Mathematics

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 Matrices & Determinant
Types of Matrices
1. Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix or a
Definition - Matrices row vector.
2. Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column
A set of (m × n) numbers arranged in the form of an matrix or a column vector.
ordered set of m rs and n columns is called a matrix of 3. Square matrix: A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the
order m × n. number of columns, say (n × n) is called a square matrix of order n.
4. Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all the
elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are zero.
A = [aij]n×n , aij = 0 for all i ≠ j
5. Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
are equal is called the scalar matrix.
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if.
(i) aij = 0 for all i ≠ j and
(ii) aii = C for all i ∈ {1, 2, ..., n}
6. Identity or Unit Matrix: A square matrix each of whose diagonal
element is unity and each of whose non diagonal element is equal to zero
is called an identity or unit matrix.
Equality of Matrices 7. Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null
matrix or a zero matrix, represented by O.
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]r×s are equal if 8. Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper
(i) m = r, i.e., the number of rows in A equals the number of rows in B. triangular matrix if aij = 0 ∀ i > j.
(ii) n = s, i.e., the number of columns in A equals the number of columns in 9. Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called lower
B. triangular if aij = 0 ∀ i < j.
(iii) aij = bij for i = 1, 2, ..., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n. 10. Singular Matrix: A square matrix with zero determinant is called a
If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B, singular matrix.
otherwise we write A ≠ B.
 Matrices & Determinant Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If A be a given matrix and k is any scalar number real or
Sum of Matrices Complex.
Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be matrices of the same order m×n. Then matrix kA is a matrix of same order, where all the elements of kA
Then C = A + B = [cij], is a matrix of order m×n. are k times of the corresponding elements of A
Where, [cij] = [aij + bij] Properties of Multiplication by a Scalar
Properties of Matrix Addition If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are matrix of the same order and a and
(i) Matrix addition is commutative b are any scalars, then
A+B=B+A (i) ⍺ (A + B) = ⍺A + ⍺B
(ii) Matrix addition is associative (ii) (⍺ + β)A = ⍺A + βA
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(iii) ⍺(βA) = (⍺β) A.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order ‘n’
Then |kA| = kn |A|
Transpose of a Matrix
If A be a given matrix of the order m × n then the matrix obtained by
changing the rows of A into columns and columns of A into rows is Multiplication of Matrices
called Transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A' or AT. Hence the
matrix A' is of order n × m. If A = [aij]m×p and B = [bjk]p×n
Properties of Transpose
(i) (A')' = A. Then Am×p × Bp×n = (AB)m×n
(ii) (kA)' = kA'. k being a scalar.
(iii) (A + B)' = A' + B'.
(iv) (AB)' = B'A'.
(v) (ABC)' = C'B'A'.
 Matrices & Determinant Properties of Matrix Multiplication
(i) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to a addition of
matrices.
Symmetric and Skew-symmetric A (B + C) = AB + AC and (A + B) C = AC + BC
Matrix
(i) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called symmetric if AT = A.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
i.e. A (BC) = (AB) C.
i.e. every ijth element = jith element.
(iii) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative. i.e. AB is not
(ii) A square matrix A = [aij] will be called skew symmetric
if AT = –A. i.e. every ijth element = -(jith element). always equal to BA.
Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. (iv) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A for
Then the following hold: multiplication is a null matrix i.e. AO = O.
1. Aₙ is symmetric for all positive integers n. In particular if A be a square matrix and O be square null matrix of the
2. AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA. same order, then OA = AO = O.
3. AB + BA is symmetric. (v) If AB = O then it does not necessarily mean that A = O or B = O.
4. AB – BA is skew - symmetric

Adjoint of Matrix
If A is a square matrix, then transpose of a matrix made from None of the matrices on the left is a null matrix whereas their products is a
cofactors of elements of A is called adjoint matrix of A. It’s null matrix.
denoted by adj A. (vi) Multiplication of matrix A by a unit matrix I :
Properties of Adjoint Matrix Let A be a m × n matrix. Then AIn = A and Im A = A..
(i) A. (Adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) . A
(vii) If A and B are square matrices of order ‘n’. Then |AB| = |A| |B|
(ii) |adj A | = | A |n–1
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(iv) (adj A)T = adj (AT)
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) . (adj A)
(iv) Adj (A–1) = (adj A)–1
(vii) |(adj (adj (A)) | =
 Matrices & Determinant
Determinants
Definition
Inverse of Matrix
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible or nonsingular if
there exists a square matrix B of order n such that
AB = In= BA
where In is the identity matrix of order n, B is called inverse of A and
is denoted by A–1.

Properties of Inverse Matrices

(i) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (ii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1

(iii) (A–1)–1 = A (iv)

(v)
 Matrices & Determinant Properties of Determinants
(iii) if a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical or
proportional, then its values is zero.
Properties of Determinants
If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
column) then its values is zero.

(iv) If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by
the same number, then the determinant is multiplied by that
number.
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered; if the rows
and columns are interchanged.

Then D’ = KD
(iv) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is
(ii) If any two rows (or column) of a determinant be zero.
interchanged, the value of determinant changes in sign only.
(v) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of even order is
always a perfect square.
(vi) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row (or
column) then its values is zero.
(vii) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical
or proportional, then its values is zero.
 Matrices & Determinant System of Equation

Minors and Cofactors

Definition

Consistency of a System of Equations

(i) If D ≠ 0 then the given system of equations are consistent and have
unique solution.
(ii) If D = 0 but at least one of Dx, Dy, Dz is not zero then the equations are
inconsistent and have no solution.
(iii) If D = Dx = Dy = Dz = 0 then the given system of equations are
consistent and have infinite solution except the case of parallel planes
when there is no solution.
(iv) If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 then system of equation is called Homogeneous
system of equations.
(v) Solution of Homogeneous Equations is always consistent, as x = 0 = y
= z is always a solution. This is known as TRIVIAL solution.
(vi) For Homogenous Equations, if D ≠ 0. Then x = 0 = y = z is the only
solution.
(vii) For Homogenous Equations, if D = 0, then there exists
non zero solutions [NON TRIVIAL SOLUTiONS] also
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Adjoint of Matrix
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4t April S1
1
Let ⍺ ∈ (0, ∞) and If det (adj (2A - AT)
MCQ Type

adj(A - 2AT)) = 28, then (det(A))2 is equal to:

A 16

B 36

C 49

D 1
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4t April S1
1
Let ⍺ ∈ (0, ∞) and If det (adj (2A - AT)
MCQ Type

adj(A - 2AT)) = 28, then (det(A))2 is equal to:

A 16

B 36

C 49

D 1
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 24th Jan S2
2
Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that |adj(adj(adj A))| = 124.
Then |A-1 adj A| is equal to
MCQ Type

A 12

B 2√3

C 1

D √6
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 24th Jan S2
2
Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that |adj(adj(adj A))| = 124.
Then |A-1 adj A| is equal to
MCQ Type

A 12

B 2√3

C 1

D √6
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

System of Equation
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
3
10
For ⍺, β ∈ R, suppose the system of linear equations
x - y + z = 5, 2x + 2y + ⍺z = 8, 3x - y + 4z = β
MCQ Type

has infinitely many solutions. Then ⍺ and β are the roots of

A x2 + 18x + 56 = 0

B x2 - 10x + 16 = 0

C x2 + 14x + 24 = 0

D x2 - 18x + 56 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
3
10
For ⍺, β ∈ R, suppose the system of linear equations
x - y + z = 5, 2x + 2y + ⍺z = 8, 3x - y + 4z = β
MCQ Type

has infinitely many solutions. Then ⍺ and β are the roots of

A x2 + 18x + 56 = 0

B x2 - 10x + 16 = 0

C x2 + 14x + 24 = 0

D x2 - 18x + 56 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
1. Vector Quantity
Vector Algebra
A quantity which has magnitude & also a direction in space is called a vector
quantity.

2. Position Vector

Let O be the origin & P be a point in space having coordinates (x, y, z) with
respect to the origin O. Then the vector is called the position vector of
the point P with respect to O.

The angles made by with positive direction of x, y & z-axes (say ⍺, β & γ
respectively) are called its direction angles, and the cosine value of these
angles
i.e., cos ⍺, cos β & cos γ are called direction cosines of , denoted by l, m
& n respectively.
3. Types of Vectors
Vector Algebra
1. Zero Vector: A vector whose initial and terminal
4. Addition of Vector
points coincide, is called a zero vector (or null
vector) denoted as It has zero magnitude

2. Unit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is unity

(i.e., 1 unit) is called unit vector. The unit vector in
the direction of is denoted as.

3. Coinitial Vectors: Two or more vectors having the

same initial point are called coinitial vectors.

4. Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors are called

collinear, if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitude.

5. Equal Vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if

they have same magnitude & direction regardless
of the position of their initial points.

6. Negative of a vector: A vector whose magnitude is

the same as that of the given vector, but the
direction is opposite to that of t, is called negative
of the given vector.
5. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
Vector Algebra
6. Component of Vector
7. Vector Joining two Points
Vector Algebra

8. Section Formulae 9. Scalar (or dot) Product of two Vectors

11. Vector (or Cross) Product of two Vectors
Vector Algebra

10. Projection of Vector Along a Directed Line

12. Properties Regarding Scalar and Vector Product

Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Product of Vectors
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 1st Feb S1
4
MCQ Type

A -12

B -10

C -13

D -15
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 1st Feb S1
4
MCQ Type

A -12

B -10

C -13

D -15
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Angle between two

vectors
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S2
5
8
MCQ Type

A 85

B 90

C 75

D 95
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S2
5
8
MCQ Type

A 85

B 90

C 75

D 95
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Projection of Vector
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | July
6
13
Let If the
projection of on the vector is 30, then
MCQ Type

𝛼 is equal to:

A 15/2

B 8

C 13/2

D 7
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | July
6
13
Let If the
projection of on the vector is 30, then
MCQ Type

𝛼 is equal to:

A 15/2

B 8

C 13/2

D 7
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 1. Direction Cosines of a Line (DC’s)
3D - Geometry
The direction cosines are generally denoted by l, m, n.

Hence, l = cos ⍺, m = cos β,

n = cos γ
Note that l2 + m2 + n2 = 1

3. Equation of a Line
2. Direction Ratios of a Line (DR’s)
1. Equation of a line through a given point with
Any three numbers a, b and c proportional to the position vector and parallel to a given vector :
direction cosines l, m and n, respectively are called In vector form,
direction ratios of the line. In cartesian form,
● The direction ratios of a line passing through
two points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) are
(x2 - x1), (y2 - y1), (z2 - z1) where,
Here, a, b, c are also the direction ratios of the line
● 2. Equation of a line passing through two given
points with position vectors
● In vector form,
In cartesian form,
 4. Angle between Two Lines 3D - Geometry 5. Shortest Distance between Two Lines
In vector form, 1. Distance between Parallel Lines
The angle between two lines The shortest distance parallel lines

2. Distance between Two Skew Lines

In cartesian form, In vector form,
The angle between two lines: The distance between two skew lines

In cartesian form,
The distance between two skew lines

cos θ = |l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2|

● If two lines are perpendicular, then

● If two lines are parallel, then

Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Shortest distance
between lines
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S2
7
If the shortest distance between the lines
MCQ Type

then a value of λ is :

A 13/25

B 1

C -1

D -13/25
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S2
7
If the shortest distance between the lines
MCQ Type

then a value of λ is :

A 13/25

B 1

C -1

D -13/25
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Image of Point
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2021 | 24th Feb S2
8
Let a, b ∈ R. If the mirror image of the point P(a, 6, 9)
with respect to the line
MCQ Type

is (20, b, -a-9), then |a + b|, is equal to:

A 88

B 90

C 86

D 84
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2021 | 24th Feb S2
8
Let a, b ∈ R. If the mirror image of the point P(a, 6, 9)
with respect to the line
MCQ Type

is (20, b, -a-9), then |a + b|, is equal to:

A 88

B 90

C 86

D 84
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Foot of the perpendicular

from a point
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
9
Let Q and R be the feet of perpendiculars from the point
P(a, a, a) on the lines x = y, z = 1 and x = -1, z = -1
Integer Type

respectively. If ∠QPR is a right angle, then 12a2 is equal

to ______.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
9
Let Q and R be the feet of perpendiculars from the point
P(a, a, a) on the lines x = y, z = 1 and x = -1, z = -1
Integer Type

respectively. If ∠QPR is a right angle, then 12a2 is equal

to ______.

Correct Answer : 12
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Definition
Null Set

A set is a well-defined
A set which doesn’t contain
collection of objects
any element is called an
empty or null or void set

Finite Set & Infinite Set

Equal Sets
Types of
A set which is empty or
consists of a definite Sets Two sets A and B are said
number of elements is to be equal if they have
called finite otherwise, the exactly the same elements
set is called infinite and we write A = B

Power Sets
Singleton Set
Subset

A set which is said to be a

The set of all subsets of a set A is If a set A has only one element,
subset of a set B if every
element of A is also an called the power set of A. It is we call it a singleton set. Set of
element of B denoted by P(A). In P(A), every all even prime numbers-(2) is a
element is a set singleton set
 De-Morgan’s Law Complement of a Set

Intersection of Sets Let U be the universal set and A a subset

De-Morgan’s Laws:
of U. Then the complement of A is the set
(i) (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’
of all elements of U which are noth the
The intersection of two sets (ii) (A ∩ B”’ = A’ ∪ B’
elements of A. symbolically, we write A’
A and B is the set of all to denote the complement of A with
those elements which respect to U. Thus,
belong to both A and B. A’ = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Symbolically, we write So A’ = U - A
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈
B} Operations
on Sets
Difference Union of Sets
of Sets
Let A and B any two sets. The union of A
The difference of the sets A and B is the set which consists of all the
and B in this order is the set elements of A and all the elements of B,
of elements which belong to A the common elements being taken only
but not to B. Symbolically, we once. The symbol ‘U’ is used to denote
write A-B and read as “A the union. Symbolically, we write A to B
animus B” and usually read as ‘A and B’
 Types of Relations ANTI SYMMETRIC RELATION

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A, then

a=b
EMPTY RELATION
TRANSITIVE RELATION
Relation R in Set A is Empty if no element of A is
related to any element of A ; R = ϕ ⊂ A × A (a, b) ∈ R & (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R, for all
a, b, c ∈ A
UNIVERSAL RELATION
EQUIVALENCE RELATION
When each element of A is related to every
element of A in a relation R ; R = A × A
A relation R in A when R is reflexive,
Symmetric & Transitive
SYMMETRIC RELATION
EQUIVALENCE CLASS
If (a, b) ∈ R, then (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈ A
All subsets of equivalent relation
● All elements of Ai are related to each
REFLEXIVE RELATION other, for all i
● No element of Ai is related to any element
(a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A of Aj, for all i ≠ J ϕ
● U Ai = A and Ai ∩ Aj = ϕ ; i ≠ j
 Types of Relations IRREFLEXIVE

R is irreflexive iff ∀ a ∈ ((a, a) ∉ R)

IDENTITY RELATION
PARTIAL ORDER RELATION
A relation in which each element is related to
itself only. I = {(a, a), a ∈ A} R is a partial order, if R is Reflexive,
Antisymmetric and Transitive.
INVERSE RELATION
ASYMMETRIC RELATION
Inverse relation of R from A to B, denoted by R-1,
is a relation from B to A is defined by (x, y) ∈ R ⇒ (y, x) ∉ R
R-1 = {(b, a), : (a, b) ∈ R}.
 Properties Counting of Relation
1. R is not reflexive does not imply R is irreflexive. ● Number of relations from set A to B = 2mn, where |A| = m,
Counter example:
|B| = n
A = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 1)}
● Number of identity relation on a set with ‘n’ elements = 1
2. R is asymmetric implies that R is irreflexive. By
definition, for all a, b ∈ A, ● Number of reflexive relation set on a set with ‘n’ elements =
(a, b), ∈ R and (b, a) ∉ R. This implies that for all 2n(n-1)
(a, b) ∈ R, a ≠ b Thus, for all a ∈ A, ● Number of symmetric relation set on a set with ‘n’ elements =
(a, a) ∉ R Therefore, R is irreflexive. 2n(n+1)/2
3. R is not symmetric does not imply r is ● The number of antisymmetric binary relations possible on A
antisymmetric counter example: is
A = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)} ● The number of binary relation on A which are both symmetric
4. R is not symmetric does not imply R is and antisymmetric is 2n.
asymmetric. Counter example: ● The number of binary relation on A which are both symmetric
A = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 2), (2, 2)} and asymmetric is 1.
5. R is not antisymmetric does not imply R is ● The number of binary relation which are both relation which
symmetric. Counter example: are both reflexive and antisymmetric on the set Aa is
A = {1, 2, 3}, R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
● The number of asymmetric binary relation possible on the set
6. R is reflexive implies that R is not asymmetric. By A is
definition, for all a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈ R. ● There are at least 2n transitive relations (lower bound) and at
This implies that, both (a, b) and (b, a) are in R most (upper bound)
when a = b. Thus, R is not asymmetric.
 Operation on Relations
3. R1 ∪ R2 = {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ R1 and (a, b) ∈
1. R1 - R2 = {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ R1 and (a, b) ∉ R2} R2}
2. R2 - R1 = {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ R2 and (a, b) ∉ R1} 4. R1 ∩ R2 = {(a, b) | (a, b) ∈ R1 and (a, b) ∈
R2}

Properties

1) If R1 and R2 are reflexive and symmetric, then R1 ∪ R2 4) If R1 and R2 are equivalence relations on A,
is reflexive, and symmetric. ● R1 - R2is not an equivalence relation (reflexivity
fails).
2) If R1 is transitive and R2 is transitive, then R1 ∪ R2
● R1 - R2 is not a partial order (since R1 - R2 is not
need not be transitive.
reflexive).
Counter example: Let A = {1, 2} such that
● R1 ⨁ R2 = R1 ∪ R2 - (R1 ∩ R2) is neither
R1 = {(1, 2)} and R2 = {(2, 1)}. R1 ∪ R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}
equivalence relation nor partial order (reflexivity
and (1, 1) ∉ R1 ∪ R2 implies that R1 ∪ R2 is not
fails)
Transitive.
5) The union of two equivalence relation on a set is not
3) If R1 and R2 are equivalence relations, then R1 ∩ R2 is
necessarily an equivalence relation on the set.
an equivalence relation.
6) The inverse of a equivalence relation R is an
equivalence relation.
 Composition of Relations Equivalence Class
Let R1 ⊆ A × B and R2 ⊆ B × C, Composition of R2 on Equivalence class of a ∈ A is defined as [a] = {x | (x, a) ∈ R}, that
R1, denoted as R1 R2 or simply R1 R2 is is all the elements related to a under the relation R.
R1 R2 = {(a, c) | a ∈ A, c ∈ C ^ ∃ b ∈ B such that Example
((a, b) ∈ R1, (b, c) ∈ R2)} E = Even integers, O = Odd integers
NOTE (i) All elements of E are related to each other and all elements of
R1 (R2 ∩ R3) ⊂ R1 R2 ∩ R1 R3 O are related to each other.
R1 (R2 ∪ R3) = R1 R2 ∪ R1 R3 (ii) No element of E is related to any element of O and vice-versa.
R1 ⊆ A × B, R2 ⊆ B × C, R3 ⊆ C × D.(R1R2)R3 = R1 (R2R3) (iii) E and O are disjoint and Z = E ∪ O
-1
(R1oR2) = R2-1 oR1-1 The subset E is called the equivalence class containing
zero and is denoted by [0].
Properties: Consider an equivalence relation R defined
on a set A.
4. For any two equivalence class [a] and [b], either [a] = [b] or [a]
∩ [b] = ϕ
2. For every a, b ∈ A such that a ∈ [b], a ∉ b it follows 5. For all a, b ∈ A, if a ∈ [b] then b ∈ [a]
that [a] = [b] 6. For all a, b, c ∈ A, if a ∈ [b] and b ∈ [c], then a ∈ [c]
7. For all a ∈ A, [a] ≠ ϕ
 Classification of
Functions
1. Constant Function
Functions f(x) = k, k is a constant.

2. Identity Function
The function y = f(x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R
Logarithmic Exponential Here domain & Range both R

function Function
3. Polynomial function
y = f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn-1 + … + an n is non
negative integer, a1 are real constants.
Given a0 ≠ 0, n is the degree of polynomial
f(x) = logax[a > 0, a ≠ 1] f(x) = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1. function
There are two polynomial functions,
f(x) = 1 + xn & f(x) = 1 - xn satisfying the
relation: f(x) ⋅ f(1/x) - f(x) + f(1/x) where ‘n’
is a positive integer.

4. Rational Function
It is defined as the ratio of two polynomials.
Domain = (0, ∞), Range = R Domain = R, Rang = (0, ∞) f(x) = P(x)/Q(x) provided Q(x) ≠ 0
Dom {f(x)} is all real numbers except when
denominator is zero [i.e., Q(x) ≠ 0]
 Properties of Log
Functions Functions

Logarithmic
function
5.

6.

1. loga(xy) = loga|x| + loga|y|, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and xy > 0 7. If a > 1, then the values of f(x) = logax increase with the
2. increase in x. I.e. x < y ⇔ loga x < loga y

3. Also,
4. logn(xn) = n loga |x|, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and xn > 0
Functions
Sine function Tangent function Cosecant function

Trigonometric
Functions
f(x) = sin x f(x) = tan x f(x) = cosec x
Dom (f) = R Dom (f) = R - {(2n + I)π/2, n∈ z Dom (f) = R - {mR, n e z}
Ran (f) = [-1, 1] Ran (f) = R Ran (f) = R - (-1, 1)

Cosine function Secant function Cotangent function

f(x) = cos x f(x) = sec x f(x) = cot x

Dom (f) = R Dom (s) = R - {(2n + 1)π/2|n∈Z} Dom (f) = R - {nπ | n e z}
Ran (f) = [-1, 1] Ran (f) = R - (-1, 1) Ran (f) = R
 Absolute Value
Functions Function

1. |x|2 = x2 2. √x2 = |x| 3. |x| = max {-x, x} 4. -|x| = min {-x, x}

5. 6. 7. |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y|

8. |x + y| = |x| + |y| if xy > 0 9. |x - y| = |x| + |y| if xy ≤ 0 10. |x| ≥ a (is -ve) x ∈ R

11. a < |x|< b ⇒ b ≤ x ≤ -a or a ≤ x ≤ b. x ∈ [-b, -a] ∪ [a,

b]
Functions Signum Function

Greatest Integer f(x) = [x] the integral part of x, which

Function is nearest & smaller integer

1. [x] ≤ x < [x] + 1

2. x - 1 < [x] < x 6. [x] ≤ n ⇔ x < n + 1, n ∈

7. [x] < n ⇔ x < n 8.
I

3. I ≤ x < I + I ⇒ [x] = I

9. 10. [x] + [y] ≤ [x + y] ≤ [x] + [y] + 1

4.

11.
5.
 Fractional Part Odd and Even
Functions Function Function

1. if f(-x) =-f(x) ∀ x ∈R then f is an odd function, odd

y = {x} fractional past of x. functions are symmetrical in opposite quadrants or
y = {x} = x - [x] about origin.

2. If f(-x) = f(x). then even. It is symmetric about y axis.

1. {x} = x, 0 ≤ x <1. Properties 1. Product of two odd or two even function is an even
function.

2. {x} = 0, x ∈ 1 2. Product of odd & even function is an odd function.

3. Every function can be expressed as the sum of an

3. {-x} = 1- {x}, x ∉ I even and odd function, i.e,

4. {x ± integer} = {x} 4. Derivative of an odd function is an even function

and of an even is odd.
 f(x) is periodic if f(x + T) = f(x) ∀ x ∈ R , T = period

Functions Periodic Function

Properties of periodic functions

If f(x) is periodic with period T, then

1. c. f(x) is periodic with period T

2. f(x + c) is periodic with period T.

3. f(x) ± c is periodic with period T.

4. kf (cx + d) has period T/|c| period is only affected by

coefficient of x.
 Inverse of a function
Functions Number of Functions

g : B → A , f(x) = y ⇔ g(y) = x ∀ x ∈ A
● Total no of functions = mn and y ∈ B.

● Number of One to one functions = Then g is inverse of f

1. Inverse of a bijection is unique.
2. If f : A ➝ B is a bijection g : B ➝ A is
● No. of many one functions =
the inverse of f, then fog = IB gof = IA,
● No. of constant function = m.
where IA & IB are identity function
3. The inverse of a bijection is also a

● No. of onto function = bijection (gof)-1 = g-1 o g-1.

● No. of one-to-one onto functions = n!, if m = n Hyperbolic Functions

 Functions

Elementary
Transformation of graphs

Drawing the graph of Drawing graph of y = f(|x|) from the Drawing graph of |y| = f(x) from the
y = |f(x)| from the known graph of y = f(x). know m graph of y = f(x).

Remove portion that lies below x axis.

Neglect the curve for x<0 & take the Plot the remaining portion of the graph
images of curve for x 0 about y axis. & also its mirror image in x-axis.
Functions

Things to Remember
Composition of Functions
Let f : A → B & g : B → C be two functions. Then the
composition of f & g, denoted by gof, is defined as the Types of Functions
function gof : A → C given by
gof (x) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A

Theorem: If f : X → Y, Functions One-one (injective)

f : x 🠆 y is one-one if f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒
g:Y→Z&h:Z→S
are functions, then ho(gof) = (hog)of x1, = x2 ∀ x1, x2 ∈ x. Otherwise, f
If gof is one-one ⇒ f is one-one is many-one, f1 is one-one.
If gof is onto ⇒ g is onto
If f : X → Y is a function such that there exists a
function g : Y → X such that
gof = Ix & fog = Iy, then f must be one-one and onto. Onto (surjective)
f : x 🠆 y is onto it for energy y
∈ Y, ∃ x ∈ X S.t. f(x) = y, f2
Functional Equation is onto.
(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = K ln x
(b) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn Bijective
(c) f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax f : x 🠆 y is both one-one and
(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = Kx onto, then f is bijective. F3 is
bijective.
(e) and f(x) is a

polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Domain of Functions
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 1st Feb S2
10
11 If the domain of the function
MCQ Type

then ⍺2 + β3 is equal to:

A 140

B 175

C 125

D 150
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 1st Feb S2
10
11 If the domain of the function
MCQ Type

then ⍺2 + β3 is equal to:

A 140

B 175

C 125

D 150
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Types of Functions
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 5th April S1
11
17
Let A = {1, 3, 7, 9, 11} and B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12}. Then
the total number of one-one maps f : A ➝ B, such that
MCQ Type

f(1) + f(3) = 14, is:

A 120

B 180

C 240

D 480
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 5th April S1
11
17
Let A = {1, 3, 7, 9, 11} and B = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12}. Then
the total number of one-one maps f : A ➝ B, such that
MCQ Type

f(1) + f(3) = 14, is:

A 120

B 180

C 240

D 480
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 8th June S1
12
18
Let a function f : N ➝ N be defined by

then, if is
MCQ Type

A One-one but not onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one and onto

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 8th June S1
12
18
Let a function f : N ➝ N be defined by

then, if is
MCQ Type

A One-one but not onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one and onto

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: When n = 1, 5, 9, 13 then will give all odd numbers.

When n = 3, 7, 11, 15 .....
n - 1 will be even but not divisible by 4
When n = 2, 4, 6, 8 .....
Then 2n will give all multiples of 4
So range will be N.
And no two values of n give same y, so function is one-one
and onto.
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 4

Composition of function
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
13
MCQ Type

A -4

B 19/20

C -19/20

D 4
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
13
MCQ Type

A -4

B 19/20

C -19/20

D 4
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: To find (g o g o g) (4), we first need to understand the

composition of f with itself, i.e., (f o f)(x) = f(f(x)) = g(x).
We can then repeatedly apply g to get the given expression.
First, let's calculate (f o f) (x) = g(x):
g(x) = (f o f)(x) = f(f(x))

To evaluate this expression, we substitute for x in

the function f(x):
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Now, simplify the expression:

So, g(x) = x for all æ in the domain of g, which is

It's important to 2 note that the domain restriction is
preserved through the composition because f(x) has a
vertical asymptote at x = ⅔ which doesn't intersect the
graph.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: So, g(x) is the identity function on its domain, which means that
applying g any number of times will result in the same input for
x in the given domain. Hence, we have:
(g o g o g o g) (4) = g(g(g(g(4)))) = g(g(g(4))) = g(g(4)) = g(4) = 4
This corresponds to option D, which is 4.
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 5

Functional Equations
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
14
If a function f satisfies f(m + n) = f(m) + f(n) for all m,
n ∈ N and f(1) = 1, then the 2022 largest natural number
Integer Type

λ such that is equal to ______.

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 9th April S1
14
If a function f satisfies f(m + n) = f(m) + f(n) for all m,
n ∈ N and f(1) = 1, then the 2022 largest natural number
Integer Type

λ such that is equal to ______.

Correct answer : 1010

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
15
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9}. Then the number of possible
functions f: A → A such that f(m . n) = f(m) . f(n) for every
Integer Type

m, n ∈ A with m n ∈ A is equal to _________.

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
15
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9}. Then the number of possible
functions f: A → A such that f(m . n) = f(m) . f(n) for every
Integer Type

m, n ∈ A with m n ∈ A is equal to _________.

Correct answer : 432

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: f(1.n) = f(1). f(n) ⇒ f(1) = 1.

f(3.3) = (f(3))2
Hence, the possibilities for (t(3), (9)) are (1, 1) and (3,9).
Other three i.e. f(2), f(5), f(8)
Can be chosen in 63 ways.
Hence, total number of functions
63 × 2 = 432
1. Meaning of x → a 2. Limit
We denote it by x → a (x is not equal to a) ➢ Let a function f(x), at any value of x = a, is
If x approaches to a from right side either not defined or is indeterminate
(then we denote it by x → a+) ➢ But is defined and finite at left and/or right
If x approaches to a from left side ➢ neighbourhood points very-very close to x = a
(then we denote it by x → a-) ➢ Then the value of the function at the
neighbourhood points is called Limiting value
of function.
LIMIT ➢ Or the function tends to approach its limit as x
tends to a.

3. Right Hand Limit (R.H.L.)

when x → a form the values of x > a or from
right side of a, then corresponding limit is
called R.H.L. & is written as

l is called limit of f(x) when x → a (x tends to a or

x approaches a)
 4. Left Hand Limit (L.H.L.) 6. Fundamental Theorems of Limits
when x → a form the values of x < a or from
left side of a, then corresponding limit is
called L.H.L. & is written as

LIMIT

5. Existence of Limit
If R.H.L. = I.H.L. = Finite quantity
i.e. both limits exist, equal and
finite.
7. Indeterminate Forms
8. Methods to Evaluate Limit 9. Limits of Trigonometric Functions
(i) Factorization Method:

Consider
LIMIT
If by substituting x = a, reduces to the

form 0/0 then (x-a) is a factor of both f(x) and

g(x). Note:
so , we first factorize f(x) and g(x) and then
Let [.] denotes greatest integer function
cancel out the common factor to evaluate the 10. Limit of
limit Exponential/Logarithmic
Standardization Functions
Result

(ii) Rationalization Method:

This is particularly used when either the
numerator or the denominator or both involve
expression consists of squares roots and on
substituting the value of x the rational
expression takes the form 0/0
Algebraic limit Using Some Standard limits:

where |x| < 1

11. 00 & ∞0 Forms 12. (1)∞ Form 13. Limit Using Series Expansion

14. L’Hospital Rule

LIMIT
 Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity of function, f(x) at a point a Continuity of function, f(x) in an Product Rule
interval [a, b]

Chain Rule

Algebra of continuous functions

Basic Properties Power Rule
If f and g are two continuous
functions at a point c, then
1. f ± g is continuous at c
2. f.g is continuous at c

4. gof is continuous at c Quotient Rule

Derivative Definition
Some Standard Derivatives Logarithmic Differentiation Derivative of Parametric Functions

Second Order Derivative

Let y = f(x) then = f’(x), If f’(x) is
differentiable, then f’(x) i.e.,
is the second order derivative

of y w.r.t. x

For eg: if y - 3x2 + 2, then y’ = 6x and y”

=6
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Evaluation of Limits
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
16
MCQ Type

A Is equal to 1

B Does not exist

C Is equal to -1

D Is equal to 2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S1
136
MCQ Type

A Is equal to 1

B Does not exist

C Is equal to -1

D Is equal to 2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 27th Jan S1
4
17
MCQ Type

A 36

B 25

C 32

D 30
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 27th Jan S1
4
17
MCQ Type

A 36

B 25

C 32

D 30
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

To Check Continuity &

Differentiability of
Functions
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 24th Jan S1
16
17
18
MCQ Type

A f is continuous but f’ is not continuous

B f and f’ both are continuous

C f is continuous but not differentiable

D f’ is continuous but not differentiable

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 24th Jan S1
16
17
18
MCQ Type

A f is continuous but f’ is not continuous

B f and f’ both are continuous

C f is continuous but not differentiable

D f’ is continuous but not differentiable

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Finding unknown parameters

using Continuity &
Differentiability
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 29th July S2
19
Let the function
MCQ Type

be continuous at x = 0. Then ⍺ is equal to

A 10

B -10

C 5

D -5
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 29th July S2
19
Let the function
MCQ Type

be continuous at x = 0. Then ⍺ is equal to

A 10

B -10

C 5

D -5
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 4

Number of
continuous/discontinuous
points Number of
differentiable/not-differentia
ble points
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S2
20
24
25
Consider the function f : (0, ∞) ➝ R defined by
If m and n be respectively the number
MCQ Type

of points at which f is not continuous and f is not

differentiable, then m + n is

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 31st Jan S2
20
24
25
Consider the function f : (0, ∞) ➝ R defined by
If m and n be respectively the number
MCQ Type

of points at which f is not continuous and f is not

differentiable, then m + n is

A 0

B 1

C 2

D 3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:

m = 0 (No point at which function is

not continuous)
n = 1 (Not differentiable)
∴m+n=1
 Common application of derivatives.
Application ● Finding Rate of Change of a Quantity

of Derivative ●
●
Finding the Approximation Value
Finding Maxima and Minima, and Point of Inflection
● Determining Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Increasing decreasing functions.

Properties of monotonic functions :
Approximations (1) If f(x) is continuous on [a, b] such that f' (c) 0 for
each c, then f(x) is monotonically increasing
Assume we have a function y = f(x), which is defined in function. Similar definition goes for monotonically
the interval [a, a + h], then the average rate of change in decreasing function.
the function in the given interval is (f(a + h) – f(a))/h. (2) If f(x) is strictly increasing function on [a, b] then
Now using the definition of derivative, we can write f–1(x) exists & is also strictly increasing on [a, b].
Similar result follows for strictly decreasing
functions.
(3) If f(x) & g(x) are two continuous & differentiable
which is also the instantaneous rate of change of the functions, then we can relate fog (x) & gof (x) by the
function f(x) at a. Now, for a very small value of h, we following table
can write f′(a) ≈ (f (a + h) − f (a )) / h + denotes increasing function
– denotes decreasing function
Application First Derivative Test Of Local Maxima & Minima
of Derivative Test:
Step 1 : Find the critical points of the function by putting
f'(x) = 0
Step 2 : For each of the critical points obtained in step 1 do
the following :
Maxima & Minima Case 1 : x = a is local maxima
If f'(x) changes from + to - as x passes through a

Point P, R T are points of local maxima

Point Q, S are point of local minima

Case 2 : x = a is local minima

Global maxima, global minima
if the sign of f'(x) changes from - to + as x passes through a
Maximum = max {f(a), f(c1), f(c2)....f(cn), f(b)}
Minimum = min {f(a), f(c1), f(c2)....f(cn), f(b)} c1 c2 .... cn are n
critical points.

Point of inflection Case 3 : There is no sign change across a this means that x =
a is neither a
point of maxima nor minima.
A point of inflection is point where the
curve changes its shape from
 Extrema of discontinuous
Application Functions
of Derivative 1. Minimum of discontinuous Functions :
For Minimum at x = a
f(a) ≤ f(a + h)
Higher Order Test f(a) ≤ f(a – h)
2. Maximum of discontinuous Functions:
Let f be a differentiable function on interval I & let For maximum at x = a
c be any point f(a) ≥ f(a + h)
in the domain of f such that f(a) ≥ f(a - b)
(1) f′(c) = f′′(c) = f′′′(c)... fn-1 (c) = 0 and 3. Neither Maximum nor minimum exists:
(2) fn (c) ≠ 0 and exists.

then if n is even

Leibnitz-rule
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Increasing & Decreasing

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 5th April S1
21 For the function
f(x) = sin x + 3x - (2/π)(x² + x), where x ∈ [0, π/2],
consider the following two statements :
(I) f is increasing in (0, π/2).
(II) f' is decreasing in (0, π/2).
Between the above two statements,

A only (I) is true.

B both (I) and (II) are true.

C only (II) is true.

D neither (I) nor (II) is true.

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 5th April S1
21 For the function
f(x) = sin x + 3x - (2/π)(x² + x), where x ∈ [0, π/2],
consider the following two statements :
(I) f is increasing in (0, π/2).
(II) f' is decreasing in (0, π/2).
Between the above two statements,

A only (I) is true.

B both (I) and (II) are true.

C only (II) is true.

D neither (I) nor (II) is true.

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Maxima & Minima

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2020 | 7th Jan S2
22
Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that x = ±1 are
its critical points.
If = 4, then which one of the following is
not true?

A f(1) - 4f(-1) = 4.

x = 1 is a point of minima and x = -1 is a point of

B
maxima of f.
x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = -1 is a point of
C
minimum of f.

D f is an odd function.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2020 | 7th Jan S2
22
Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree 5 such that x = ±1 are
its critical points.
If = 4, then which one of the following is
not true?

A f(1) - 4f(-1) = 4.

x = 1 is a point of minima and x = -1 is a point of

B
maxima of f.
x = 1 is a point of maxima and x = -1 is a point of
C
minimum of f.

D f is an odd function.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
let f(x) = ax5 + bx4 + cx³ + dx² + ex + f

As this limit exists so d = e = f = 0

∴ f(x) = ax5 + bx4 + cx3

⇒2+c=4
⇒c=2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
∴ f(x) = ax5 + bx4 + 2x3
f'(x) = 5ax4 + 4bx3 + 6x2
As x = ±1 are its critical points so f '(x) = 0 at x = ±1.
f '(1) = 5a + 4b + 6 = 0 ....(1)
and f '(-1) = 5a - 4b + 6 = 0 .....(2)
Solving (1) and (2),
a = -6/5 and b = 0
∴ f(x) = -6/5x5 + 2x3
So f '(x) = -6x4 + 6x2 = 6x2(1 + x)(1 - x)
Sign scheme for f'(x)
It is clear that maxima at x = 1 and minima at x = –1.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S2
23
If the function f(x) = 2x³ - 9ax² + 12a²x + 1, a > 0 has a
local maximum at x = a and a local minimum at x = α²,
then α and α² are the roots of the equation:

A x² - 6x + 8 = 0

B 8x² - 6x + 1 = 0

C 8x² + 6x - 1 = 0

D x² + 6x + 8 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S2
23
If the function f(x) = 2x³ - 9ax² + 12a²x + 1, a > 0 has a
local maximum at x = a and a local minimum at x = α²,
then α and α² are the roots of the equation:

A x² - 6x + 8 = 0

B 8x² - 6x + 1 = 0

C 8x² + 6x - 1 = 0

D x² + 6x + 8 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 General Properties of Definite Integrals General Properties of Definite
Sl. No Property Integrals
Sl. No Property
Prop. I
Prop. VII
Prop. II

Prop. VIII
Prop.III

Prop.IV

Prop.V

Prop.VI
Properties Of Definite Integrals Periodic Properties
Definite If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

Integral 1.

2.

3.

4.

Advance properties

1. 3.

3.
 Leibnitz Theorem
Definite If then
Integral
Area Under Different Curves

Case-I
Average Value Theorem
If is a continuous function on [a, b], then its
average value on [a, b] is given by the formula

Case-II Case-III

Positive and Negative Area

Area is always taken as positive. If some part of

the area lies in the positive side i.e., above x-axis
and some part lies in the negative

side i.e. below x-axis then the area of two parts

should be calculated separately and then add their
numerical values to get the desired area.
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Properties of Definite
Integration
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 6th April S2
24
9
Let f(x) be a function satisfying f(x) + f(𝜋 - x) = 𝜋2, ∀x ∈

R. Then is equal to
MCQ Type

A 𝜋2/4

B 2𝜋2

C 𝜋2

D 𝜋2/2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 6th April S2
24
9
Let f(x) be a function satisfying f(x) + f(𝜋 - x) = 𝜋2, ∀x ∈

R. Then is equal to
MCQ Type

A 𝜋2/4

B 2𝜋2

C 𝜋2

D 𝜋2/2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 25th June S1
10
25
The value of
MCQ Type

is equal to

A 𝜋2/4

B 𝜋2/2

C 𝜋/4

D 𝜋/2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 25th June S1
10
25
The value of
MCQ Type

is equal to

A 𝜋2/4

B 𝜋2/2

C 𝜋/4

D 𝜋/2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 (i) Area of the region bounded by a curve y = f(x) and x-axis between the
Area under two ordinates

the Curve

Area under
simple Curve If the position of thee curve under
consideration is below the x-axis. Then,
area is negative. So, we take its
absolute value ,
i.e.

(ii) Area of the region bounded by a curve x = f(y) and x-axis between the
two ordinates
If the position of thee
curve under consideration
Positive and Negative Area is below the y-axis. Then,
Area is always taken as positive. If some part of the area is negative. So, we
area lies in the positive side i.e., above x-axis and some take its absolute value ,
part lies in the negative side i.e. below x-axis then the
i.e.
area of two parts should be calculated separately and
then add their numerical values to get the desired area.
Area under CASE - I
the Curve

Area under
different Curves

CASE - II
CASE - III
Area under
CASE - IV
the Curve

Area under
different Curves

CASE - V
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Area bounded by Parabola

and Line
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S2
26
3
The area of the region enclosed by the parabola
(y - 2)2 = x - 1, the line x - 2y + 4 = 0 and the positive
Integer Type

coordinate axes is ______.

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S2
26
3
The area of the region enclosed by the parabola
(y - 2)2 = x - 1, the line x - 2y + 4 = 0 and the positive
Integer Type

coordinate axes is ______.

Correct Answer : 5
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Definition Differential Equation
An equation involving the dependent variable and
independent variable and also the derivatives of the
dependable variable is known as differential equation. Order and Degree of a Differential
For example:
Equation
Order
The order of a differential equation is the order of the
highest derivative involved in the differential equation
For example:

Order is 1

Degree
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the
highest differential coefficient when the equation has
been made rational and integral as far as the differential
coefficients are concerned.
For example:

Degree is 2
 Solution of a Differential Equation Differential Equation

The solution of the differential equation is

a relation between the independent and
dependent variable free from derivatives
satisfying the given differential equation.

(a) General solution (or complete primitive)

The general solution of a differential
equation is the relation between the
variables (not involving the derivatives)
which contain the same number of the
Types of arbitrary constants as the order of the
differential equation.
solution
(b) Particular solution or Integral
A solution which is obtained by giving
particular values to the arbitrary
constants in the general solution is
called a particular solution
 Differential Equations with Variables Separable Differential Equation

If a first order-first degree equation can be expressed in

such a manner that coefficient of dx is f(x) & coefficient
of dy is g(y), then we say that variable are separable. A
first order-first degree differential equation is of the form
DE Reducible to variable separable

Above equation can also be written as:

[if F(x, y) can be expressed as (If b = 0 this is directly variable Separable)

product of g(x) & h(y)] To solve this, Substitute : t = ax + by + c

Separating the variables, we have Then the eq. Reduces to separable type in
the variable t and x which can be solved.
∴ Integrate both sides
Which is the required solution
 Homogeneous Differential Equations Differential Equation
An equation in x & y is said to be homogeneous
if it can be put in the form where f(x, y)
& g(x, y) are homogeneous functions of the same Equations Reducible to the
degree in x & y. Homogenous Form
Here, is
an example of homogeneous differential equation.
To solve the homogeneous differential equation

Substitute y = vx & so
Thus
Therefore, solution is
Differential Equation Linear Differential Equations

A differential equation of the form where P & Q are constants

or functions of x only, is known as a First Order Linear Differential Equation.

Example:
Steps to Solve First Order Linear Differential Equation:
(i) Write the given differential equation in the form →
(ii) Find the Integrating factor →
(iii) Write the solution of the given differential equation as

Note that if the first order differential equation is in the form

where P’ & Q’ are constants or function of y only.
Then & the solution of the differential equation is given by
 Differential Equation

Differential equation reducible to the linear form:

Sometimes equations which are not linear can be reduced

to the linear form by suitable transformation.
Exact Differential Equation
Here, …(i)
A differential equation is said to be exact if it
Let, f(y) = u ⇒ f’(y)dy = du can be derived from its solution (primitive)
directly by differentiation, without any
Then (i) reduces to elimination, multiplication etc.
For example, the differential equation xdy + ydx
Which is of the linear = 0 is an exact differential equation as it is
derived by direct differentiation for its solution,
differential equation form.
the function xy = c.
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Variable Separation Method

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 29th Jan S1
27
3
Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation
y(x + 1)dx - x2dy = 0, y(1) = e. Then is equal to
MCQ Type

A e2

B 0

C 1/e2

D 1/e
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 29th Jan S1
27
3
Let y = f(x) be the solution of the differential equation
y(x + 1)dx - x2dy = 0, y(1) = e. Then is equal to
MCQ Type

A e2

B 0

C 1/e2

D 1/e
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Linear Differential Equation

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 25th Jan S2
28
8
9
Let y = y(t) be a solution of the differential equation
where, ⍺ > 0, β > 0 and γ > 0. Then
MCQ Type

A is 0

B is 1

C is -1

D Does not exist

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 25th Jan S2
28
8
9
Let y = y(t) be a solution of the differential equation
where, ⍺ > 0, β > 0 and γ > 0. Then
MCQ Type

A is 0

B is 1

C is -1

D Does not exist

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Homogeneous Differential
Equation
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
29
3
The solution of the differential equation

D
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 30th Jan S2
29
3
The solution of the differential equation

D
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Sequence & Series
Arithmetic Progression (AP)
Sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers. AP is a sequence whose terms increase or decrease by a
Series: If a1, a2, a3, a4, …………….., an, …………….. Is a sequence, then the fixed number. This fixed number is called the common
expression a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + ……….. + …………. + an + ………… is a Difference.
series. If a is the first term & d the common difference, then AP can
A series is finite or infinite according as the number of terms in the be written as a nth term of this AP
corresponding sequence is finite or infinite. tn = a + (n - 1)d, where d = an - an-1
Progressions: It is not necessarily that the terms of a sequence always The sum of the first n terms the AP is given by
follow a certain pattern or they are described by some explicit formula for
the nth term. Those sequences whose terms follow certain patterns are
called progressions.

Where l is the last term.

Properties of Arithmetic Progression

1. 3 numbers in AP are a - d, a, a + d;
4 numbers in AP are a - 3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d;
5 numbers in AP are a - 2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d;
2. The sum of the two terms of an AP equidistant from the
beginning & end is constant and equal to the sum of first &
last terms.
3. Any term of an AP (except the first) is equal to half the sum of
terms which are equidistant from it. an=½(an-k + an+k), k < n.
4. tr = Sr - Sr-1
 Sequence & Series Geometric Progression (GP)
In the sequence of non-zero terms, if each terms bears the same
constant ratio with its immediately preceding term, then that
sequence is called as Geometric progression and this constant
Arithmetic Mean ratio is called as Common Ratio (r).
General Form of a G.P.
If three terms are in AP then the middle term is called the AM
between the other two, so if a, b, c, are in AP, b is AM of a & c.
AM for any n positive number a1, a2, …………., an is; Where, first term = ‘a’ & common ratio = ‘r’
General Term of a G.P.
nth term = a rn-1

Sum of the 1st n terms i.e.

n-Arithmetic Means between Two Numbers
If a, b are any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, …….., A2, b are in
AP then A1, A2, ………., An are in AM’s between a & bv.

Properties of Geometric Progression

1. If a, b, c are in G.P., then

2. If a, b, c, ………… are in G.P., then

ka, kb, kc, ……. (where k ≠ 0) … are in G.P.
3. If a, b, c, ………… are in G.P., then

(where k ≠ 0 ) … are in G.P.

4. If a, b, c, ……….. Are in G.P., then

Ak, bk, ck, ………… are also in G.P.
 Sequence & Series
Relation between AM & GM
Let A and G be arithmetic and geometric means of two positive
Geometric Mean numbers a and b. Then,

If a, b, c are in GP, b is the GM between a & c. b2 = ac, therefore

These two means possess the following properties

1. A≥G
n-Geometric Means between Two Numbers 2. If the Arithmetic Mean and Geometric Mean of two
If a, b, are two given numbers & a, G1, G2, ……., Gn, b positive numbers a and b are A and G respectively, then
are in GP. Then G1, G2, G3, ………….., Gn are in GMs A>G
between a & b. As A – G > 0
3. If A be the Arithmetic Mean and G be the Geometric Mean
G1 = a(b/a)1.n+1 = ar,
between two positive numbers a and b, then the
G2 = a(b/a)2/n+1 = ar2, ……………, quadratic equation whose roots are a, b is
Gna(b/a)n/n+1 = arn x2 - 2Ax + G2 = 0.
where r = (b/a)1/n+1 4. If A is the Arithmetic Means and G be the Geometric
Means between two positive numbers, and then the
numbers are
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Arithmetic Progression
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 27th Jan S2
30
3
The 20th term from the end of the progression 20, 19 ¼,
18 ½, 17 ¾, …, -129 ¼ is :
MCQ Type

A -115

B -100

C -110

D -118
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 27th Jan S2
30
3
The 20th term from the end of the progression 20, 19 ¼,
18 ½, 17 ¾, …, -129 ¼ is :
MCQ Type

A -115

B -100

C -110

D -118
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 27th July S1
31
4
Suppose a1, a2, ….., an be an arithmetic progression of
natural numbers. If the ratio of the sum of first five terms
MCQ Type

to the sum of first nine terms of the progression is 5 : 17

and , 110 < a15 < 120, then the sum of the first ten terms
of the progression is equal to

A 290

B 380

C 460

D 510
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 27th July S1
31
4
Suppose a1, a2, ….., an be an arithmetic progression of
natural numbers. If the ratio of the sum of first five terms
MCQ Type

to the sum of first nine terms of the progression is 5 : 17

and , 110 < a15 < 120, then the sum of the first ten terms
of the progression is equal to

A 290

B 380

C 460

D 510
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: ∵ a1, a2, …… an be an A.P of natural numbers and

⇒ 34a1 + 68d = 18a1 + 72d

⇒ 16a1 = 4d
∴ d = 4a1
And 110 < a15 < 120
∴ 110 < a1 + 14d < 120 ∴ 110 < 57a1 < 120
∴ a1 = 2(∵ a1 ∈ N)
d=8
∴ S10 = 5[4 + 9 × 8] = 380
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Geometric Progression
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 13th April S2
32
13
Let a1, a2, a3, ….. Be a G.P. of increasing positive
numbers. Let the sum of its 6th and 8th terms be 2 and the
MCQ Type

product of its 3rd and 5th terms be 1/9. Then 6(a2 + a4)
(a4 + a6) is equal to

A 2√2

B 2

C 3√3

D 3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 13th April S2
32
13
Let a1, a2, a3, ….. Be a G.P. of increasing positive
numbers. Let the sum of its 6th and 8th terms be 2 and the
MCQ Type

product of its 3rd and 5th terms be 1/9. Then 6(a2 + a4)
(a4 + a6) is equal to

A 2√2

B 2

C 3√3

D 3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 10th April S1
33
14
Let the first term ⍺ and the common ratio r of a
geometric progression be positive integers. If the sum of
MCQ Type

squares of its first three terms is 33033, then the sum of

these three terms is equal to

A 241

B 231

C 220

D 210
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 10th April S1
33
14
Let the first term ⍺ and the common ratio r of a
geometric progression be positive integers. If the sum of
MCQ Type

squares of its first three terms is 33033, then the sum of

these three terms is equal to

A 241

B 231

C 220

D 210
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Given that the first term a and common ratio r of a geometric progression
be positive integer. So, their 1st three terms are a, ar, ar2
According to the question, a2 + a2r2 + a2r4 = 33033
⇒ a² (1 + r² + r4) = 3 × 7 × 11 × 11 × 13
= 3 × 7 × 13 × 112
∴ a² = 112
⇒ a = 11
and 1 + r² + r4 = 273
⇒ r² + r4 = 272
⇒ r4 + r² - 272 = 0
⇒ (r² + 17) (r² - 16) = 0
⇒ r² = -17(not possible),
⇒ r2 - 16 = 0
⇒ r = ±4
⇒ r = 4 (∵ r > 0)
So, sum of these first three terms is a + ar + ar2 = 11 + 44 + 176 = 231
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Mixed Qs of AP & GP
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4th April S1
34
3
Let the first three terms 2, p and q, with q ≠ 2, of a G.P. be
respectively the 7th, 8th and 13th terms of an A.P. If the 5th
MCQ Type

term of the G.P. is the nth term of the A.P., then n is equal to:

A 151

B 177

C 163

D 169
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4th April S1
34
3
Let the first three terms 2, p and q, with q ≠ 2, of a G.P. be
respectively the 7th, 8th and 13th terms of an A.P. If the 5th
MCQ Type

term of the G.P. is the nth term of the A.P., then n is equal to:

A 151

B 177

C 163

D 169
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Let p = 2r, q = 2r2

T7 = 2, T8 = 2r, T13 = 2r2
d = 2r - 2 = 2(r - 1)
2r2 = T7 + 6d = 2 + 6(2)(r - 1)
= 12r - 10
⇒ r² - 6r + 5 = 0 ⇒(r - 1)(r - 5) = 0
∴ r = 1, 5
r = 1 (rejected) as q ≠ 2
∴r=5
5th term of G.P = 2. r. = 2.54
Let 1st term of A.P ba = a, d = 8
2 = a + (6)(8) ⇒ a = -46
nth term of A.P = -46 + (n - 1)8 = 8n - 54
2.54 = 8n - 54 ⇒ 1250 + 54 = 8n
⇒ n = 1304/8 n = 163
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 4

AM & GM
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 11th April S2
35
7
Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that
a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
MCQ Type

3750 β, then the value of β is

A 110

B 108

C 90

D 55
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 11th April S2
35
7
Let a, b, c and d be positive real numbers such that
a + b + c + d = 11. If the maximum value of a5b3c2d is
MCQ Type

3750 β, then the value of β is

A 110

B 108

C 90

D 55
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 11th April S1
36
8
Let x1, x2, ……, x100 be in an arithmetic progression, with
x1 = 2 and their mean equal to 200. If yi = i(xi - i),
MCQ Type

1 ≤ i ≤ 100, then the mean of y1, y2, ….., y100 is:

A 10051.50

B 10049.50

C 10100

D 10101.50
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 11th April S1
36
8
Let x1, x2, ……, x100 be in an arithmetic progression, with
x1 = 2 and their mean equal to 200. If yi = i(xi - i),
MCQ Type

1 ≤ i ≤ 100, then the mean of y1, y2, ….., y100 is:

A 10051.50

B 10049.50

C 10100

D 10101.50
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Definition
If a, b ∈ R and n ∈ N, then
(a + b)n = nC0anb0 + nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2+.......+ nCn a0bn
• Remarks: If the index of the binomial is n then the
expansion contains n + 1 terms. Binomial Theorem
• in each term, the sum of indices of a and b is always n.
• Coefficients of the terms in binomial expansion equidistant
from both the ends are equal.
(a - b)n = nC0anb0 - nC1an-1b1 + nC2an-2b2+.......+ (-1)n nCn
a0bn

General and middle terms in the expansion of

(a+b)ⁿ
The general term of an expansion (a+b)n is Binomial Theorem for any index
Tr+1 = nCr a n-rbr, 0 ≤ r ≤ n, r ∈ N If n is negative integer, then n! Is not defined. We state
Middle Terms: binomial theorem in another form
1. In(a + b)n, if n is even, then the no. of terms in the
expansion is odd.
Therefore, there is only one middle term and it is
(n+2/2)th term.
2. In (a + b)n, if n is odd then the no. of terms in the
expansion is even. Therefore, there are two middle
terms and those are (n+1/2)th and (n+3/2)th terms.
Binomial Coefficients
The coefficient nC0, nC1, nC2, ……… nCn, in the expansion of
(a + b)n are called binomial coefficients and denoted by C0,
C1, C2 ……………. Cx, respectively.
Properties of binomial coefficients: Binomial Theorem

Some special cases of (a+b)ⁿ

In the expansion of (a + b)n,
(i) Taking a = x and b = -y, we obtain
(x - y)n = nC0xn - nC1xn-1 y + nC2 xn-2 y2 + …… + (-1)n nCn
n
y
(ii) Taking a = 1, b = x, we obtain
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + nC3x3 + ……… + nCnxn
(iii) Taking a = 1, b = -x, we obtain
(1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 + ……… + (-1)n nCnxn
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

General Term of a Binomial

Expansion
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 : 6th April S1
37
If the ratio of the fifth term from the beginning to the
fifth term from the end in the expansion of
then the third term from the
beginning is :

A 30√2

B 60√3

C 60√2

D 30√3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 : 6th April S1
37
If the ratio of the fifth term from the beginning to the
fifth term from the end in the expansion of
then the third term from the
beginning is :

A 30√2

B 60√3

C 60√2

D 30√3
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Binomial Coefficients &

Properties
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 : 6th April S2
38
If the coefficient of x7 in
are equal, then:

A 243ab = 64

B 32ab = 729

C 64ab = 243

D 729ab = 32
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 : 6th April S2
38
If the coefficient of x7 in
are equal, then:

A 243ab = 64

B 32ab = 729

C 64ab = 243

D 729ab = 32
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
1. Quadratic Expression: The general form of a Quadratic Equation
quadratic expression in x is, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 and general form of a
quadratic equation in x is, ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0. 2. Roots of Quadratic Equation:
(a) The solution of the quadratic equation,

ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by
3. Nature of Roots:
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where The expression D = b2 - 4ac is called the
a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 then; discriminant of the quadratic equation.
(i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(b) If ⍺ & β are the roots of the quadratic equation
(ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal).
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then ;
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary.
(i) ⍺ + β = -b/a (ii) ⍺ β = c/a
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the
other must be the conjugate p - i q & vice versa. (iii)
(p, q ∈ R & i = √-1).
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where (c) A quadratic equation whose roots are ⍺ & β is (x - ⍺)
a, b, c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then; (x - β) = 0
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square, then roots are rational & i.e., x2 - (⍺ + β)x + ⍺β = 0
unequal.
(ii) If ⍺ = p + √q is one root in this case, (where p is i.e., x2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
rational & √q is a surd) then the other root must be the
conjugate of it i.e. β = p - √q & vice versa.
4. Location of Roots: Lwr f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, Quadratic Equation
where a > 0 & a, b, c ∈ R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be
greater than a specified number ‘k’ are:
D ≥ 0 & f(k) > 0 & (-b/2a) > k.
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f(x) = 0 to lie on
either side of the number ‘k’ (in other words the
number ‘k’ lies between the roots of f(x) = 0 is:
af(k) < 0.
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) = 0 to lie 5. Common Roots:
in the interval (k1, k2) i.e. k1 < x < k2 are: (a) Only One Common Root
D > 0 & f(k1) . f(k2) < 0. Let ⍺ be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0,
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be such that a, a’ ≠ 0 and ab’ ≠ a’b.
confined between the numbers k1 & k2 are Then, the condition for one common root is:
(k1 < k2): (ca’ - c’a)2 = (ab’ - a’b) (bc’ - b’c).
D ≥ 0 & f(k1) > 0 & f(k2) > 0 & k1 < (-b/2a) < k2. (b) Two Common Roots
Let ⍺, β be the two common roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 &
a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0, such that a, a’ ≠ 0.
Then, the condition for two common root is:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

No. Roots of Quadratic

Equation
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S1
39
The sum of all the solutions of the equation
(8)2x - 16 . (8)x + 48 = 0 is :
MCQ Type

A 1 + log8(6)

B 1 + log8(8)

C log8(6)

D log8(4)
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S1
39
3
The sum of all the solutions of the equation
(8)2x - 16 . (8)x + 48 = 0 is :
MCQ Type

A 1 + log8(6)

B 1 + log8(8)

C log8(6)

D log8(4)
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: (8)2x – 16.(8)x + 48 = 0

Put 8x = t
t2 – 16 + 48 = 0
⇒ t = 4 or t = 12
⇒ 8x = 4; 8x = 12
⇒ x = log8x x = log812
sum of solution = log84 + log812
= log848 = log8(6.8)
= 1 + log86
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 31st Jan S1
40
4
The number of real roots of the equation
√(x2 - 4x + 3) + √(x2 - 9) = √(4x2 - 14x + 6), is:
MCQ Type

A 0

B 1

C 3

D 2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 31st Jan S1
40
4
The number of real roots of the equation
√(x2 - 4x + 3) + √(x2 - 9) = √(4x2 - 14x + 6), is:
MCQ Type

A 0

B 1

C 3

D 2
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Relation b/w roots &

coefficients
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2020 | 3rd Sept S1
4
81
If α and β are the roots of the equation x² + 2 px + 2 = 0
and 1/α and 1/β are the roots of the equation
MCQ Type

2x² + 2qx + 1 = 0, then

is equal to:

A 9/4 (9 - q²)

B 9/4 (9 + q²)

C 9/4 (9 - p²)

D 9/4 (9 + p²)
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2020 | 3rd Sept S1
4
81
If α and β are the roots of the equation x² + 2 px + 2 = 0
and 1/α and 1/β are the roots of the equation
MCQ Type

2x² + 2qx + 1 = 0, then

is equal to:

A 9/4 (9 - q²)

B 9/4 (9 + q²)

C 9/4 (9 - p²)

D 9/4 (9 + p²)
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Newton's Theorem
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
42
17
Let 𝛼,𝛽 be roots of 𝑥2 + √2𝑥 − 8 = 0. If Un = 𝛼n + 𝛽n, then
Integral Type

is equal to ________.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
42
17
Let 𝛼,𝛽 be roots of 𝑥2 + √2𝑥 − 8 = 0. If Un = 𝛼n + 𝛽n, then
Integral Type

is equal to ________.

Correct Answer : 4
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 DISTANCE FORMULA CENTROID, INCENTRE, EXCENTRE &
SECTION FORMULA
ORTHOCENTRE
The P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) The distance between the
points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) are the vertices
and B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then;
of triangle ABC, whose sides BC, CA, AB are
of lengths a, b, c respectively, then the
co-ordinates of the special points of triangle
If P is mid point of AB then coordinates of ABC are as follows:
P will be

AREA OF TRIANGLE Straight Line

If A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C (x3, y3) are the vertices
of triangle ABC, then its area is equal to

ΔАВС =

SLOPE FORMULA DISTANCE FORMULA

If A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2), x1 ≠ x2, are points on a The distance between the points A(x1, y1)
straight line, then the slope (m) of the line is and B(x2, y2) is
given by:
 EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE IN VARIOUS FORMS
Straight Line
(i) Point-Slope form: y - y1 = m (x - x1)

(ii) Slope-Intercept form: y = mx + c

CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS (iii) Two point form: y - y1 =

Points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if:

(iv) Determinant form:

(i) mAB = mBC = mCA i.e.

(v) Form:

(ii) Area of ΔABC = 0 i.e. (vi) Perpendicular/Normal form: xcos ⍺ + y sin ⍺ = p

(vii) Parametric form: P(r)= (x,y) = (x1 + r cosθ, y1 + r sinθ) or

(iii) AC = AB + BC or any one side equals to the
sum of other two sides. (viii) General Form: ax + by + c = 0, slope of line =
(iv) A divides the line segment BC in some ratio.
 LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A PERPENDICULAR LINES
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES IN
POINT ON A LINE When two lines of slopes m1 & m2
TERMS OF THEIR SLOPES
The length of perpendicular from P(x1, y1) are at right angles, the product of
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two intersecting their slope is –1 i.e., m1 m2 = –1.
straight lines (m1m2 ≠ -1) and θ is the acute angle on ax + by + c = 0 is
between them, Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and
a’x + b’y + c’ = 0 are perpendicular
then tan θ = if aa’ + bb’ = 0.

Straight Line
REFLECTION OF A POINT ABOUT A LINE
The image of a point (x1, y1) about the line CONDITION OF CONCURRENCY
ax + by + c = 0 is: PARALLEL LINES Three lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0,
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 and
When two straight lines are parallel their
slopes are equal. a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are concurrent if

Similarly foot of the perpendicular from a Two lines ax + by + c = 0 and a ' x + b ' y +
point on the line is: c ' = 0 are parallel if :

The distance between two parallel lines

with equations ax + by + c1 = 0 and

ax + by + c2 = 0 is
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Centres of Triangle
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 13th April S2
43
3
Let (⍺, β) be the centroid of the triangle formed by the
lines 15x - y = 82, 6x - 5y = -4 and 9x + 4y = 17.
MCQ Type

Then ⍺ + 2β and 2⍺ - β are the roots of the equation:

A x2 - 7x + 12 = 0

B x2 - 13x + 42 = 0

C x2 - 14x + 48 = 0

D x2 - 10x + 25 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2023 | 13th April S2
43
3
Let (⍺, β) be the centroid of the triangle formed by the
lines 15x - y = 82, 6x - 5y = -4 and 9x + 4y = 17.
MCQ Type

Then ⍺ + 2β and 2⍺ - β are the roots of the equation:

A x2 - 7x + 12 = 0

B x2 - 13x + 42 = 0

C x2 - 14x + 48 = 0

D x2 - 10x + 25 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: The given set of equations

15x - y = 82
6x - 5y = -4
9x + 4y = 17
Now on solving the above equation by taking two at a
time and plotting the diagram we get,

A(1, 2)

B(5, -7) C(6, 8)

Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Different Forms of Equation

of Line
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S1
44
6
A line passing through the point A(9, 0) makes an angle
of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis. If this line is
MCQ Type

rotated about A through an angle of 15° in the clockwise

direction, then its equation in the new position is :

D
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30th Jan S1
44
6
A line passing through the point A(9, 0) makes an angle
of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis. If this line is
MCQ Type

rotated about A through an angle of 15° in the clockwise

direction, then its equation in the new position is :

D
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Eqn: y - 0 = tan 15°(x - 9) ⇒ y = (2 - √3)(x - 9)

Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Distance of a Point from the

Line
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 29th June S2
45
10
The distance of the origin from the centroid of the triangle
whose two sides have the equations x - 2y + 1 = 0 and
MCQ Type

2x - y - 1 = 0 and whose orthocenter is is:

A √2

B 2

C 2√2

D 4
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2022 | 29th June S2
45
10
The distance of the origin from the centroid of the triangle
whose two sides have the equations x - 2y + 1 = 0 and
MCQ Type

2x - y - 1 = 0 and whose orthocenter is is:

A √2

B 2

C 2√2

D 4
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Given: Coordinates of ortho of triangle is

Let equation of line AB : 2x - y - 1 = 0 …(i)

And equation of line AC : x - 2y + 1 = 0…(ii)
On solving equation (i) and equation (ii), we get x = 1, y = 1
∴ coordinates of point A is (1, 1)
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Let coordinates of point B be (k, 2k - 1) and C be (2m -1, m)

Now, slope of AC × slope of BD = -1

Now, slope of AB × slope of CE = 01

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Now, slope of AB × slope of CE = -1

 Conic
Definition
Sections Circles, ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas
are known as conic sections because they
can be obtained as intersections of plane
with a double napped right circular cone.

Circle
A circle is a set of all points in a plane that are
equidistant from a fixed point in the plane. The fixed
point is called the 'centre' of the circle and the
distance from the centre to a point on the circle is
called the 'radius' of the circle.
The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the
radius r is
(x - h)² + (y - k)² = r²
 Positions of Two Circles
Conic
Sections
Circles have zero common points
Or separate from each other

Circle touches externally

Circles intersect at two distinct

points

Circle touches internally

Zero common points

Or, one circle is inside of other
 ● A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
Hyperbola ● The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is x2/a2 - y2/b2 =1
Conic ● The two fixed points are called the 'foci' of the hyperbola.
● The mid-point of the line segment joining the foci is called the 'centre' of
Sections the hyperbola.
● The line through the foci is called 'transverse axis'.
● Line through centre and perpendicular to transverse axis is called
'conjugate axis'.
● Points at which hyperbola intersects transverse axis are called
Ellipse 'vertices'.
Parabola ● Length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola: x2/a2 - y2/b2 = 1 is 2b2/a
● • The eccentricity of a hyperbola is the ratio of the distances from the
centre of the hyperbola to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of
the hyperbola.
● A parabola is the set of all points in a
plane that are equidistant from a fixed
line and a fixed point in the plane. Fixed
● An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two
line is called 'directrix of parabola. Fixed
fixed points in the plane is constant.
point F is called the 'focus'. A line
● The two fixed points are called the 'foci' of the ellipse.
through focus & perpendicular to
● The midpoint of line segment joining foci is called the 'centre' of the ellipse.
directrix is called 'axis'. Point of
● The line segment through the foci of the ellipse is called' major axis'.
intersection of parabola with axis is
● The line segment through centre & perpendicular to major axis is called minor
called 'vertex'.
axis.
● The equation of parabola with focus at ● The end point of the major axis are called the vertices of the ellipse.
(a, 0), a > 0 and directrix x = -a is ● The equation of ellipse with 'foci' on the x-axis is x²/a2 + y²/b2 = 1
y² = 4ax, where 4a is the length of the ● Length of the latus rectum of the ellipse x /a + y /b = 1 is 2b2/a
2 2 2 2

latus rectum ● The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio of distances from centre of ellipse to one
of foci and to one of the vertices of ellipse i.e., e = c/a
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Standard Equations of Circle

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
46
If P(6, 1) be the orthocentre of the triangle whose
vertices are A(5, -2), B(8, 3) and C(h, k). Then the point C
MCQ Type

lies on the circle:

A x2 + y2 - 74 = 0

B x2 + y2 - 65 = 0

C x2 + y2 - 61 = 0

D x2 + y2 - 52 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 6th April S2
46
If P(6, 1) be the orthocentre of the triangle whose
vertices are A(5, -2), B(8, 3) and C(h, k). Then the point C
MCQ Type

lies on the circle:

A x2 + y2 - 74 = 0

B x2 + y2 - 65 = 0

C x2 + y2 - 61 = 0

D x2 + y2 - 52 = 0
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 2

Positions of Two Circles

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S1
47
Let the circles C1 (x - ⍺)2 + (y - β)2 = r12 and
C2 : (x - 8) 2 + (y - 15/2)2 = r22 touch each other externally
MCQ Type

at the point (6, 6). If the point (6, 6) divides the line
segment joining the centres of the circles C₁ and C2
internally in the ratio 2 : 1, then (⍺ + β) + 4(r12 + r22)
equals

A 130

B 110

C 145

D 125
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 8th April S1
47
Let the circles C1 (x - ⍺)2 + (y - β)2 = r12 and
C2 : (x - 8) 2 + (y - 15/2)2 = r22 touch each other externally
MCQ Type

at the point (6, 6). If the point (6, 6) divides the line
segment joining the centres of the circles C₁ and C2
internally in the ratio 2 : 1, then (⍺ + β) + 4(r12 + r22)
equals

A 130

B 110

C 145

D 125
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution:
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 3

Intersection of Circle & Line

Problems
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4th April S2
48
Let C be a circle with radius √10 units and centre at the
origin. Let the line x + y = 2 intersects the circle C at the
points P and Q. Let MN be a chord of C of length 2 unit and
MCQ Type

slope -1. Then, a distance (in units) between the chord PQ

and the chord MN is

A 3 - √2

B 2 - √3

C √2 - 1

D √2 + 1
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 4th April S2
48
Let C be a circle with radius √10 units and centre at the
origin. Let the line x + y = 2 intersects the circle C at the
points P and Q. Let MN be a chord of C of length 2 unit and
MCQ Type

slope -1. Then, a distance (in units) between the chord PQ

and the chord MN is

A 3 - √2

B 2 - √3

C √2 - 1

D √2 + 1
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Let the line by x + y = λ

 Properties
Permutations

Restricted Permutations
The number of ways in which r objects can be arranged from n
dissimilar objects if k particular objects are

● Always included (or never excluded) = n-kCr-k r! = rPk n-kPr-k.

● Always excluded (never included) = n-kCr r! = n-kPr

Distributions into Groups

Distribution of n distinct things into r groups G1, G2, …….., Gr
containing P1, P2, ….., Pr elements respectively.
Permutations
Arranging r objects out of n difference things ● Groups are distinct:
● When repetition is not allowed =
● Groups are identical:
where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
● When repetition is allowed = nr

Factorial Notation
Product of first n natural
numbers is denoted by n!
i.e., n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) … 3⋅2⋅1
De-arrangements
Any change in the existing order of things is called
Combinations
Combinations
De-arrangement. If m things are arranged in a row, the ● Selecting r objects out of n
number of ways in which they can be deranged so that
difference things given by
none of them occupies its original place (no one of them Properties
occupies the place assigned to it) ➢ n
Pr = nCr r!, 0 ≤ r ≤ n
➢ For 0 ≤ r ≤ n, nCr = nCn-r
➢ For 1 ≤ r ≤ n, nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
➢ n
Ca = nCb ⇒ a = b or n = a + b Fundamental Principle of Counting
n
In an operation A can be performed
➢ C0 + nC1 + … + nCn = 2n in m difference ways and another
operation B can be performed in n
difference ways. Then
Circular Permutations
● Both the operations can be
Restricted combinations (i) Arrangement of an difference things
The number of ways in which r objects can be selected performed in m × n ways.
taken all at a time in form of circle is
from n dissimilar objects if k particular objects are ● Either of the two operations
➔ (n - 1)!, if sense matter.
can be performed in (m + n)
● Always included = n-kCr-k = n-kCn--r ➔ ½(n - 1)!, if sense doesn’t matter ways.
n-k
● Never included (Always excluded) = Cr (ii) Number of circular permutations of n
dissimilar things taken r at a time
= nPr/r if clockwise and anticlockwise
orders are considered as difference.
= nPr/2r if clockwise and anticlockwise
order is considered as same.
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 1

Rank/Dictionary Problem
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 29th Jan S1
49
All the letters of the word "GTWENTY" are written in all
possible ways with or without meaning and these words
Integer Type

are written as in a dictionary. The serial number of the

word "GTWENTY" is _________.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 29th Jan S1
49
All the letters of the word "GTWENTY" are written in all
possible ways with or without meaning and these words
Integer Type

are written as in a dictionary. The serial number of the

word "GTWENTY" is _________.

Correct Answer: 553

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: Words starting with E = 360

Words starting with GE = 60
Words starting with GN = 60
Words starting with GTE = 24
Words starting with GTN = 24
Words starting with GTT = 24
GTWENTY =1
Total 553
Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Types of Problems

Type 4

Selection-Arrangement
Problems
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30t Jan S2
50
In an examination of Mathematics paper, there are 20
Integer Type

questions of equal marks and the question paper is

divided into three sections : A, B and C. A student is
required to attempt total 15 questions taking at least 4
questions from each section. If section A has 8
questions, section B has 6 questions and section C has 6
questions, then the total number of ways a student can
select 15 questions is __________.
 Maths : Important topic with PYQ
JEE Main 2024 | 30t Jan S2
50
In an examination of Mathematics paper, there are 20
Integer Type

questions of equal marks and the question paper is

divided into three sections : A, B and C. A student is
required to attempt total 15 questions taking at least 4
questions from each section. If section A has 8
questions, section B has 6 questions and section C has 6
questions, then the total number of ways a student can
select 15 questions is __________.

Correct Answer : 11376

 Maths : Important topic with PYQ

Solution: If 4 questions from each section are selected

Remaining 3 questions can be selected either in
(1, 1, 1) or (3, 0, 0) or (2, 1, 0)
∴ Total ways = 8C5 ⋅ 6C5 ⋅ 6C5 + 8C6 6C5 ⋅ 6C4 × 2 +
8
C5 ⋅ 6C6 ⋅ 6C4 × 2 +8C4 ⋅ 6C6 ⋅ 6C5 × 2 + 8C7 ⋅ 6C4 ⋅ 6C4
= 56 . 6 . 6 + 28 . 6 . 15 . 2 + 56 . 15 . 2 + 70 . 6 . 2 + 8 . 15 .
15 = 2016 + 5040 + 1680 + 840 + 1800 = 11376
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