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Tranform Mechanism

The document discusses transport mechanisms in cells, categorizing them into passive and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Key examples include the sodium-potassium pump and the concepts of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions affecting cell behavior.

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17 views31 pages

Tranform Mechanism

The document discusses transport mechanisms in cells, categorizing them into passive and active transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Key examples include the sodium-potassium pump and the concepts of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions affecting cell behavior.

Uploaded by

merlinconchajuliafaith
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transport Mechanism

Transport Mechanism
Molecules and solutes constantly pass through the
cell as chemical reactions occur. Transport
mechanism
allow the cell to regulate what solutes
enter/exit the cell and the quantity
being transported. Transport mechanism present vary
depending
on the type of cell.
Transport mechanisms are broadly categorized
into three (3) types
The Transport Mechanism
Passive Transport

This type of transport relies on the


concentration gradient of solutes to move them
across the plasma membrane. No energy will
be spent to move the solutes across.
Passive transport can be divided into the
following categories.
Simple Diffusion
The move of ions and molecules from
high concentrations to low concentrations is
known
as diffusion. This applies to lipid soluble
molecules and ions that can pass freely
through the membrane. No proteins or
energy is involved.
Facilitated Diffusion

Some small molecules may still be unable


to pass due to their charge. These
small, charged molecules, such as K﹢, are
repelled by the interior non-polar tails
of the plasma membrane. To combat
proteins.
Channel vs. Carrier Proteins
Channel Proteins

Channel proteins provide a small, hydrophilic


passageway
for specific molecules and ions. Some channels
can remain open most of the time.
(leak channels) while others opened or closed
depending on the presence of a stimulus.
Carrier Proteins

Carrier proteins, on the other hand, require


the molecule being transported to attach itself
to the carrier protein. The protein will
then change its shape (conformational change)
to
shuttle the molecule across the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion still falls under passive
transport
because it does not require the cell
to expand energy, it requires three(3)
conditions
(a)should be a concentration gradient on
membrane
(b)channel must be open or carrier available.
Osmosis
The cytoplasm and external environment of
cell
is a mixture of ions and molecules
which dissolved in water forming an
aqueous
solution. Water is solvent, while the
molecules
and ions are the solutes.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water from
high concentration of solutes to low
concentration
across membranes. This movement is
influenced by
presence of solutes and their ability to
pass through the membrane.
How Osmosis works:
Tonicity
In cells, the difference in osmotic
concentration
which leads to the movement of water
known as tonicity. The solution which has
higher concentration of solutes describes as
hypertonic,
while solution with low concentration solutes is
hypotonic.
Hypertonicity

If animal cells were placed in hypertonic


solutions, the water inside the cell would
rush out to try and balance the
concentration gradient. This causes the
cells
to shrivel and "dry".
Hypotonic

If animals' cells were placed in hypotonic


solutions, the concentration gradient
formed by the
solutes inside the cell would cause water
from the environment to rush inside. This
cause the cell to swell eventually burst.
Aqueous
Water is an example of a polar
molecule that is able to cross the
plasma membrane in small quantities.
However, since
our cells are suspended in an aqueous,
environment expected that water to pass
through cell.
Active Transport

This type of transport mechanism relies on


the expense of cell energy, Adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP). This expenditure is needed to move
molecules against their concentration
gradient to maintain
internal conditions.
Active Transport

The most common example of active transport


is the Sodium Potassium pump.
Active transport
makes use of protein transporters similar to
facilitated diffusion in the sense that the
molecule needs to bind with protein receptor.
Primary active transport

Primary acive transport is an intentional and


uphill mode of transport where transport protein
directly uses energy from ATP phosphorylation.
Example
of this would be the transport of
sodium ions from inside the cell to outside.
Secondary active transport
This is usually seen as the aftermath
of primary active transport. Molecule is
transported
due to the difference in energy from
the phosphorylation of energy - it does not
use the energy directly.
Active Transport
According to Direction
Coupled/ Co-transport

This method of transport is when one (1)


proteins shuttles two (2) different
molecules across
the membrane in the same direction. Most
often, the movement is initiated by one
(1)
of the molecules.
Counter-transport

This method of transport occurs when one (1)


transporter moves two (2) different molecules
across
the membrane in different directions. Counter-
transport
is often a combination of primary
and secondary active transport.
Counter-transport
Both molecules must have an affinity
for the transport protein, which is now
referred to as an antiporter. Protein
transport
a single molecule against its concentration
gradient
in this case, the protein is referred to as
uniporter.

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