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Abc Eng 9

The document provides an overview of modal verbs, their uses for permission, obligation, and prohibition, as well as different communication styles and conditionals. It explains how modal verbs function with base forms, their negative forms, and how they are used in questions. Additionally, it outlines the types of conditionals, including zero, first, second, and third conditionals, with examples illustrating their structures and uses.

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19 views8 pages

Abc Eng 9

The document provides an overview of modal verbs, their uses for permission, obligation, and prohibition, as well as different communication styles and conditionals. It explains how modal verbs function with base forms, their negative forms, and how they are used in questions. Additionally, it outlines the types of conditionals, including zero, first, second, and third conditionals, with examples illustrating their structures and uses.

Uploaded by

ace llie
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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English Quarter One

MODAL VERBS
- When we want to express permission, prohibition, or
obligation, we use modal verbs.
- Auxiliary Verb (helping verb)
- Type of verb that is used to indicate modality
- Used with another verb

Nature of Modals
 use the base form of the word with the modal
modal + base form
 modals do not change form
Can
Cans
 modals never end is “s” even in the third person singular
 combine the base form of the verb with the modals – not with
the infinitive “to”
she can to walk in the garden
 use “not” to make modal verbs negative
she can not (can’t) walk in the garden
 modals are also used to form questions
can I walk in the garden?
 Do not use double modals

Modals of Permission
- Can, Could, May
May – most formal and polite modal verb to use to ask for
permission
Could – more polite and wanting to show respect
Can – less formal and more direct
 Asking / giving permission
 Showing politeness and respect
 Allowed or can be done
MODALS OF OBLIGATION
- Have to, Must, Should
- Express firm obligation
Have to, Must – both used to express firm obligation
Have to
- Obligation comes from someone else, not the speaker.
(usually reffering to a law)
- From the authority, rules, or a law
- Used when a higher authority gives obligation
Must
- shows us that the obligation comes from the speaker
- expresses strong obligation or necessity
- “right thing to do”
- “moral obligation”
Should/Ought
- When we want to talk about obligation we are talking about
the right thing to do. (moral obligation)
Should Ought
- Express an expectation - indicate
obligation or duty
- Used to give advice - express moral
- Express obligation or duty - express
expectation
- Express probability - express
suggestion
- Express suggestions - express reject
or disappointment
.- express strong
likelihood

Modals of Prohibation
- Can’t, mustn’t
Can’t
- against the rules
- not permitted or impossible
- used for both formal restrictions and practical inability to do
something
- situational rules
- general restrictions
MUstn’t
- the speaker is setting the rule
- means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule
- formal or written context where rules and regulations are
emphasized
- reflects rules set by authority or established norms
- ethical or social norms

Types of Communication Styles


Speech style is acoomunication style that potrays how a language
is characterized in terms of the degree of formality. Presented
below are the different types of communicative styles.
types description examples
casual This is an informal language - Everyday
used by friends and peers. conversatio
Slang, vulgaraties and ns with
colloquialism, contractions buddies or
(e.g., ain’t, dunno, gonna) are friends
normal in this speech style. - Personal
message
- Blogs
- Tweets
- Letters to
friends
- Phone calls
consulativ This is used in semi-formal - Regular
e communication, classroom
where sentences tend to be discussions
shorter and spontaneous. It - Doctor-
happens in two-way patient
participation. It uses unplanned - Lawyer-
speech. This is the normal style client
for speaking to strangers or - Counselor-
persons who are neither client
acquaintances nor friends nor - Group
relatives discussion
- Teacher-
student
- Expert-
apprentice
formal Formal speeches speeches. It is - Meetings
used in speaking to large - interview
groups and is impersonal in
nature. Speaker must frame
whole sentences ahead before
they are delivered. It avoids
using slang uses formal
English. Language is
comparatively rigid and has a
set, agreed structured complex
sentences and noun phrases.
frozen This type of communicative - National
style rarely or never changes. It anthem
is "frozen in time and content. - Holy mass
It is generally used in a - Religious
very formal setting. This is the rites/ rituals
most formal communicative - Pledge of
style for a respectful situation. allegiance
It has a fixed and static - Prayer
language and uses long - Oath
sentences - Creed
with a good command of
grammar.
intimate This type of communicative - Sharing of
style applies secrets
conversational experiences
and/or among people who
share intimate relationships.
Usually done in private,
this also shows no social
boundaries among the
speakers considering intimacy.
This also employs and intimate
language.

CONDITIONALS
- Statements expressing thr result of a particular
action.
- - used to express that the certain action in the main
clause can only take place if a certain condition is
fulfilled.
- A sentence that has an if-clause which states a
condition and another clause that states that
happens as a result of the condition.
Verb tenses – changes or additions to verbs to show the
action took place whether it happened in the past, is
happening, in the present, or will happen in the future.
Types of conditionals :
ZERO CONDITIONALS
- Used when the results of the condition is always
true.
- Used to show facts, habits, instructions, and rules.
Example;
- If you freeze water, It becomes ice. (true)
- If I feel sad, I sing a song. (habit)
- If my mom calls, tell her that I meet her at five pm.
(Instruction)
- You can enter the school If you present your school
ID. (Rule)
Structure:
If clause (condition) +
Main Clause (Result)
If + subject + simple present
subject + simple present
- In zero conditionals, use present tense of a ber both
in if and main clause.

FIRST CONDITIONALS
- Used to talk about things ehich are possible in the
present or the future – things that may happen.
Example:
- If I review my lesson, I will get a reward from my
parents.
(future condition) (possibility/possible outcome)
Structure:
If clause (condition) +
Main Clause (Result)
If + Subject + Simple Present
Subject + will + base form of verb

Example:
If Lea reviews the lesson, she will get a reward from her
parents

- Outcome is really possible and probable


- Used to express future plans, promises, and
warnings.

If the weather is fine, my friends and I will go to the


lagoon park. (Future plan)
If you touch that wire, you will get an electric shock.
(warning)
When I have my first job, I will give my first salary to my
parents. (promise)

SECOND CONDITIONAL (unreal/imaginary situations)


- Used to talk about thigs which are unreal in the
present or the future – things that won’t/don’t
happen.
Structure:
If clause (condition) +
Main Clause (Result)
If + subject + simple past
subject + would + base form
- Are, was, were, regardless if it is plural or singular
Uses:
-to think or envision a particular condition in the future
that is impossible or unlikely to happen.
- if I have money, I would buy a sports car.
- to state unreal or unlikely situations at present.
- if I were you, I would quit smoking.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
- Used to talk about unreal situations in the past
- Used to talk about things that did not happen in the
past
- Used to express critism or regrets.
Structure:
If clause (condition) +
Main Clause (Result)
If + past perfect
would have + past particle

- If I had known you, I would have met you at the


station. (regret)
- If louise had studied harder, he would have passed
the exam. (critism)

To avoid confusion, always remember the tenses of the


verb used in each conditional.

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