CHAPTER 3

SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURE
Lesson Outcomes

• Use the relational operator (>, >=, <, <=, ==,!=)

• Use the logical operator (!, &&, ||)
• Understand the Boolean expression
• Write the pseudocode for the selection structure
• Create flowchart for the selection structure
• Implement decision using one‐way, two‐ways, and multiple‐ways
• selection structure (if, if-else)
• Recognize the correct ordering of decisions in multiple branches
• Program simple and complex decision
Comparison & Expression

▪ To make decisions, you must be able to make comparisons and

express the conditions that are true or false.
▪ Comparison is done by using relational operator.

i.e. i > j, x == y, etc.

▪ An expression that has a value either true or false is called a logical

(Boolean) expression.
▪ Condition is represented by a logical (Boolean) expression.
Relational Operator
1. Relational Operator
▪ There are 6 relational operators that allow to state conditions and
make comparisons.
▪ They are all binary operations that accept 2 operands and
compare them.
▪ The result is logical data, that is, it is always true (1) or false (0).

Relational Operator Meaning

< Less than
<= Less or equal
> Greater
>= Greater or equal
== Equal
!= Not equal
Logical Operator

▪ Logical operators enable you to combine logical expressions.

▪ Logical operators take only logical values as operands and
produce only logical values as result.
▪ The operator ! is unary, so it has only one operand.
▪ The operator && and || are binary operators, so it has more than
one operand.

Operator Description
! not
&& and
|| or
Boolean Expression

▪ An expression in which two numbers (arithmetic values) is compared

using a single relational operator.
▪ Each Boolean expression has the Boolean value true or false according
to the arithmetic validity of the expression:
▪ Syntax of Boolean expression:
<arithmetic value> relational operator <arithmetic value> Boolean value
▪ Example of Boolean expression using relational operator:

Expression Meaning Value

8 < 15 8 is less than 15 True
6!=6 6 is not equal to 6 False

2.5 > 5.8 2.5 is greater than 5.8 False

5.9 <= 7.5 5.9 is less than or equal to 7.5 True

Boolean Expression – the ! (not) Operator
1. The ! (not) operator
▪ Expression:
Expression !(Expression)
true (1) false (0)
false (0) true (1)

▪ Example:
Expression Value Explanation
Because ‘A’ > ‘B’ is false, ! (‘A’
! (‘A’ > ‘B’) true
> ‘B’) is true
Because 6 <= 7 is true, ! (6 <=
! (6 <= 7) false 7) is false
Boolean Expression – the && (and) Operator
▪ Expression:
Expression 1 Expression 2 Expression 1 && Expression 2
true (1) true (1) true (1)
true (1) false (0) false (0)
false (0) true (1) false (0)
false(0) false(0) false (0)
▪ Example:
Expression 1 Value Explanation
Because (14 > = 5) is true, (‘A’ < ‘B’)
(14 > = 5) && (‘A’ < ‘B’) true is true, and true && true is true, the
expression evaluates to true.
Because (24 >= 35) is false, (‘A’ < ‘B’)
false
(24 >= 35) && (‘A’ < ‘B’) is true, and false && true is false, the
expression evaluates to false. 8
Boolean Expression – the && (and) Operator

• Logical expressions can be unpredictable

• The following expression appears to represent a comparison of 0,
num = 12, and 10:
0 <= num <= 10
• It always evaluates true because
• 0<=12 evaluates to 1, and 1 <= 10 is true.
• A correct way to write this expression is:
num >= 0 && num <= 10
Boolean Expression – the || (or) Operator
▪ Expression:
Expression 1 Expression 2 Expression 1 && Expression 2
true (1) true (1) true (1)
true (1) false (0) true (1)
false (0) true (1) true (1)
false(0) false(0) false (0)

▪ Example:
Expression 1 Value Explanation
true Because (14 > = 5) is true, (‘A’ > ‘B’) is false,
(14 > = 5) || (‘A’ > ‘B’) and true || false is true, the expression
evaluates to true.

false Because (24 >= 35) is false, (‘A’ > ‘B’)

(24 >= 35) || (‘A’ >‘B’) is false, and false && false is false, the
expression evaluates to false.
Precedence Operator

OPERATORS PRECEDENCE
++,-- First
!, +,- (unary operators) Second
*, /, % Third
+, ‐ (binary operator) Fourth
<, <=, >=, > Fifth
==, != Sixth
&& Seventh
|| Eighth
= (assignment operator) Last
TYPE OF
SELECTION
CONTROL
STRUCTURE
Introduction

• You use the selection control structure or decision control structure

when you want program to make a decision or comparison and then
select one of two paths, depending on the result of that decision or
comparison.
Example 1 Example 2
If (it is raining) If (you have a test tomorrow)
wear a rain coat study tonight
Else
watch a movie
Types of Selection Structure

1. ONE‐WAY SELECTION
a. Simple selection with null false branch (null ELSE statement)

2. TWO‐WAYS SELECTION
a. Simple selection (if‐else statement)
b. Combined selection
i. && (AND)
ii. || OR

3. MULTI‐WAYS (MULTIPLE) SELECTION

a. Linear nested if statement
b. Non‐linear nested if statement
c. Switch statement
One-way Selection (if)

▪ The null ELSE structure is a variation of the simple IF structure. It

used when a task is performed only when a particular condition is
true.

▪ If the condition is false, then no processing will take place and the
IF statement will be passed.

▪ Syntax: if (expression)
Statement
One-way Selection (if)

• Pseudocode:
If (expression) then
statements
endif

• Flowchart:

True
Expression Statements

False
One-way Selection (if)

How it works??
One-way Selection (if)

How it works??
 One-way Selection (if)

Example

If the speed of the car is greater than 80km/h, then output a message “you are too fast!”

Start
Begin
input speed
Input
if speed > 80 then speed
output “you are too fast!”
endif T
speed>80 You are
End too fast
F

End
 One-way Selection (if)

C++
#include <iostream.h>

void main()
{
int speed;

cout<<“Please enter speed”<<endl;

cin >> speed;

if (speed > 80)

cout << “you are too fast!”;
}
 One-way Selection (if)

Exercise: What is the #include <iostream.h>

output of the program if
input data is: void main()
- 90 {
- 20 int mark;

cin >> mark;

if (mark >= 50)

cout << “PASSED!”;
}
 One-way Selection (if)

Exercise: What is the #include <iostream.h>

output of the program if void main()
input data is:
- 30 {
- 70 int mark;

cin >> mark;

if (mark >= 50)

cout << “PASSED!”;
cout<< “thank you for using the program”<<endl;

}
 One-way Selection (if) – Compound
Statement

• Use the symbols { and } to group several statements as a single unit.

• Simple statements within the compound statements end with
semicolons.
• Compound Statements are sometimes called a statement block.
• Use compound statements in an if statement if you want several
actions executed when the Boolean expression is true.
One-way Selection (if) – Compound
Statement
void main() void main()
{ {
int mark; int mark;

cin >> mark;

cin >> mark;

if (mark >= 50)

if (mark >= 50)
{
cout << “PASSED!”; cout << “PASSED!”;
cout<< “thank you”<<endl; cout<< “thank you”<<endl;

} }
Single statement
}
compound statements
One-way Selection (if)
To be continued…