SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, RAMAPURAM, CHENNAI

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE / TITLE: 21 MES102L – ENGINEERING GRAPHICS AND DESIGN

EGD Lab Manual

Course Learning Rationale (CLR):

The purpose of learning this course is to:
• CLR-1: Utilize engineering graphic fundamentals. Apply the same to draw engineering curves and
projection of objects.
• CLR-2: Draw the projection of solids like prisms, cylinders, pyramids, and cones.
• CLR-3: Model the projection of combined solids and sections of solids.
• CLR-4: Create the development of surfaces and construction of building drawings.
• CLR-5: Develop the assemblies of 3D parts and create 2D drawings from the assembly.

Course Outcomes (CO):

At the end of this course, learners will be able to:
• CO-1: Construct the geometrical curves, projection of points, lines, and planes.
• CO-2: Develop the orthographic projection of solids.
• CO-3: Construct the projection of a combination and section of solids.
• CO-4: Construct the development of surfaces and projection of buildings.
• CO-5: Develop solid modelling, assembly of parts, and extraction of 2D drawings.

Detailed session plan (Laboratory)

Exp. Week Title of Experiment Cycle Refere Reference Date of

No. nce to to POs Completion
COs
1 I Introduction and Basics in AutoCAD – 2D objects and Title block 1 1 1,5,10,12

2 (A) II Construction of conical curves - Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola 1 1 1,5,10,12

2 (B) III Construction of special curves – Cycloid and Involute 1 1 1,5,10,12

3 IV Projection of Points and Lines 1 1 1,5,10,12

4 V Projection of Plane surfaces 1 1 1,5,10,12

5 VI Projection of Solids 1 2 1,5,10,12

6 VII Section of Solids 1 3 1,5,10,12

7 VIII Development of Surfaces 2 4 1,5,10,12

8 IX Orthographic Projection 2 2 1,5,10,12

9 X Isometric Projection 2 3,5 1,5,10,12

10 XI Combination of Solids 2 3 1,5,10,12

11 XII Boolean Operations 2 5 1,5,10,12

12 XIII Building Plan 2 4 1,5,10,12

13 XIV Study – Parametric and Non-parametric Assembly 2 5 1,5,10,12

ASSESSMENT DETAILS
Formative Learning 1: 15 Marks
Formative Learning 2: 15 Marks
Formative Learning 3: 15 Marks
Formative Learning 4: 15 Marks
Model Lab Exam : 40 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Evaluation Scheme (Laboratory)

FL1 FL2 FL3 FL4

S.NO Title of Experiment
(15) (15) (15) (15)
1 Construction of conical curves - Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola √
2 Construction of special curves – Cycloid and Involute √
3 Projection of Points and Lines √
4 Projection of Plane surfaces √
5 Projection of Solids √
6 Section of Solids √
7 Development of Surfaces √
8 Orthographic Projection √
9 Isometric Projection √
10 Combination of Solids √
11 Boolean Operations √
12 Building Plan √
Basic Command Settings in AutoCAD
1. To Set Workspace to Drafting and Annotation in AutoCAD
2. Set Units, Limits and apply Zoom

Procedure to Set Workspace to Drafting and Annotation in AutoCAD:

1. Open AutoCAD:
• Launch AutoCAD from your system.
2. Switch to Drafting and Annotation Workspace:
• Look at the Workspace Switching option in the bottom-right corner of the AutoCAD window.
• Click on the workspace icon (a gear symbol).
• From the dropdown menu, select Drafting and Annotation.
3. Confirm the Workspace:
• Ensure the ribbon toolbar displays drafting tools such as Line, Circle, Rectangle, and others.
• The drawing area should show the grid and basic drafting tools.
1. Now the workspace is set for creating 2D drawings in the Drafting and Annotation mode.
Proceed to configure units, limits, and zoom as needed.

Procedure to Set Units, Limits, and Zoom in AutoCAD:

1. Set Units:
o Type UNITS in the command line and press Enter.
o In the dialog box, select the desired Length Type (e.g., Decimal, Architectural).
o Set the units in ‘mm’.
o Click OK to apply the settings.
2. Set Limits:
o Type LIMITS in the command line and press Enter.
o Specify the lower-left corner of the drawing area (e.g., 0,0) and press Enter.
o Specify the upper-right corner (e.g., A3 sheet size – (420,297)) and press Enter.
o Type LIMITS ON to enable the limits, then press Enter.
3. Use Zoom Command:
o Type ZOOM in the command line and press Enter.
o Select a zoom option, such as:
▪ All: Zooms to the entire drawing area within limits.
▪ Extents: Zooms to show all drawn objects.
▪ Window: Allows you to zoom into a selected area.
▪ Real-time: Click and drag to zoom dynamically.
These settings prepare the drawing environment for creating precise and scaled designs.
Basic Shortcut Keys in AutoCAD:
Ex No.1

Introduction and Basics in AutoCAD – 2D objects and Title block

Software Used: AutoCAD-2025

About Engineering Graphics:

Engineering Graphics is a core course in engineering education, focusing on developing the ability to visualize, interpret, and
communicate technical ideas graphically. It teaches the use of standardized conventions, symbols, and drafting techniques to
create accurate representations of objects, assemblies, and systems in 2D and 3D formats. The course emphasizes the construction
of geometric shapes, orthographic projections, isometric views, and the sectioning of solids. It also introduces students to the
development of surfaces and the assembly of parts, which are critical for design and manufacturing processes. Engineering
Graphics bridges the gap between conceptual design and practical realization, enhancing spatial reasoning and problem-solving
skills. Additionally, it provides the foundation for modern CAD software, enabling the creation of precise technical drawings and
models.

About Drafting tools and its advantage over conventional drafting:

Drafting tools, ranging from traditional instruments like drawing boards and compasses to modern CAD software such as
AutoCAD and SolidWorks, are essential for creating precise engineering drawings. While conventional tools are foundational,
CAD offers greater accuracy, speed, and flexibility, enabling easy editing and 3D modelling for better visualization of complex
designs. CAD also ensures standardization through templates and facilitates seamless integration with analysis and manufacturing
software. Additionally, digital designs are easily stored and shared, making modern drafting tools more efficient and productive
than conventional methods.

Question Outline: To draw simple 2D objects

Objects: Triangle, Square, Rectangle, Polygons, Circle
Condition (if any): Nil

Drawing Procedure: Simple 2D objects

Circle:
• Type CIRCLE in the command line and press Enter.
• Specify the center point by clicking or entering coordinates.
• Enter the radius or diameter, then press Enter.
Rectangle:
• Type RECTANGLE in the command line and press Enter.
• Click to specify one corner of the rectangle.
• Click for the opposite corner or enter the length and width.
Square:
• Type RECTANGLE in the command line and press Enter.
• Specify one corner, then enter equal values for length and width.
 Polygon:
• Type POLYGON in the command line and press Enter.
• AutoCAD will prompt you to Enter the number of sides. Type the desired number of sides (e.g., 6 for a hexagon)
and press Enter.
• When prompted with Specify the center point of the polygon, click a point in the drawing area or enter specific
coordinates to define the center and press Enter.
• Now, AutoCAD will ask for the Specify the edge length of the polygon. This is the length of one of the polygon’s
sides.
• Enter the edge length of the polygon and press Enter.
Ellipse:
• Type ELLIPSE in the command line and press Enter.
• Specify the center or end points for the major axis.
• Enter the distance for the minor axis or click to complete.

Commands Used:

Results:
The simple 2D objects, including a circle, rectangle, polygon, and ellipse, were successfully drawn in AutoCAD software
according to the specified dimensions.
 Ex No. 2A

Conic Curves

Questions:
1. Construct an ellipse with the distance of focus from the directrix as 50 mm and eccentricity as 2/3. In addition, draw a
normal and tangent to the curve at a point 40 mm from the directrix.
2. Construct a parabola with the distance of focus from the directrix as 50 mm. Draw normal and a tangent to the curve at
a point 40 mm from the directrix.
3. Construct a hyperbola with the distance of focus from the directrix as 50 mm and eccentricity as 3/2. In addition, draw a
normal and tangent to the curve at a point 40 mm from the directrix.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

About Conic Curves:

Conic curves are the curves obtained by the intersection of a plane with a double-napped cone. They include ellipse,
parabola, and hyperbola, depending on the angle of the intersecting plane relative to the cone's axis.
• Ellipse: Formed when the plane cuts through one nappe of the cone at an angle smaller than the cone's slope. It has an
eccentricity less than 1.
• Parabola: Created when the plane is parallel to the cone's slope, with an eccentricity equal to 1.
• Hyperbola: Occurs when the plane cuts through both nappes of the cone, with an eccentricity greater than 1.

Application of Conic Curves:

Conic curves have extensive applications across various fields:
1. Ellipse: Used in planetary orbits, satellite trajectories, and designing elliptical gears and mirrors for telescopes.
2. Parabola: Found in the design of parabolic reflectors for antennas, headlights, and solar cookers due to their focus-
reflecting property.
3. Hyperbola: Applied in navigation systems like GPS, signal transmission, and designing cooling towers for power
plants.
4. Architectural design: Conics are used in arches, domes, and bridges to enhance aesthetics and stability.
5. Physics and engineering: These curves help in modeling projectile motion, optical systems, and stress distribution in
materials.

Question Outline: To draw Conic Curves

Objects: Ellipse, Parabola, and Hyperbola
Condition (if any): Ellipse – e = 2/3, Parabola – e = 1, Hyperbola – e = 3/2

Drawing Procedure:
1. Ellipse:
i. Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and (420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
ii. Use the Line command to draw a vertical directrix.
iii. Mark the focus ‘F’ 50 mm away from the center of directrix ‘D’ using the Offset or Line command.
iv. Use the DIVIDE command to divide the distance between the Directrix and Focus ‘DF’ into several equal intervals based on
 eccentricity ‘e’ value (here e = 2/3, so divide into 5 equal parts).
v. Mark vertex ‘V’ at the second point (after two parts) from the Focus. From vertex ‘V’ draw a vertical upward line VF’ for a
distance equal to VF.
vi. Join DF’ and extend it in such way that a line from Focus ‘F’ at 45º angle should intersect it and mark it as “P”.
vii. From the intersection point, draw vertical downward line and intersect with the horizontal line extended from focus and mark it
as “Q”.
viii. From vertex ‘V’, draw vertical line every 10 mm till point “Q”. Label the lines as 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’, so on
ix. Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units
x. Use the CIRCLE command, taking 1-1’ as radius and focus “F” as center to cut arcs on 1-1’ line. Repeat the same process for
all the vertical lines.
xi. Use the SPLINE tool to connect all the points smoothly, forming the ellipse.
xii. Use “MIRROR” command to get the other half of the ellipse.
xiii. To draw the normal and tangent at a point (e.g., 40 mm from the directrix), draw a line from the focus through the point as the
normal, and draw a perpendicular line to the normal at the point of contact to create the tangent.

2. Parabola:
i. Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimetres). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and (420,297) and Apply ZOOM
ii. Use the LINE command to draw a vertical line representing the directrix.
iii. Use the OFFSET or LINE command to locate the focus (F) at a distance of 50 mm from the mid-point of directrix D.
iv. Mark the vertex (V) as the midpoint between the focus and the directrix using the POINT or LINE command.
v. From the vertex (V), draw a vertical upward line VF’ for a distance (here 25 mm) equal to VF.
vi. Join DF’ and extend it in such way that a line from Focus ‘F’ at 45º angle should intersect it and mark it as “P”.
vii. From the intersection point ‘P’, draw vertical downward line and intersect with a horizontal line extended from focus and mark
it as “Q”.
viii. From the vertex, draw several vertical lines outward at equal intervals (e.g., every 10 mm) using the LINE command. Label
the lines as 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’, so on
ix. Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units
x. For each vertical line, use the CIRCLE command with the focus (F) as the centre and a radius equal to the distance of the
vertical line 1-1’, and cut an arc by marking POINTS on the same line. Repeat the same on all lines 2-2’, 3-3’, so on.
xi. Use the SPLINE command to connect all the marked points smoothly, forming one-half of the parabola.
xii. Use the MIRROR command to replicate the curve to the other side, creating a complete parabola.
xiii. Locate the point on the parabola that is 40 mm horizontally away from the directrix.
xiv. Use the LINE command to draw a line from the focus (F) through this point. This line is the normal.
xv. Draw a line perpendicular to the normal at the point of contact using the LINE command. This line is the tangent.

3. Hyperbola:
i. Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and (420,297) and Apply ZOOM
ii. Use the LINE command to draw a vertical line representing the directrix.
iii. Use the OFFSET or LINE command to locate the focus (F) at a distance of 50 mm from the mid-point of the directrix D
and divide this line into some equal parts (here 5 equal parts) based on eccentricity e = 3/2.
iv. Mark the vertex (V) at third point (based on e value) from the focus (F).
v. From the vertex (V), draw a vertical upward line VF’ for a distance equal to VF.
vi. Join the focus (DF’) and extend the line.
 vii. From the vertex (V), draw several vertical lines outward at equal intervals (e.g., every 10 mm) using the LINE command.
Label the lines as 1-1’, 2-2’, 3-3’, so on
viii. Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units
ix. For each vertical line, use the CIRCLE command with the focus (F) as the centre and a radius equal to the distance of the
vertical line 1-1’, and cut an arc by marking POINTS on the same line.
x. Repeat the same on all lines 2-2’, 3-3’, so on.
xi. Use the SPLINE command to smoothly connect all the marked points, forming one-half of the hyperbola.
xii. Use the MIRROR command to replicate the curve on the other side of the vertical axis, creating a complete hyperbola.
xiii. Locate the point on the hyperbola that is 40 mm horizontally away from the directrix.
xiv. Use the LINE command to draw a line from the focus (F) through this point. This line is the normal.
xv. Use the LINE command to draw a line perpendicular to the normal at the point of contact. This line is the tangent.

Commands Used:

Result:
The given Conic Curves along with Tangent and Normal has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
 Ex No. 2B

Special Curves

Questions:
Cycloid:
1. A circle of 40 mm diameter rolls clockwise along a line for one revolution. Draw the locus of a point on the circle
which is in contact with the line. In addition, draw a tangent and a normal to the curve at any point.
Involute:
1. Draw the involute of a circle of diameter 20 mm and mark a tangent and normal to the curve at any point on the
curve.
2. Draw the involute of an equilateral triangle of side 30 mm and mark a tangent and normal to the curve at a distance
100 mm from the center of the triangle.
3. Draw the involute of a regular hexagon of side 20 mm and mark a tangent and normal to the curve at a distance 100
mm from the center of the hexagon.
4. Draw the involute of a square of side 40 mm and mark a tangent and normal to the curve at a distance 100 mm from
the center of the square.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

About Special Curves:

o Cycloid: A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle as it rolls without slipping along a
straight line. It consists of a series of arches, with each arch corresponding to one complete revolution of the circle.
Cycloids have practical applications in engineering, such as in gear teeth design and pendulum motion analysis, due to
their unique properties like being the shortest time path (brachistochrone curve) under gravity.
o Involute: An involute is the curve traced by a point on a taut string as it unwinds from around a base curve, typically a
circle. It is widely used in the design of gear profiles, ensuring smooth and efficient transmission of motion. Involutes have
the property of maintaining a constant angle between the tangent to the curve and the radial line to the base circle, making
them ideal for engineering applications involving mechanical motion.

Application of Special Curves:

1. Cycloid:
o Pendulums: The cycloid is the path of an ideal isochronous pendulum, making it useful in clock design.
o Gears: Cycloidal gears are used in watches and some machinery for smooth power transmission.
o Roller Coasters: Cycloid curves are applied to design tracks for minimizing energy losses.
2. Involute:
o Gear Design: Involute curves are the basis for gear tooth profiles, ensuring smooth and constant power
transmission.
o Cam Mechanisms: Used in the design of cams to provide uniform motion.
o Optics: Involute shapes are applied in the design of lenses and reflective surfaces for specific optical properties.
 Question Outline: To draw Special Curves
Objects: Cycloid and Involute
Condition (if any): Nil

Drawing Procedure:
1. Cycloid:
1. Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and (420,297) and Apply
ZOOM.
2. Draw a circle with a diameter of 40 mm: Type CIRCLE → Enter, Specify the centre point and enter a radius of 20
mm (half the diameter).
3. Draw the rolling path (a straight horizontal line): Type LINE → Enter, Specify the start point at the base of circle and
length equal to circumference of the circle, which is 125.6 mm.
4. Draw a vertical upward line at the end point of horizontal line equal to circle diameter and join the other end to top of
the circle.
5. Join circle centre to base using a line. Divide circle into some equal parts (take 8): Use ARRAY → select POLAR →
select the line and circle centre → Enter no. of items: 8. Give names to all corners: 1,2,…8
6. Draw horizontal lines → connect circle corners to the end vertical line.
7. Divide the rolling path into equal segments: Type DIVIDE → Enter, Select the horizontal line (centre line from
centre of circle to end vertical line), Enter the number of divisions (e.g., 8 or more for accuracy).
8. Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units
9. AutoCAD will place nodes (points) along the line at equal intervals. Give names to all nodes: 1’, 2’, ….8’
10. Copy the circle to simulate its rolling motion: Use the COPY command to duplicate the circle, Move duplicate circle
and place at each nodes (1’,2’,….8’).
11. Mark the rolling point on each rotated circle: Use the POINT command.
12. Connect the marked points to form the cycloid curve: Use the SPLINE command to draw a smooth curve passing
through all marked points.
13. Add a tangent and normal at a chosen point on the cycloid: Select a point on the cycloid curve. Use the LINE
command to draw a line parallel to the rolling direction at the chosen point. Draw a line perpendicular to the tangent,
passing through the circle’s centre when at that position.
14. Annotate the drawing with labels: Use the TEXT command to label the cycloid curve, tangent, normal, and rolling
circle. Adjust line types, color, and thickness for better clarity, and save your file.

Drawing Procedure:
2. Involute of a Circle:
1. Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and (420,297) and Apply
ZOOM.
2. Draw the base circle: Type CIRCLE → Enter → Specify the center point (e.g., (100,100)) → Enter a radius of
10 mm.
3. Draw a tangent path: Type LINE → Enter → Specify the start point on the base of circle → Draw a horizontal line
extending to circle’s circumference. Also join the circle centre and base using LINE.
4. Divide the horizontal line into equal parts: Type DIVIDE → Enter → Select the line → Enter the number of divisions
(e.g., 8) → AutoCAD will display points along the line.
5. Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units
 6. Now pattern the lines and all the points using ARRAY → select POLAR → Select the lines and all the points →
enter no. of items as 8.
7. Create the involute curve: Type SPLINE → Enter → Select the marked points (Start from base → first line first
point, second line second point, so on) sequentially to form a smooth involute curve.
8. Add a tangent to the curve: Select any point on the involute curve, Type LINE → Enter → Draw a straight line
tangential to the curve at the selected point.
9. Add a normal to the curve: At the same point, draw a line perpendicular to the tangent using the PERPENDICULAR
constraint or LINE command. Ensure the line passes through the center of the base circle.
10. Annotate the drawing: Use the TEXT command to label the base circle, involute curve, tangent, and normal.
11. Finalize the drawing: Use the COLOR and PROPERTIES commands to differentiate the base circle, tangents,
normal, and involute curve with color and line types.

Commands Used:

Result:
The given Special Curves along with Tangent and Normal has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 3
Projection of Points and Lines

Questions:
Projection of points:
1. Point A: 25 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of VP.
2. Point B: On VP and 30 mm above HP.
3. Point C: 30 mm behind VP and 25 mm above HP.
4. Point D: On HP and 40 mm in front of VP.
5. Point E: 40 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP.
6. Point F: On VP and 20 mm below HP.
7. Point G: 25 mm below HP and 30 mm in front of VP.
8. Point H: At the intersection of VP and HP.
Projection of Lines:
1. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is kept perpendicular to HP
and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
2. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is kept perpendicular to VP
and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
3. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is kept parallel to VP and
HP. Draw its projections.
4. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is kept inclined at 40° to
HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
5. A line AB 60 mm long has its end A 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is kept inclined at 40° to
VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
6. A line AB 55 mm long has its end A 25 mm above HP and in VP. The line is inclined at an angle 45° to HP. Draw its
projections.
7. A line AB 55 mm long has its end A 25 mm infront of VP and in HP. The line is inclined at an angle 45° to VP. Draw
its projections.
8. A line 70 mm long has one end 15 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP. The line is inclined at 35° to the HP and
45° to the VP. Draw the projection of the line.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

About Orthographic Projection:

Orthographic projection is a method of representing a 3D object in two dimensions using multiple views, such as the
front, top, and side views, to provide a complete understanding of its geometry. It relies on parallel projection lines that project the
object's features onto imaginary planes, ensuring accurate and undistorted representation. There are two primary types: First
Angle Projection, commonly used in Europe and Asia, and Third Angle Projection, prevalent in the United States and Canada.
This technique is widely applied in engineering, architecture, and design to create technical drawings for manufacturing and
construction. While it offers precise and scalable representations, it may require multiple views and some expertise for proper
interpretation
 Projection of points and lines:
Projection of points and lines involves representing their positions in three-dimensional space onto two-dimensional
planes, such as the horizontal plane (HP) and vertical plane (VP), using orthographic projection.
Points: A point's location is defined with respect to the Horizontal Plane (HP) and Vertical Plane (VP):
• Above or below HP: Distance from HP determines the point's height or depth.
• In front of or behind VP: Distance from VP indicates the forward or backward position.
Understanding Quadrants in Projections
• Reference Line XY separates the Front View (above) - VP and Top View (below) - HP.
• Quadrants are as follows:
o First Quadrant: Above HP, In front of VP.
o Second Quadrant: Above HP, Behind VP.
o Third Quadrant: Below HP, Behind VP.
o Fourth Quadrant: Below HP, In front of VP.

Lines: A line is defined by its two endpoints, whose projections on HP and VP form corresponding views.
• Inclination of Lines:
• Parallel to HP/VP: If the line is parallel to either HP or VP, it appears as its true length in that view.
• Inclined to HP or VP: If the line is inclined, it projects as a foreshortened length on the inclined plane
while showing its true length in the other plane.
• Inclined to Both HP and VP: The line's projection is foreshortened in both views.

Question Outline: To draw Projection of Points and Lines

Objects: Points and Lines
Condition (if any): Points - All four Quadrants, Lines – First angle of Projection

Drawing Procedure:
1. Projection of Points:
Draw the XY Line:
o Draw a horizontal line (XY) to act as the reference line.
o Change point style: Utilities → point style → select a style → set size → select set size in absolute units

Drawing Each Point:

1. Point A (25 mm above HP, 20 mm in front of VP):
o Front View: Plot a point 25 mm above the XY line and label it as a.
o Top View: Plot a point 20 mm below the XY line and label it as a’.
2. Point B (On VP, 30 mm above HP):
o Front View: Plot a point 30 mm above the XY line and label it as b.
o Top View: Plot a point directly on the XY line (as it lies on VP) and label it as b’.
3. Point C (30 mm behind VP, 25 mm above HP):
o Front View: Plot a point 25 mm above the XY line and label it as c.
o Top View: Plot a point 30 mm above the XY line (as it’s behind VP) and label it as c’.
 4. Point D (On HP, 40 mm in front of VP):
o Front View: Plot a point directly on the XY line and label it as d.
o Top View: Plot a point 40 mm below the XY line and label it as d’.
5. Point E (40 mm below HP, 30 mm behind VP):
o Front View: Plot a point 40 mm below the XY line and label it as e’.
o Top View: Plot a point 30 mm above the XY line and label it as e’.
6. Point F (On VP, 20 mm below HP):
o Front View: Plot a point 20 mm below the XY line and label it as f.
o Top View: Plot a point directly on the XY line and label it as f’.
7. Point G (25 mm below HP, 30 mm in front of VP):
o Front View: Plot a point 25 mm below the XY line and label it as g.
o Top View: Plot a point 30 mm below the XY line and label it as g’.
8. Point H (Intersection of VP and HP):
o Plot a single point at the intersection of the XY line and label it as h, h’.

Drawing Procedure:
2. Projection of Lines:
Problem 4: Line AB (60 mm long, inclined at 40° to HP and parallel to VP)
1. Start a new drawing in AutoCAD and set units to millimetres using the UNITS command.
2. Draw reference line XY: Use LINE command. Mark VP above the line - Front View and HP below the line - Top View.
3. Plot Point A (end of the line):
o In the Front View, draw a point 20 mm above the XY line and label it as a.
o In the Top View, draw a point 30 mm below the XY line and label it as a’.
4. Draw the line inclined at 40° to HP:
o In the Front View (HP):
▪ From Point a (20 mm above the XY line), draw a line inclined at 40° to the XY line using the LINE
command. Specify the length of the line as 60 mm and angle as 40° and Mark point ‘b’.
o In the Top View (VP):
▪ From Point a’ (30 mm below the XY line), draw a horizontal line parallel to VP for random length.
Project vertical line from point ‘b’ in the front view and make it intersect with the horizontal line at VP.
Mark the intersection point as b’.
5. Line a’b’ is the projected line, measure the length of a’b’ using DIMLINEAR option.

(note: Projected length < True length when line is inclined)

Problem 5: Line AB (60 mm long, inclined at 40° to VP and parallel to HP)
1. Start a new drawing in AutoCAD and set units to millimetres using the UNITS command.
2. Draw reference line XY: Use LINE command. Mark VP above the line - Front View and HP below the line - Top View.
3. Plot Point A (end of the line):
o In the Front View (VP): Draw a point 20 mm above the XY line and label it as a.
o In the Top View (HP): Draw a point 30 mm below the XY line and label it as a'.
4. Draw the line inclined at 40° to VP:
o In the Top View (HP):
▪ From Point a' (30 mm below the XY line), draw a line inclined at 40° to the XY line using the LINE
command. Specify the length as 60 mm and the angle as 40°. Label the other end of the line as b'.
o In the Front View (VP):
▪ From Point a (20 mm above the XY line), draw a horizontal line (line is parallel to HP). Project vertical
line from point ‘b’’ in the Top view and make it intersect with the horizontal line at HP. Mark the
intersection point as b.
5. Line ab is the projected line, measure the length of ab using DIMLINEAR option.

(note: Projected length < True length when line is inclined)

Commands Used:

Result:
The given projection of points and project of lines are drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 4
Projection of Planes

Questions:
Projection of planes:
1. A hexagonal plate of size 30 mm is placed with a side on VP and a surface inclined at 45° to VP and perpendicular to
HP. Draw its projection.
2. A circular plate of diameter 50 mm rests on HP on a point on the circumference with its surface inclined at 45° to HP
and perpendicular to VP. Draw the projection.
3. A hexagonal plate of side 20 mm rests on the HP on one of its sides inclined at 45° to the VP. The surface of the plate
makes an angle of 30° with the HP. Draw the projections.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

About Orthographic Projection of lines inclined to both planes:

The orthographic projection of a line inclined to both planes involve representing the line's orientation in 3D space on two
principal planes: the Horizontal Plane (HP) and the Vertical Plane (VP). The line is inclined at an angle θ to the HP and an angle ϕ
to the VP, making it neither parallel nor perpendicular to either plane. Since the line is inclined to both planes, the true length of
the line is not directly visible in either projection. Instead, the apparent lengths in the front and top views are always shorter due to
foreshortening. To visualize the true length, an auxiliary view perpendicular to the line must be drawn. This method ensures an
accurate representation of the line's spatial orientation and is widely used in engineering graphics.

Projection of planes inclined to both planes:

The projection of planes inclined to both planes involve representing a plane's orientation when it is neither parallel nor
perpendicular to the Horizontal Plane (HP) or Vertical Plane (VP). The process begins by positioning the plane such that one of its
edge’s rests on a reference plane. First, the plane is tilted at an angle θ to HP, resulting in a foreshortened front view, while the top
view shows its true inclination. Then, the plane is further inclined at an angle ϕ to VP, making both the front and top views appear
foreshortened. The true shape of the plane is not visible in these standard views and requires an auxiliary view taken perpendicular
to the plane. This method is essential for accurately visualizing the spatial orientation of planes in engineering graphics.

Question Outline: To draw Projection of Planes (2D objects)

Objects: Circular plate, hexagonal plate
Condition (if any): Planes – First angle of Projection

Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):

1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and
(420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Draw the Hexagonal Plate in Front View: Use the Polygon command (POL) to draw a hexagon → Specify the number of
sides as 6 → Use the Edge option to define a side length of 30 mm.
3. Orient the hexagon so one of its edges is parallel to the VP (vertical plane). Use the Rotate command (RO) if necessary.
Ensure the hexagon is located correctly relative to the XY axis.
4. Create the Top View: Project vertical lines from all vertices of the hexagon downward. Use the LINE command (L) for
projection lines. On the TOP view, represent the plate as a line because it is perpendicular to HP.
 5. Copy and move the TOP view to its right.
6. Incline the Top view at 45° to VP: Use the Rotate command to incline the hexagonal plate, Select the Line and rotate it by
45° about one corner in the top view.
7. Create the Auxiliary View: Project lines from all corners both from Front view and rotated Top view. Mark the corners by
putting points at the intersection of corresponding corners.
8. Connect all corners using LINE and get the final projection of the object, which appear foreshortened.
9. Dimension the Drawing: Use the Dimension command (DIM) to add dimensions to the hexagon and projection views.
Ensure all relevant dimensions (side length, angles, etc.) are marked.
10. Finalize the Drawing: Add text labels (TEXT or DT) for points like a, b, c, d, e, f and their projections (e.g., a', b').

Tips:
• Use layers to differentiate between projection lines and object lines for clarity.
• Use the Trim or Erase commands to remove unnecessary construction lines after projection.

Commands Used:

Result:
The given projection of planes has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
 Ex No. 5
Projection of Solids

Questions:
Axis Perpendicular to HP and Parallel to VP
1. A square pyramid/prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of base
inclined at 30° to VP. Draw its projections.
2. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base edges with a side of
base parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
3. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with two of its base sides
perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections.
4. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with its axis 45 mm in front of
VP. Draw its projections.
5. A cone of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base. Draw the projection.

Axis Perpendicular to VP and Parallel to HP

6. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with its
axis perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
7. A triangular prism of base side 35 mm and axis length 60 mm has one of its rectangular faces parallel to and 15 mm
above HP. All longer edges of the prism are perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
8. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its sides with its base
parallel to and 20 mm in front of VP. Draw its projections.
9. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its generators with its axis
perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections.
10. A cube of side 40 mm is resting on HP on one of its edges with the faces containing the resting edge equally inclined to
HP and two vertical faces parallel to VP. Draw its projections.

Axis Inclined to Any One Plane (VP/HP)

11. A hexagonal prism of a base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base sides with its axis
inclined at 40° to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
12. A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base corners with its
axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections when its slant edge containing the resting corner is vertical.
13. A cylinder of base diameter 50 mm and axis length 70 mm is resting on HP on a point on the circumference of the base
with its axis inclined at 50° to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections.
14. A pentagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its rectangular faces with its
axis inclined at 40° to VP. Draw its projections.
15. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its base corners with its
axis inclined at 35° to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections when the base side containing the resting corners are
equally inclined to HP.
Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction: Prism, Pyramid, Cylinders:

A prism is a three-dimensional geometric solid with two parallel, congruent bases connected by rectangular or parallelogram
faces. The type of prism is defined by the shape of its base.
A pyramid is a three-dimensional solid with a polygonal base and triangular faces that converge at a single apex (vertex).
A cylinder is a three-dimensional geometric solid with two parallel, congruent circular bases connected by a curved surface.

Terminology (Pyramid with Sketch) Real time example - Picture

1. Question Outline: To draw Projection of Solids (3D objects)

2. Objects: Pyramid, Prism, Cone, Cylinders
3. Resting on Condition: Either VP or HP
4. Other resting conditions: Either Base surface or Lateral surface (Triangular → Pyramid, Rectangular → Prism)
5. Other conditions (if any): Axis ┴ to HP and ║ to VP, Axis ┴ to VP and ║ to HP, Axis inclined to HP and VP,

Drawing Procedure (Problem 11):

1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and
(420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Draw the Hexagonal Plate on HP (Top view): Use the Polygon to draw a hexagon → Specify the number of sides
as 6 → Use the Edge option to define start point as first point and side length of 30 mm as second point.
3. Orient the hexagon such that two of its edges is Perpendicular to the VP. Ensure the hexagon is located correctly
relative to the XY axis. Label all the corners use TEXT command.
4. Create the Front View: Project vertical lines from all vertices of the hexagon upward. On the VP, represent the
solid as a rectangle (because it is a prism) with a height of 60 mm. Label all the corners.
5. COPY and move the Front view to its right along with labels.
6. Incline Axis of the Front view (FV) at 40° to HP: Use the Rotate command to incline the Axis, Select the FV and
rotate it about a corner by 50°.
7. Create the Projected View on HP: Project lines from all corners of both Top view and rotated Front view. Mark the
corners by putting points at the intersection of line from corresponding corners.
8. Connect all corners using LINE and get the final projection of the object, which appear foreshortened.
9. Use the Dimension command (DIM) to add dimensions to the hexagon and projection views.
Commands Used:

Result:
The given projection of solids has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 6
Section of Solids

Questions:
1. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on one of its bases with two of the
vertical faces perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 50° to HP and perpendicular to VP and passing
through a point at a distance of 12 mm from the top face. Draw the front and top sectional view and the true shape
of the sectioned view
2. A square pyramid with a base side of 30 mm and an axis length of 60 mm rests on HP on its base with one side of
the base inclined at 30° to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 45° to HP and Perpendicular to VP. It passes through
the axis at a distance of 25 mm from the axis. Draw its front and top sectional view and the true shape of the
sectioned view.
3. A pentagonal pyramid with a base side of 40 mm and axis length of 75 mm is resting on HP on its base with one of
its base sides parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 35° to HP and perpendicular to VP. It is bisecting the
axis. Draw the front and top sectional view and the true shape of the sectioned view.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction Section of Solids:

The section of a solid is the shape obtained when a solid is cut by a plane. This concept is used to analyze the internal features of a
solid, such as its cross-sectional area, shape, or structural details.
Sections are classified based on the plane of the cut:
Horizontal Section: The cutting plane is parallel to the base of the solid.
Vertical Section: The cutting plane is perpendicular to the base.
Inclined Section: The cutting plane is inclined at an angle to the base.
Sectional views are vital in engineering to understand the internal structure of objects for design and manufacturing purposes.

Terminology (Pyramid with Sketch) Real time example - Picture

1. Question Outline: To draw Projection of Sectioned Solids (3D objects)

2. Objects: Pyramid, Prism, Cone, Cylinders
3. Resting on Condition: Either VP or HP
4. Other resting conditions: Either Base surface or Lateral surface (Triangular → Pyramid, Rectangular → Prism)
5. Other conditions (if any): Cutting Plane ║ to HP/VP, Cutting Plane inclined to HP/VP & ┴ VP/HP.
Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):
1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and
(420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Draw the base of the prism (hexagon) on HP using the POLYGON command with six sides and the EDGE
method and give side length of 30 mm. Label all the corners.
3. Orient the prism to rest on one of its bases with two vertical faces perpendicular to the VP, using the ROTATE
command if necessary.
4. Create the Front View: Project vertical lines from all vertices of the hexagon upward. On the VP, represent the
solid as a rectangle (because it is a prism) with a height of 60 mm. Label all the corners.
5. Add a cutting plane inclined at 50° to the HP and passing through a point 12 mm below the top face using the
LINE command.
6. Mark the points where the cutting plane intersects the edges of the prism using the POINT command and project
these points onto the front and top views.
7. Draw the sectional front view by connecting the intersection points. For the sectional top view, project the sectioned
edges from the front view on to the top view and apply hatching using the HATCH command to indicate the cut
surface.
8. To find the true shape of the section, use the auxiliary view method by projecting the intersection points onto a plane
perpendicular to the cutting plane and connecting them.
9. Finally, add dimensions and labels using the DIMLINEAR and TEXT commands and save the drawing.

Commands Used:

Result:
The given projection of sectioned solids has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 7

Development of Surfaces

Questions:
1. A square pyramid of base side 30 mm and altitude 65 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of base inclined
at 25° to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 35° to HP and perpendicular to VP and bisects the axis. Draw the
development of the remaining lower portion of the pyramid.

2. A hexagonal pyramid of side 30 mm and altitude 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with two of the base sides
perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a plane inclined at 30° to HP and perpendicular to VP and is bisecting
the axis. Draw the development of the remaining portion of the pyramid.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction Development of Surfaces:
The development of surfaces involves the process of representing the unfolded or flattened form of a three-dimensional
object onto a two-dimensional plane. It is commonly used in engineering design and manufacturing to visualize and fabricate
complex shapes. This technique is essential for creating patterns for sheet metal work, packaging, and other industries. It ensures
accurate representation, aiding in efficient material utilization and assembly.

Development of Surfaces

Real time example – Picture

 1. Question Outline: To construct development of surfaces
2. Objects: Pyramid, Prism, Cone, Cylinders
3. Resting on Condition: Either VP or HP
4. Other resting conditions: Either Base surface or Lateral surface (Triangular → Pyramid, Rectangular → Prism)
5. Other conditions (if any): Cutting Plane ║ to HP/VP, Cutting Plane inclined to HP/VP & ┴ VP/HP.

Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):

1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0) and
(420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Draw the Top View of the Square Pyramid: Use the Rectangle command to draw a square with 30 mm sides for
the base. Ensure one side of the square is inclined at 25° to the vertical plane (VP) using the Rotate command.
3. Draw the Front View of the Pyramid: Use the Line command to project the corners of the base (from the top view)
vertically upward to the front view. Draw a horizontal line representing the base of the pyramid. From the center of
the base, draw a vertical line 65 mm upward to locate the apex of the pyramid. Connect the apex to all the corners of
the base using the Line command to complete the triangular faces in the front view.
4. Locate the Cutting Plane in the Front View (continued): Use the Line command to draw a cutting plane inclined at
35° to the horizontal axis. Ensure this plane bisects the axis of the pyramid.
5. Project the Cutting Plane to the Top View: From the intersection points of the cutting plane and pyramid edges in
the front view, project vertical lines downward to the top view. Mark the corresponding points of intersection in the
top view.
6. Determine the Truncated Pyramid: In the front view, identify the edges of the pyramid that are intersected by the
cutting plane. In the top view, connect these intersection points with straight lines to form the truncated shape of the
pyramid base.
7. Development of the Pyramid: Use the Circle command to draw a reference circle with a radius equal to the slant
height of the pyramid. Divide the circle into four equal parts corresponding to the four triangular faces of the pyramid
using the Divide command. Use the Line command to connect the center of the circle to these division points, creating
the triangular faces.
8. Mark the Truncated Edges: For each triangular face, locate the intersection points from the cutting plane. Measure
and mark these points on the corresponding triangular faces in the development.
9. Connect the Truncated Edges: Use the Polyline or Spline tool to connect the marked points, forming the
development of the truncated pyramid. Label all edges and corners appropriately as per the drawing standards.
Commands Used:

Result:
The given development of surfaces has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 8

Orthographic Projections

Example Questions:
Draw the orthographic views for the following figures:
Software used: AutoCAD – 2025
Introduction Orthographic Projections
Orthographic projection is a method of representing a 3D object on a 2D plane by projecting its views perpendicularly
onto orthogonal planes. It consists of multiple views, such as the front, top, and side, which together provide a complete
understanding of the object’s dimensions and shape.

Terminology

Real Time example – Picture

6. Question Outline: To draw orthographic views from give isometric view of an object
7. Objects: Any 3D objects
8. Resting on Condition: Any orientations
9. Other resting conditions: Any orientations
10. Other conditions (if any): -

Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):

1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0)
and (420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Draw the Front View: Use the RECTANGLE command to create a 60 mm × 40 mm rectangle. Add the slot (10
mm deep) using the LINE and OFFSET commands, starting 15 mm from one edge and 20 mm wide.
 3. Draw the Top View: Above the front view, draw a 60 mm × 30 mm rectangle to represent the top view. Indicate
the slot's position by drawing two parallel lines 15 mm and 35 mm apart and trimming the excess using TRIM.
4. Draw the Right Side View: To the right of the front view, create a 40 mm × 30 mm rectangle for the side view.
Project the slot position from the front and top views to mark its depth and location.
5. Use Projection Lines, Utilize CONSTRUCTION LINES (XLINES) to maintain alignment and ensure views are
projected accurately.
6. Dimension the Views: Add dimensions using the DIMENSION tool to clearly indicate lengths, widths, depths,
and slot positions as per the figure.
7. Organize with Layers: Create layers for construction lines, object lines, and dimensions. Assign distinct colors
for clarity and better organization. Review, Save, and Export.

Commands Used:

Result:
The orthographic projections for the given object has been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 9 Isometric Projections

Example Questions:
1. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side of base
parallel to VP. Draw the isometric view of the prism.
2. Draw the isometric view of the hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm that is resting on
HP in its base.
3. A hexagonal prism of base edge 20 mm and height 60 mm rests on the HP on its base with two of its rectangular
faces parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30º to HP, cutting the axis at a height of 45 mm from its
base. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated prism.
4. A hexagonal prism of base side 30 mm and height 60 mm rests on the HP on its base with two of its vertical
faces perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 50º to HP, cutting the axis at a height of 12 mm from
its top. Draw the isometric projection of the truncated prism.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction Isometric Projections
Isometric projection is a method of visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions, where the three
principal axes (X, Y, Z) are equally inclined at 120° to one another. It provides a clear view of the object's structure without
distortion, as all dimensions are scaled equally along the axes. Unlike perspective projection, isometric projection maintains
parallel lines without converging to a vanishing point.
Terminology

Real Time example – Picture

 1. Question Outline: To draw isometric views / isometric projections
2. Objects: Any 3D objects
3. Resting on Condition: Any orientations
4. Other resting conditions: -
5. Other conditions (if any): -
Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):
1. Set Up the Workspace: Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters). Set the limits – use LIMIT (0,0)
and (420,297) and Apply ZOOM.
2. Enable isometric mode: Type ISODRAFT and press Enter. Use F5 to toggle between isometric planes (Top,
Left, Right).
3. Draw the Hexagonal Base: Switch to the Top Isometric Plane using F5. Use the POLYGON command: Type
POLYGON, press Enter, then input 6 for the number of sides. Specify the center point and choose Edge as the
method to draw. Enter the edge length as 30 mm.
4. Rotate the hexagon so one of its sides is parallel to the vertical plane (VP): Use the ROTATE command and
set the angle to align one side parallel to the isometric axis. Extrude the Prism to the Required Height.
5. Copy the hexagon vertically: Switch to the Right Isometric Plane using F5. Use the COPY command to
duplicate the hexagon 60 mm above the original.
6. Connect corresponding vertices of the two hexagons to form the prism edges: Use the LINE command to join the
top and bottom hexagonal vertices.
7. Finalize the Isometric Prism: Highlight visible edges using the LAYER or LINEWEIGHT options.
8. Add dimensions using the DIMENSION tool for clarity: Indicate the base edge length (30 mm) and axis
height (60 mm).
Commands Used:

Result:
The orthographic projections for the given object have been drawn successfully in the AutoCAD software.
Ex No. 10 Combination of Solids

Questions:
1. A combination of solids consists of a cone and a cylinder. The cone has a base diameter of 40 mm and a
height of 60 mm. It is placed on top of a cylinder with the same base diameter (40 mm) and a height of
20 mm. The axis of the cone and cylinder are aligned vertically. Draw the combination of these solids in
AutoCAD using proper commands.
2. A combination of solids consists of a frustum of a square pyramid and a sphere. The frustum has a square base of
side 60 mm, a square top of side 40 mm, and a height of 50 mm. On top of the frustum, a sphere with a radius of 30
mm is placed such that its center aligns with the center of the top square. . Draw the combination of these solids
in AutoCAD using proper commands.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), Advanced solid modelling

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) is a solid modeling technique used in CAD systems to create complex 3D models by
combining simple shapes like cubes, spheres, and cylinders using Boolean operations (union, intersection, and subtraction). It
represents objects hierarchically, making it easy to modify designs. Advanced solid modeling extends this concept by
incorporating parametric design, feature-based modeling, and freeform surfaces for greater flexibility and precision.

CSG Sketch Real Time example – Picture

1. Question Outline: To creates 3D solids

2. Objects: Any 3D objects
3. Resting on Condition: Any orientations
4. Other resting conditions: -
5. Other conditions (if any): Combining Solids
Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):
1. Set Up the Workspace in 3D modelling, Set the units: (UNITS → Enter → Select Millimeters).
2. Create the cylinder by drawing its base with the CIRCLE command (radius 20 mm) and use the
EXTRUDE command to give it a height of 20 mm.
3. Draw the cone by creating its base with the CIRCLE command (radius 20 mm), add the cone's axis with
the LINE command (height 60 mm), and use the CONESURF or 3D Solid Cone tool to complete it.
4. Align the cone on top of the cylinder using the MOVE command and apply hatching using the HATCH
command for any sectional details if required.
5. Add dimensions with the DIMENSION command, adjust the orientation with 3DROTATE, and save
the file in .dwg format.

Commands Used:

Result:
The given combination of solids has been generated successfully in the AutoCAD software.
 Ex No. 11 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS

Questions:
1. Create a cube with a side length of 60 mm and a sphere with a radius of 40 mm. Position the sphere such that its
center is inside the cube. Perform Boolean operations like Union, Subtraction, and Intersection.
2. Create a cylinder with a base diameter of 40 mm and height of 50 mm, and a sphere with a radius of 20 mm.
Position the sphere such that its center aligns and should superimpose on the cylinder. Perform Boolean
operations like Union, Subtraction, and Intersection.
3. Create a rectangular prism with dimensions 80 mm × 40 mm × 30 mm and a cylinder with a base diameter of 30
mm and height of 40 mm. Position the cylinder such that it penetrates through the prism. Perform Boolean
operations like Union, Subtraction, and Intersection.

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction: Assembly of parts using Boolean operation

The assembly of parts using Boolean operations is a fundamental technique in 3D modeling and CAD software. It involves
combining, intersecting, or subtracting solid objects to create complex assemblies or modify existing shapes. Boolean operations
like union, intersection, and subtraction allow precise control over the design and manipulation of parts. This method is widely
used in engineering, product design, and manufacturing to develop intricate and functional models.

1. Question Outline: To creates 3D solids and perform Boolean operations

2. Objects: Any 3D objects in combined form

Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):

1. Use the UNITS command to set the units to millimeters and the LIMITS command to define the drawing area.
2. Use the BOX command to create a cube with a side length of 60 mm.
3. Use the SPHERE command to create a sphere with a radius of 40 mm and place its center inside the cube.
4. Use the MOVE command to adjust the sphere's position and 3DORBIT to verify its alignment with the cube.
5. Perform Boolean operations using UNION to combine, SUBTRACT to remove the sphere or cube, and
INTERSECT to retain the overlapping volume.
Commands Used:

Result:
The given combination of solids has been generated and Boolean operations are performed successfully on the same in the
AutoCAD software.
 Ex No. 12 BUILDING PLAN

Software used: AutoCAD – 2025

Introduction building drawing, plan, elevation and section view

Building drawings are essential for visualizing a structure, including the plan view, elevation view, and section view. The plan
view offers a top-down layout of the building, showing room arrangements and structural elements. The elevation view displays
the building's exterior, highlighting its height and facade design. The section view provides a cross-sectional cut of the building,
revealing internal elements like walls and floors.

Terminology Real time Example

1. Question Outline: To creates Building Plan

2. Objects: House plan

Drawing Procedure (Problem 1):

1. Type UNITS in the command line and select Millimeters as the unit.
2. Type LIMITS, and set the limits to 0,0 and 15000,7000 for the drawing area.
3. Use the RECTANGLE command to draw the outer walls by specifying the first corner at 0,0 and the opposite corner at
15000,7000.
4. Use the LINE or RECTANGLE commands to draw the interior walls dividing the space into bedrooms and a kitchen.
5. Use the LINE tool to create openings for doors and the RECTANGLE command to create windows along the walls.
6. Use the TEXT command to label each room (e.g., "BED ROOM", "KITCHEN").
7. Use the DIMLINEAR command to add dimensions for the length and width of the rooms and walls.
8. Adjust line thickness, colors, and layer settings as needed to enhance the drawing's clarity.
Commands Used:

Result:
The given building plan has been draw successfully on the same in the AutoCAD software.