signal’s transmission consume more power as compared to AM signal’s transmission.
# AM signal frequency ranges in KHz while FM signal frequency ranges in MHz

As we know that a transmitted signal loses its power when it travels long distances. To retain and maintain
boosted through a device known as a repeater for long distance communication.
# Usually, a repeater retransmits the identical signal but it may change the medium or frequency of the sig
Analog signal has continuous time and continuous amplitude while digital signal has discrete time and disc

Sampling is a process of converting a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal but not a digital sig
# Sampling is an important step in analog to digital conversion. The taking or capturing of samples of input
sampling.

The sampling rate is the number of samples taken in the duration of one second. it is measured in hertz or
A Filter is an electronic circuit that removes specific or unwanted frequency components from a signal. The
# Low pass filter, Bandpass filter, Band stop or band reject filter, High pass filter, Notch filter
Low pass filter or LPF is a type of filter that allows low-frequency signals and blocks high-frequency sign
than a selected frequency known as the cut-off frequency are passed while any frequency higher than cut
the filter.
RC Low Pass Filter
RL Low Pass Filter
The cutoff frequency is the point in a filter’s frequency response where the pass band and stop band mee
frequency components below or above cutoff frequency depending on the type of the filter.
The passband is the range of frequencies that can be passed through the filter without any attenuation.
The stopband is the range of frequencies that are attenuated and cannot be passed through the filter.
The notch filter is a type of band stop filter with very narrow stop band.
Radiofrequency is a regularity or speed of oscillation within the variety of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This rang
incidence of irregular current electrical signals used to create and notice radio waves. RF frequently refers
circuits.
The base station is a radio receiver that serves as the centre of the local wireless system, and may also be
agitated network and the wireless network.