Q3 a the Cell Membrane

Let’s look back…
MODERN CELL THEORY

• All known living things are made up of cells.
• The cell is structural and functional unit of all living
things.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells by division
(spontaneous generation does not occur).
• Cells contain hereditary information which is passed
from cell to cell during division.
• All energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) of life
occurs within cells.
In eukaryotic cells, the machinery
of the cell is compartmentalized
into organelles. The
compartmentalization of the cell
into membrane bound organelles.
How does the Endomembrane system work
together?
• The endomembrane system is a
series of compartments that work
together to package, label, and
ship proteins and molecules. In the
cells, the endomembrane
system is made up of both the
endoplasmic reticulum and the
Golgi apparatus. These
compartments are folds of
membranes that form tubes and
sacs.
Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison Table
Basis of Comparison Mitosis Meiosis
1. Type of cell where the
process occurs
2. Number of cell
divisions
3. Number of
chromosomes in parent
cell and daughter cell.
4. Needed checkpoints
5. Stages/Phases
6. Final Product
7. Example
The Cell Membrane
The fluid mosaic
model
characterizes the
plasma membrane
and other cell
membranes as
consisting of a
double layer, or
bilayer, of lipid
molecules.
A number of proteins are
embedded in the lipid bilayer in a
way that resembles a mosaic
pattern. The membrane structure
is fluid rather than motionless,
and the lipids move laterally
within the membrane.
One of the most important lipid
components of membranes is
phospholipid, composed of a glycerol
molecule to which are attached two
fatty acids and a molecule containing
a phosphate group.
The phosphate end of the
phospholipid molecule is polar-
whereas the fatty acids are
nonpolar.
The polar “head” is hydrophilic

The nonpolar “tail” is hydrophobic
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Passage of Materials Across
Biological Membranes
Diffusion
movement of a substance from a
region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration.
Diffusion is important to cellular
function because it is responsible for
the movement of many materials
throughout the cytoplasm and into
and out of cells.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water
across a selectively permeable
membrane
A cell’s plasma membrane is
relatively impermeable to sugar
and salts, but water moves across
the membrane freely in either
direction.
When a cell is placed in a solution
with a solute concentration equal
to that inside the cell, water
molecules diffuse through the
plasma membrane equally in both
directions.
What do you call such solution?

Isotonic
-solute concentration is equal to
that in the cell
with a solute concentration higher
than that within the cell, the
solution is said to be
hypertonic.
with a solute concentration lower
than that within the cell, the
solution is said to be hypotonic.
Turgor Pressure
-internal pressure of water against
the cell wall
As turgor pressure increases, an equilibrium is

reached in which the turgor pressure forces water
molecules out of the cell in numbers equal to that of
the molecules coming in by osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure
a measure of tendency of a
solution to take up water when
separated from pure water by
selectively permeable membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
materials diffuse from a region of
higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration through special
passageways in the membrane.
The passageways are actually membrane

proteins called carrier proteins, which channels
in the membrane that function as conveyor belts
Active Transport
-assisted movement of a substance from
lower concentration to a higher
concentration
- substances move against the
concentration gradient
-requires a direct expenditure of energy,
usually supplied by ATP
- occurs with the assistance of carrier
proteins
Why does the cell expend energy for active
transport?
Cells require some materials –

potassium ions (K⁺), for example –in
greater concentrations than are found
in their surroundings. Active transport
allow as these materials to build up
inside the cell.
Other materials, such as Na⁺ and
H⁺, are found in the surroundings
in greater concentrations than cells
can tolerate. They move into the
cell by diffusion or facilitated
diffusion and are pumped out of
the cell by active transport.
Exocytosis
- the cell secretes macromolecules
by the fusion of vesicles with the
plasma membrane
Endocytosis
- the cell takes in macromolecules

and particulate matter by forming
new vesicles from the plasma
membrane
3 Types of Endocytosis:
phagocytosis – cellular eating
pinocytosis – cellular drinking
receptor-mediated endocytosis- enables
the cell to acquire bulk quantities of
specific substances, even though those
substances may not be very concentrated
in the extracellular fluid

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Let’s look back…

MODERN CELL THEORY

The polar “head” is hydrophilic

What do you call such solution?

As turgor pressure increases, an equilibrium is

The passageways are actually membrane

Cells require some materials –

- the cell takes in macromolecules

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