INTRODUCTION TO OOP USING

JAVA
Tanjina Helaly
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING
 Instruction to computer/device to perform task.
 Computer understands only 0 and 1. Nothing
else.
 So, we need to send the instruction in the form of
0, 1
 Do you write program with just 0 and 1?
CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION OF
PROGRAMMING
 Machine level programming
 Send instruction in binary format
 Assembly Programming
 send code instead of binary code.
 Need assembler to convert to binary
 High level programming
 Code is close to English Language
 Need Compiler to convert to binary
 3 types
 Non structured
 Structured/Procedural

 Object Oriented Programming

CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION OF
PROGRAMMING
 Non structured
 Generate spaghetti code
 Sequential and has GoTo
 COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN
 Structured/Procedural
 Use Subroutine/Function
 improving the clarity, quality, and development time
 C, PASCAL
 Object Oriented Programming
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
language model organized around objects rather than
"actions" and data rather than logic.
 Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical
procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces
output data.
 Java, C++, C#
 OUR GOAL

LEARN OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

USING JAVA
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
 A programming language is a formal constructed
language designed to communicate instructions
to a machine, particularly a computer.
JAVA’S LINEAGE
 Java is related to C++, which is a direct
descendent of C.
 Much of the character of Java is inherited from these
two languages.
 From C, Java derives its syntax.
 Many of Java’s object-oriented features were
influenced by C++.
JAVA - CHARACTERISTICS
 Uses C/C++ basic syntax and basic data types -int, char,
float, double, long, short, byte etc.
 Uses standard C/C++ control structures
 “Pure” OO language
 No stand alone functions -All code is part of a class
 No explicit pointers - uses references
 Uses garbage collection
 Java is strongly typed
 Java is normally compiled to a bytecode.
 Java bytecode is a machine language for an abstract
machine
 Makes Java secure and Portable
 Each platform (or browser) that runs Java has a Java
Virtual Machine (JVM) . The JVM executes Java bytecodes
JAVA – THE PLATFORM
 Java has a large API (application programming
interface) covering a wide range of areas The
following list of Java APIs and applications from
Sun show the range of applications of Java .
 For reference http://java.sun.com/products/index.html
 Java Foundation Classes (JFC) – GUI
 JDBC Database Access

 Java Web Server

 EmbeddedJava - Java on embedded devices

WHY JAVA
 Platform Independent - Code once run anywhere
 Byte code
 Easy to learn
 Secure
 Byte code & VM
 Free
JAVA IDE
 Using JDK you can compile and run java
program from command line.
 c:> javac HelloWorld. Java
 compiling here and
 it will produce HelloWorld.class i.e. bytecode.

 c:>java HelloWorld
 It runs java byte code on native machine
JAVA IDE
 Creating, Compiling, Debugging and Execution
for these four steps JDK is not user friendly. IDE
is provided for that. A list of IDEs are:
 Eclipse
 Netbeans.
 IntelliJ IDEA
AN EXAMPLE HELLOWORLD
public class HelloWorldExample
{
public static void main( String args[] )
{
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
JAVA SOURCE CODE NAMING
CONVENTIONS
 All java source file should end with .java
 Each .java file can contain only one public
class
 The name of the file should be the name of
the public class plus ".java"
 Do not use abbreviations in the name of the class

 If the class name contains multiple words then

capitalize the first letter of each word ex.
HelloWorld.java
NAMING CONVENTION
 Class Naming
 Uses Capitalized word(s) i.e. Title case
 Examples:- HelloWorld, MyList, StudentMark

 Variable and method names

 starts with a lowercase letter and after that use Title
case
 Examples:- variableAndMethodNames, aFloat,
studentName
 Names of constants
 All are capital letters and separated by underscore.
 Example: NAMES_OF_CONSTANTS
JAVA IDENTIFIERS RULES
 Identifier is a name given to a variable, class, or
method.
 Java identifier
 Can contain letter, number, underscore (_), or dollar
sign ($).
 Cannot start with number.
 Identifiers are case sensitive
 have no maximum length.
 cannot be a keyword, but it can contain a keyword as
part of its name.
JAVA BASICS
Tanjina Helaly
TOOLS/SET-UP
STEP1: INSTALL JAVA AND PATH SET-UP
 Need to install Java(JDK and
JRE). Get the latest version from
Java Standard Edition(SE) from
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork
/java/javase/downloads/index.html
 After installing Java you need
to set-up the “Path”
environment variable which is
available from My Computer
under Advanced Properties
tab.
 Note: Do not delete anything in
“Path” variable. Just add your
path “C:\Program
Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_31\bin;”
(Depending on your version the
path will change) at the
beginning of the existing value.
STEP 2: INSTALL IDE
 Need an IDE: Eclipse or NetBeans or IntelliJ IDEA.
Or
 A Text Editor e.g. TextPad
 You can install
 eclipse from :
http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/packages/eclipse-ide-
java-developers/mars1

 NetBeans:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/i
ndex.html

 IntelliJ IDEA:
https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download/#section=window
s
COMPILE & RUN JAVA APPLICATION
WITHOUT IDE
 Using JDK you can compile and run java
program from command line.
 c:> javac HelloWorld. Java
 compiling here and
 it will produce HelloWorld.class i.e. bytecode.

 c:>java HelloWorld
 It runs java byte code on native machine
WITH JAVA IDE
 Creating, Compiling, Debugging and Execution
for these four steps JDK is not user friendly. IDE
is provided for that. A list of IDEs are:
 Eclipse
 Netbeans.
 IntelliJ IDEA
DATA TYPES
 Divided into two broad categories:
 primitive types
 class/reference types.

 Primitive data : eight types

 Logical: boolean (true or false)
 doesn’t hold integer (unlike C)
 Textual: char (16 bits)
 use the Unicode(International: 0-255) not ASCII(1 byte: 0-127)
 Integral: byte (8 bits), short (16 bits), int (32 bits), and long (64
bits)
 Floating point: float (32 bits) and double (64 bits)

 Class or reference data: two types

 Textual: String
 All classes that declare by yourself
CASTING
 Converting from one data type to another.
 e.g. assigning an int value to a long variable

 Example
public class TestCast {
public static void main(String[] args) {
byte b= 5;
int a = b; // OK. Auto Casting
byte c = a; // Compiler error. Need Casting
c = (byte)a; // Casting

float f = 1.2f;
a= f; // Compiler error. Need Cast
a = (int)f; // Explicit Cast
f = a;
}
}
OPERATOR
 Assignment =
 Arithmetic + - * / %

 Equality == !=

 Relational < <= > >=

 Logical &&, ||

 increment/decrement ++ --

 Shift << >>

ARRAYS
 An array is a collection of data items, all of the
same type, accessed using a common name.
 The data type can be either a primitive data
type or a reference type.

 Major differences with C/C++ arrays:

 Java arrays are references
 Java arrays know their size (length property)
 Java multidimensional arrays need not be
rectangular
 Java array elements are initialized
ARRAY DECLARATION & INITIALIZATION
 Declaration
int[] sampleArray;
sampleArray = new int[10];
Or
int[] sampleArray = new int[10];

 Initialization
 During declaration
int[] sampleArray = {1,2,3,4,5};

 After declaration
int[] sampleArray;
sampleArray = new int[]{1,2,3,4,5};
sampleArray = {1,2,3,4,5}; // compiler error
ARRAY SIZE & ACCESSING A SPECIFIC
INDEX

 Getting size of array

int[] sampleArray = new int[10];
int size = sampleArray.length; //this will return the size of the
array, here 10

 Accessing a specific item

 Assigning a value
sampleArray[0] = 5;
sampleArray[1] = 2;
sampleArray[2] = 3;

 Getting/Reading a value
int value = sampleArray[2];
ARRAYS – EXAMPLE CODE
public class ArrayExample
{
public static void main( String args[] )
{
// space to store Reference is allocated, no array space allocated
double[] sampleArray;

//allocate array locations on heap

sampleArray = new double[ 10 ];

// Indexing starts at 0 like C/C++

sampleArray[ 0 ] = 5.5;

// Reference refers to new array.

// Old array available for garbage collection
sampleArray = new double[ 2 ];
}
}
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
 multidimensional arrays are actually arrays of
arrays.
int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];
 Do not need to be rectangular

 During creation it’s required to specify the size

for the first/leftmost dimension. You can allocate
the remaining dimensions separately.
int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
Rectangular Irregular Array
Declarion & int twoD[][] = new int[4][5]; int twoD[][] = new int[4][];
Array or twoD[0] = new int[1];
Creation int twoD[][] = new int[4][]; twoD[1] = new int[2];
twoD[0] = new int[5]; twoD[2] = new int[3];
twoD[1] = new int[5]; twoD[3] = new int[4];
twoD[2] = new int[5];
twoD[3] = new int[5];
Example of 01234 0
Array 56789 12
11134 345
56789 6789
CONTROL STATEMENT
 if –else
 switch

 Loop
 for
 while
 do-while
CONTROL STATEMENT
 “Enhance for” or “for-each”
 automatically cycles through an array in sequence
from the lowest index to the highest.
 Syntax : for(type itr-var : collection) statement-block
 Example:
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int sum = 0;
for(int x: nums)
sum += x;
 Advantage: Avoid boundary error
JUMP STATEMENT
 break
 Exits out of a loop or switch statement
 Unlabeled break exits out of the innermost loop or
switch
 Use labeled break to exit out of nested loops or switch
or block.
JUMP STATEMENT
public class BreakExample { Output:
public static void main( String args[] ) { Outer loop: 0
for ( int row = 0; row < 5; row++ ) { 0 Break
System.out.println("Outer loop: " + Outer loop: 1
row); 0 1 Break
for ( int column = 0; column < 4 ; Outer loop: 2
column++ ) {
0 Break
System.out.print(column +" " );
Outer loop: 3
if ( ((row + column) % 2 ) == 0 ) {
0 1 Break
System.out.println("Break " );
Outer loop: 4
break;
} 0 Break
}
}
}
}
JUMP STATEMENT – LABELED JUMP
public class BreakExample {
public static void main( String args[] ) {
Outer:
for ( int row = 0; row < 5; row++ ) {
System.out.println("Outer loop: " + row); Output:
for ( int column = 0; column < 4; Outer loop: 0
column++ ) { 0 Break
System.out.println(column + "\t");
if ( ((row + column) % 2 ) == 0 )
{
System.out.println("Break " );
break Outer;
}
}
}
}
}
JUMP STATEMENT
 continue
 A continue statement skips to the end of the current
loop's body.
 The loop's boolean expression is then evaluated.

Code Output

public class TestContinue { 01

public static void main(String args[]) { 23
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) { 45
System.out.print(i + " "); 67
if (i%2 == 0) continue; 89
System.out.println("");
}
}
}
REFERENCE
 Java:Complete Reference Chapter 1-5