Matter is anything that has mass and

Define matter.
occupies space.

The three states of matter are solids, liquids,

Describe the three states of matter.
and gases.

Examples of solids include ice, wood, and

Give examples of solids.
metal.

Volume is the amount of space occupied by a

Explain the concept of volume.
matter.

Mass is the amount of matter that an object

What is mass in terms of matter?
contains, measured in kilograms.

Weight is the amount of gravitational force

Define weight in relation to matter. acting on an object or matter, measured in
newtons.

Density is defined as the mass per unit

How is density defined?
volume of a substance.

Solids have a fixed volume and shape, high

Describe the properties of solids.
density, and their atoms vibrate in position.

In liquids, particles move and slide past each

Explain how particles behave in liquids. other, allowing them to adopt the shape of
their container.

What is unique about the density of liquids Liquids are generally less dense than solids
compared to solids and gases? but much denser than gases.
 In gases, particles are far apart, move
Describe the arrangement of particles in
randomly and quickly, and there are almost
gases.
no forces holding them together.

How do gases behave in terms of volume and Gases do not have a fixed volume and take
shape? the shape of their container.

Pressure in gases is created by particles

Explain the concept of pressure in gases. colliding with each other and with the sides of
the container.

What happens to the density of gases Gases have a very low density compared to
compared to solids and liquids? solids and liquids.

The forces that hold particles in solids

Describe the forces holding particles in solids. together are the strongest among the three
states of matter.

How do the forces in liquids compare to those The forces in liquids are weaker than in solids
in solids and gases? but stronger than in gases.

In solids, particles vibrate in position but

What is the movement of particles in solids?
cannot change location.

Liquids flow freely because their particles can

How do liquids flow?
move and slide past each other.

The arrangement of particles determines the

What is the significance of particle
properties such as shape, volume, and
arrangement in different states of matter?
density of the state of matter.

Gases have no fixed volume, low density, and

Summarize the characteristics of gases.
particles that move randomly and quickly.
 In solids, particles are closely packed in a
How does the particle arrangement in solids
fixed pattern, while in gases, particles are far
differ from that in gases?
apart and move freely.

Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid,

requiring heat energy that transforms into
Describe the process of melting. kinetic energy, allowing the particles to move.
It occurs at a specific temperature known as
the melting point.

Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid,

occurring at the same temperature as
Define freezing in terms of state change.
melting, known as the melting/freezing point.
For water, this is at 0ºC.

Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas at

a specific temperature known as the boiling
How does boiling differ from evaporation? point, while evaporation occurs over a range
of temperatures and only at the surface of the
liquid.

Evaporation occurs when high energy

particles escape from the surface of a liquid
Explain the conditions necessary for
at low temperatures, below the boiling point.
evaporation to occur.
A larger surface area and warmer liquid
surface increase the rate of evaporation.

Condensation occurs when a gas cools and its

What happens during condensation? particles lose energy, causing them to group
together to form a liquid.

Sublimation is the process where a solid

Describe sublimation and give an example. changes directly into a gas, occurring in
substances like iodine or solid carbon dioxide.

The melting point and freezing point of a pure

How are melting point and freezing point substance are the same temperature,
related? meaning they occur at the same specific
temperature.

In boiling, heat energy causes bubbles of gas

What is the role of heat energy in boiling? to form below the surface of a liquid, allowing
liquid particles to escape into the gas phase.

The boiling point is the specific temperature

Define the term 'boiling point'.
at which a liquid changes into a gas.
 Desublimation, also known as deposition, is
Explain the process of desublimation. the reverse process of sublimation where a
gas changes directly into a solid.

Water can exist as a solid (ice), a liquid

What states of matter can water exist in?
(water), and a gas (water vapor or steam).

Freezing requires a significant decrease in

How does temperature affect the process of temperature, leading to the loss of thermal
freezing? energy, and occurs at a specific temperature
known as the freezing point.

During melting, heat energy is absorbed and

Describe the energy changes involved in transformed into kinetic energy, allowing the
melting. particles of the solid to move and transition
into a liquid state.

Condensation requires cooling of a gas, which

What is required for condensation to occur? causes its particles to lose energy and group
together to form a liquid.

A larger surface area allows more high energy

How does surface area influence evaporation? particles to escape, increasing the rate of
evaporation.

Kinetic energy refers to the energy of motion

Define the term 'kinetic energy' in the context
that allows particles to move, which is crucial
of state changes.
during processes like melting and boiling.

The melting point is significant as it is the

What is the significance of the melting point specific temperature at which a solid
in phase changes? transitions to a liquid, marking a key phase
change.

Temperature affects the energy of particles;

Explain the relationship between temperature higher temperatures can lead to melting or
and the state of matter. boiling, while lower temperatures can cause
freezing or condensation.

Evaporation occurs over a range of

Describe the process of evaporation in terms temperatures, allowing high energy particles
of temperature range. at the surface of a liquid to escape into the
gas phase.
 Cooling gas particles causes them to lose
What is the effect of cooling on gas particles energy, preventing them from bouncing away
during condensation? and allowing them to group together to form
a liquid.

In solids, particles are closely packed in fixed

Describe the arrangement of particles in positions; in liquids, particles are close but
solids, liquids, and gases. can move past each other; in gases, particles
are far apart and move freely.

Define the process of a solid changing state

The process is called sublimation.
to a gas.

Evaporation occurs only at the surface of

Explain the main difference between liquids at low temperatures, while boiling
evaporation and boiling. occurs throughout the liquid at its boiling
point.

Evaporation occurs when high-energy

How does evaporation occur in liquids?
particles escape from the surface of a liquid.

Boiling requires heat, which causes bubbles of

What is required for boiling to take place?
gas to form below the surface of the liquid.

When nitrogen gas is cooled, it condenses

Describe what happens to nitrogen gas when
into a liquid, a process known as
it is cooled.
condensation.

Define the term for when a liquid turns into a

The process is termed freezing.
solid.

What is the term for when a gas turns into a

The process is called deposition.
solid?

Pressure in a gas is created by the collisions

How is pressure created inside a gas? of gas particles with the walls of their
container.
 Liquids adopt the shape of their container
Explain why liquids adopt the shape of their
because their particles are close together but
container.
can move past each other.

The kinetic theory states that all matter is

Describe the kinetic theory of matter. made up of tiny particles that are in constant
random motion.

When a solid is heated, particles absorb heat

What happens to particles in a solid when it is
energy, gain kinetic energy, and vibrate
heated?
faster.

At the melting point, the vibrations of

Explain the process of melting in terms of particles become intense enough to
kinetic theory. overcome the forces between them, causing
the solid to turn into a liquid.

During freezing, particles lose energy, move

What occurs to particles during freezing? more slowly, and become arranged in fixed
positions.

Describe the effect of heating on a liquid in Heating a liquid causes its particles to gain
terms of kinetic theory. energy, move faster, and collide more often.

At the freezing point, particles become

What happens to the arrangement of extremely slow and are unable to overcome
particles at the freezing point? the forces between them, resulting in a fixed
arrangement.

In a gas, particles are far apart and move

How do particles behave in a gas? freely, colliding with each other and the walls
of their container.

The boiling point is the temperature at which

What is the significance of the boiling point in
a liquid's particles gain enough energy to
a liquid?
form bubbles of gas throughout the liquid.

Explain the relationship between temperature In solids, as temperature increases, particle

and particle motion in solids. motion increases, leading to faster vibrations.
 Heat energy is absorbed, allowing particles to
What is the role of heat energy in the melting
gain kinetic energy and break free from their
process?
fixed positions.

During the transition from liquid to solid,

Describe the changes in particle motion
particles lose energy, slow down, and become
during the transition from liquid to solid.
fixed in place.

At the boiling point, the particles gain enough

Describe the process that occurs at the
energy to overcome the forces between
boiling point of a liquid.
them, breaking away to form a gas.

Blowing up a balloon fills it with air particles

How does blowing up a balloon affect the air that collide with each other and the sides of
particles inside? the balloon, exerting pressure that keeps it
inflated.

Define the relationship between temperature As the temperature of a gas increases, its
and gas volume. volume also increases.

Explain what happens to gas pressure when When the volume of a container is decreased,
the volume of a container is decreased. the pressure of the gas inside increases.

How does heating air inside a hot air balloon Heating the air causes it to expand, making
affect its size? the balloon get bigger.

Gaseous particles are in constant and random

Describe the motion of gaseous particles in a
motion, colliding with the walls of the
closed container.
container.

An increase in temperature raises the kinetic

What effect does an increase in temperature
energy of gas particles, causing them to
have on the kinetic energy of gas particles?
move faster.

How does the frequency of particle collisions When the volume of the container decreases,
with container walls change with volume? gas particles hit the walls more frequently.
 Diffusion is the movement of particles from
Explain the concept of diffusion in gases. an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration.

What happens to the pressure inside a bicycle Compressing the bicycle pump increases the
pump when it is compressed? pressure inside, allowing you to inflate a tire.

If the container walls are flexible, the

Describe the relationship between gas
container will expand as the gas pressure
pressure and the flexibility of container walls.
increases.

As temperature increases, gas particles move

How does temperature affect the frequency
faster and impact the container walls more
of gas particle impacts on container walls?
frequently.

What is the effect of gas expansion on a hot The expansion of gas due to heating causes
air balloon? the hot air balloon to rise.

Kinetic energy refers to the energy of motion

Define the term 'kinetic energy' in the context
that gas particles possess, which increases
of gas particles.
with temperature.

How does the pressure exerted by gas The pressure exerted by gas is produced by
particles relate to their collisions with particles colliding with the walls of the
container walls? container.

When gas particles are compressed into a

What occurs when gas particles are
smaller volume, they collide with the walls
compressed in a smaller volume?
more often, increasing pressure.

As the temperature of the air inside a hot air

Describe the impact of temperature on gas
balloon increases, the volume of the gas
volume in a hot air balloon.
expands, causing the balloon to rise.

The pressure inside the balloon increases as

How does the concept of pressure apply to a
more air particles are added, causing it to
balloon being inflated?
inflate.
 Understanding that gas particles are in
What is the significance of particle motion in
constant motion helps explain behaviors like
understanding gas behavior?
pressure, volume changes, and diffusion.

The high pressure created in the bicycle

Explain how gas pressure can be felt when
pump can be felt when placing a finger on the
using a bicycle pump.
end of the pump.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from

an area of higher concentration to an area of
Describe the process of diffusion.
lower concentration, occurring naturally
without energy input.

How does temperature affect the rate of The rate of diffusion increases with higher
diffusion? temperatures, as particles move faster.

Lighter gas particles diffuse faster than

Define the relationship between molecular
heavier ones because they can travel quicker
mass and diffusion rate.
and further.

Gases diffuse faster than liquids because

Explain why gases diffuse faster than liquids. gaseous particles move more quickly than
liquid particles.

Heating a gas increases its pressure because

What happens to gas pressure when a gas is
the particles move faster and collide more
heated?
frequently with the walls of the container.

Compressing a gas into a smaller space

How does the pressure of a gas change when
increases its pressure due to the increased
it is compressed into a smaller space?
frequency of particle collisions.

The scent of perfume spreads faster in warm

Describe the effect of temperature on the
weather than in cold because higher
diffusion of perfume scent.
temperatures increase the rate of diffusion.

Hydrogen diffuses fastest at any given

Explain why hydrogen diffuses faster than
temperature due to its low molecular mass,
other gases.
allowing it to move more quickly.
 Pressure in a gas is caused by the collisions of
What causes pressure in a gas?
gas particles with the walls of their container.

During diffusion, the concentration of

How does the concentration of particles
particles evens out as they spread to occupy
change during diffusion?
all available space.

When a gas flows into a larger container, its

What occurs to gas pressure when it flows pressure decreases because the particles
into a larger container? have more space to move and collide less
frequently.

Define diffusion in terms of energy Diffusion occurs spontaneously and does not
requirements. require any energy input.

Different gases diffuse at different rates

How does the relative molecular mass of based on their relative molecular masses;
gases affect their diffusion rates? lighter gases diffuse faster than heavier
gases.

The speed of particles affects diffusion; faster-

Explain the relationship between particle
moving particles will diffuse more quickly
speed and diffusion.
than slower-moving ones.

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic

Describe the impact of gas temperature on
energy of gas particles, causing them to
particle movement.
move faster.

At lower temperatures, the diffusion rate of a

What happens to the diffusion rate of a gas at
gas decreases because the particles move
lower temperatures?
more slowly.

A steeper concentration gradient (greater

How does the concentration gradient
difference in concentration) leads to a faster
influence diffusion?
rate of diffusion.

Gases do not diffuse at the same rate at the

Explain why gases do not diffuse at the same
same temperature due to differences in their
rate even at the same temperature.
molecular masses.