Module 1

Technical Writing: An Overview

Rationale

Effective communication is one of the determiners of success in any

organization. It is an essential instrument in particular way in implementing for
the achievement of goals and objectives of a company. It serves as a tool to
assist them take appropriate decisions by providing permanent record, informing
the progress of a certain activity, giving current and vital information from top to
bottom level of management that would enable them to analyze situations. As
such, it plays an important role in the operational efficiency of a firm.

Module Outcomes

At the end of the unit, you must have:

 determine what technical writing is;
 identify the variety of forms of technical writing; and
 applied the principles of letter writing to various types of
technical communications.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, you must have:

 define what technical writing is;
 identify the characteristics of technical writing; and
 determine the principles of technical writing.

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 Introduction

Technical writing serves as an essential tool in communicating or

conveying thorough comprehensive ideas, views, observations, instructions, and
suggestions in a more logical and technical manner. We need to have good
technical writing skills in the preparation of reports, presentations,
documentations, etc. Achieving this goal implies that an effective technical writing
must be specific and concise especially in writing instructions. Technical writing
in English is used for a specific purpose, and hence it needs to be precise,
relevant, and with the use of appropriate format.

Activate

Activity 1:

Explain in your own words.

1. What is the importance of technical writing as a student?

Acquire

Technical Writing

Technical writing is a form of

communication that aimed to introduce
you to some important aspects and
convey information for specific purpose to
a specific group of readers with common
interests.

Technical writing is a particular www.a-mentor.com

technique to disseminate information on
technical subjects associated with business, industry, science and technology.
However, the focus of it is not necessarily career as a technical writer but an
introduction to kinds of writing skills you need in practically any technically
oriented professional job because the more you know about some basic writing
skills. It is characterized by a particular format which presents and explains the
information in a clear, concise, comprehensible, objective and accurate.

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 Purposes of Technical Writing

The following are the primary purposes of technical writing.

1. To give useful information that makes another person understand that will
lead to the accomplishment of a specific objective;
2. To analyze important events or situation and their implications that will
explain how certain systems failed;
3. To help persuade and influence decision-makers be more decisive in
pursuing specific tasks;
4. To provide appropriate mechanics of reducing into writing the information
in an objective and persuasive way.

Subject Matter of Technical Writing

All formal aspects of professional areas, data in business, science,
industry, technology and engineering are the subject matter of technical writing.

Characteristics of Technical Writing

Simple The information must be presented in simple

words so that it would be easy to understand.

Straightforward The information must be frank and direct to the

point. It must be free from verbosity.

Sincere The explanation must be based on facts. It must be

inlaid with the semblance of truth and sincerity.
The presentation of the details must be made with
Systematic orderliness. The information must be presented
logically in its natural order.

Principles: An Alphabet Guide of Good Technical Writing

1. Accurate. The write-up must conform to truth or to a standard. It must be

free from errors.

2. Brief. This refers to making the report short and concise.

3. Complaisant. It expresses a feeling with the desire to please the reader.

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4. Distinct. It calls for the quality of reporting characterized by distinctive
feature as to form and substance.

5. Engaging. The report must be presented persuasively interesting.

6. Frank. It must be open and candid. The ideas are direct and clearly
expressed in simple terms.

7. Genuine. The report must be authentic and down to earth. It must be

realistic.

8. Honest. It must be true and upright. It is not characterized with intent to

mislead.

9. Ideal. It must speak of a standard or model of high excellence.

10. Just. The information must be fair, proper, and lawful.

11. Keen. The report must be worded with terms that manifest intense quality
or impact.

12. Logical. It must contain valid reasoning and correct inference.

13. Methodical. The ideas must be in an orderly and systematic arrangement.

14. Noble. It must be made in conformity with dignified ideas.

15. Objective. The report must not be biased. The information must not be
presented under a gamut of pretentions.

16. Positive. The write-up is regarded as having real existence.

17. Qualitative. It is characterized with high quality.

18. Reliable. It is valid and dependable.

19. Serviceable. It is useful it can always be of service.

20. Thorough. The report must be properly prepared and the data properly
verified.

21. Updated. It conforms to the most modern method.

22. Valuable. It must be worthy and desirable.

23. Workable. It is feasible and practical.

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 24. Xenogeneic. It must be unique and creative in nature.

25. Year round. It must be usefully functioning the entire year.

26. Zestful. It must be full of agreeable taste and style.

Apply

Activity 2:

 What is the primary aim of technical writing?

 What professional fields are covered by technical writing?

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Name: ___________________________________ Date: __________________

Year/Section______________________________ Score: _________________

Directions: Provide a simple explanation in every question.

1. How do you define technical writing?

2. Name the purposes of technical writing.

3. Explain in your own words the principles or the Alphabet guide of good
technical writing.

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 Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson you must have:

 compare technical and nontechnical writing;
 recall the nature of report writing;
 explain the importance of reports; and
 make a bulletin.

Introduction

The objective of technical report is to convey useful information in a clear

and easily accessible format. The ideas are presented in an organized pattern to
produce an accurate, professional document. These are the documents that
describe progress, process or results of scientific or technical research. It also
can include analysis of information serves as basis for recommendation.

Activate

Activity 1:

 Distinguish a memorandum from a bulletin.

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 Acquire

Technical and Nontechnical Writing: A comparison and Contrast

Technical and nontechnical writings can be compared and contrasted in
terms of function, purpose, style and content. Generally speaking, both attempt
to furnish information on how they could be used as permanent record for later
reference. Nevertheless, they differ in many ways as enumerated hereunder.

Purpose

Non-technical writing intended to provide general information that is likely

to be helpful to the reader in some manner, but is not concerned with assembling
facts, figures and instructions but mainly to amuse or entertain readers. While the
main purpose of technical writing is solely to provide sometimes complex
information used for dissemination.

Style

Literary works adopt complicated and sophisticated styles while technical

writing utilizes standard forms where the author is writing about a particular
subject that requires direction, instruction, or explanation.

Content

While technical writing deals with a lot of topics providing hard facts that
are backed up with verifiable information, nontechnical writing contains
specialized topics for selected types of audience. Moreover, the contents of
literary works are suggestive and creative while technical writing does not only
tell you outright the information needed but also limits interpretation to one. In
short, literature is usually dramatic and imaginative while technical writing is
factual, impersonal and free from emotional and distortions.

Use of Visual Aids

Literature seldom employs visual aids since literary writer is armed with
words that can fully narrate or describe what he wants put across. On the other
hand, technical writing uses visual aids such as tables, drawings, graphs, charts
and others to facilitate comprehension of statistics and interpretation of data. An

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example would be a brochure that includes a step by step process of how to
operate an appliance sold by a particular company.

Organization

Technical writing observes coherence and an orderly presentation of facts while

non-technical writing can deviate from the usual presentation of events. It adopts
a flashback style to attract readers’ attention and achieve a literary effect.

The Nature of Report Writing

The Definition of Report

The word “report” was
derived from the Latin term
reportere which means to bring
back. An individual who is
assigned to get an important
data or information, goes to the
field, gets the data and brings it
back to the person who
assigned him to do the task
grammar.yourdictionary.com
(Romero et al., 1985).
There are several definitions of the word “report”. A report is written for a
clear purpose as technical data collected, analyzed, and presented in an
organized form and to a particular audience, problem or issue. It is also a
systematic and objective communication of factual, accurate and concise
information to achieve a specific purpose or purposes. The information is
presented in a clearly structured format making use of sections and headings so
that the information is easy to locate and follow.

Reports are often used to communicate the results of a project or

investigation to, for example, an employer or other critical reader who might be
looking for specific information. Like an essay, it will probably have one or more
key messages for the reader based on the research or procedure reported on.
Normal referencing principles apply, though the writing style and presentation will
differ from those of an essay.

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The Significance of Writing Reports

In general, writing a report is very helpful for making the

record of documentation. An individual may write a report out of
his own initiative. He may wish to have a record of his problems,
analysis and findings.

It is a standard procedure of groups, institutions or

companies to write report on the development, findings, and
conclusions. For example, report writing helps the director of the
industry, business or any organization in order to make quick
decisions and planning of anything and also helps to
communicate within the company, the workers, to discuss the
problems of the business and to give investor details of
everyday running.
With the help of reports, we can easily recognize our work. For
example, reports play a vital role in schools and colleges for
knowing how many students have joined in this year.

When an experiment in the laboratory is conducted, a report

on its findings be reported.

Types of Reports: Formal and Informal Reports

A report can be good when it can be written in

the manner of proper communication and written
communication. There are also verbal reports and
informal reports. Many kinds of report provide many
types of profits. Report writing consists of the history
and facts of a project or any kind of event. It is useful
for recording a past history and an overall summary of
decisions. www.gre.ac.uk

There are number of ways by which reports are classified as there are a
number of authorities who advocated of such classifications. Reports are group
according to length, content, purpose, format, frequency, formality and
informality, and the like. In this particular context, two general types of reports are
considered: the formal and the informal reports. This was based on the length
and the subject matter hence, short reports are considered informal while long

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reports are regarded as formal. As such, a formal report contains all the basic
parts of a standard report format.

For example, the progress of technology or any policy of government.

There are many types of report writing such as research report writing. While
writing the report of a research paper seems hard but don’t worry as there are
many online academic report writing services who can help you in any way. The
significance of report writing can be highlighted below.
Report writing helps as a path to solve problems. Writing a report, guides
you in a way to modernize details about improvements and upcoming plans.

Informal Reports

Informal reports tend to be shorter

with free-flowing or the quality of pages and
words are not defined and the casual use
of language. We generally describe the
internal report/memorandum as an informal
report.
www.insurancethoughtleadership.com

MEMORANDUM

INFORMAL REPORTS

BULLETINS

Memorandum Reports

The word memorandum is derived from a Latin word “memo rare” which
means “to remember”.
Memos are typically used for communication within a company or “inside”
correspondence. They can be semi-formal or formal, depending on the
recipient. Memos are often used when a large group of people is being
addressed at the same time or when a hard copy (rather than an email)
needs to be transmitted or posted.
The format and overall tone of a memo are different from a business letter.
Memos do not include a formal salutation or complimentary closing;
instead they use “to,” “from,” “subject” and “date” or “to,” “from,” “date” and

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 “subject” headings. Often a company uses a specific template or
letterhead for this internal communication.
An effective memo usually states its purpose in the first sentence, briefly
discusses details of the situation, and states the expected result or action
in the last sentence. Bulleted lists, point form and short sentences are
often used to make the message clear and concise. The language used is
polite and professional.
When writing a memo, it is important to address it to the person(s) that
you expect to take action on the subject.

Memos are:

Quick and Written

Inexpensive
convenient record

Memos:

 A memo should be designed to get your message across

quickly.
 Busy people do not want to waste time in reading
unnecessary information.
 Never write memos that are complicated and hard to
understand. Keep them simple and to the point.
 Never write rude and blunt memos.
 Never send memos that have typos, misspelled words or
grammatical errors.
 Never leave out necessary details causing people to have
follow up questions.

1. Simple Memorandum

A simple memorandum is different from

a memorandum report. It serves as a reminder
of schedule meetings, conferences or
accomplishment of certain task. It is a very

kopywritingkourse.com

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informal communication between people of the same institution, company
or organization.
A Memorandum is a communication that makes needed information
immediately available.

The headings of simple memorandum are the following:

To:
From:
Subject:
Date:

These headings may be typed in capital letters and may be arranged in

different orders.

Hilltop Wiring
Company
Marawi City

August 14, 2020

MEMORANDUM
No. 22, s. 2020

To: All Supervisors

Personnel Staff
Department Secretaries

From: Ms. Marie S. Espino, President

Subject: Seminar-Workshop on Technical Writing and Reporting

Staff development is one of the major concerns of this company.

To this effect, you are requested to attend the aforementioned

training to be sponsored by the English Department of Marawi
Colleges Foundation on September 1 and 2 at the Audio Visual
Room.

Registration is free, hence, everybody is enjoined to participate.

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 A memorandum may be of the traditional format. One of the acceptable
forms is found below.

Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Awig, Tuguegarao City

June 11, 2013

Memorandum No. 3, s. 2013

To: The Faculty Members
College of Education

From: Ms. Marie S. Espino, Dean

Subject: Orientation Program for New Students

An orientation program shall be held for new

students in the Education Department on Monday
morning at 9:00, June 21, 2013, at the COE
Conference Room.

All faculty members are requested to advise

their new students to report on time.

2. Memorandum Report

The memorandum report is

intended to give information. It is short
and informal and does not contain any
visual material. It is primarily used
within the institution, firm or
organization.

In presenting a memorandum
report, one uses the simple
memorandum format. The headings
pinterest.com
To:, From:, Subject:, and Date: are also
used.

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 The message of the memo which should be made clear and concise shall
immediately be started 2 spaces below the last line of the four headers.
The headers’ lines shall take the place of the inside address, the salutation,
the complimentary close and the date.

There is no need for an inside address for the recipients are deemed to be
with the company or firm where the memo emanates.

Today, memoranda, like form letters, are kept in the computer. A company
my take the option of making predesigned memo templates or formats with
company’s logo or letterhead.

The TO heading may specify an individual, several individuals, several

individuals, a section or department, or any other group, but if several executives
are named, they should be enumerated in the order of their rank, the first being the
highest.

If directed to an official higher in rank, the memorandum should be inscribed

with for, as in the following examples:

Memorandum No. 1, s. 2013

For: The Director
Araullo university

If directed to personnel or to official lower rank, the memorandum inscribed with TO

is called-for as in the examples presented below:

Memorandum No. 1, s. 2013

To: The Faculty Members
From: The Dean, College of Education
Subject: Preparation for the Forthcoming School Foundation Day Festivities
Date: January 10, 2013

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Awig, Tuguegarao City

June 4, 2020

To: Dr. Richard T. Solas

Department Head

Training and Extension Center

From: Engr. Evo L. Rosas

Training Coordinator

Subject: Completion of Youth Skills Training Program

The Youth Skills Training Program which was conducted in San

Bartolome from April 20 to May 30, 2020 has been completed.

From the 40 prospective trainees, 29 have satisfactorily completed the

program and were each awarded a “Certificate of Proficiency”. These graduates
who have been equipped with necessary skills are now ready to be employed in
companies, industries or could put up their own private shops.

The residents welcome similar trainings like this.

Bulletins

The Bulletin is used to inform people

within as well as outside the organization
regarding matter of permanent and great value
such as change in policies, new rules and
regulations, changes in personnel and others.
Bulletins are meant to be distributed to a great
number of readers. https://commons.wikimedia.org

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 March 4, 2020

B U L L E T I N:
No. 1 s. 2020

NEWLY PURCHASED LIBRARY BOOKS

The Adamson University Library has recently purchased 50 sets of

Engineering boos and 400 copies of books of various titles. These books are
now available at the University Main Library.

( Signature)
Prof. Mario de Rosal
Chief Librarian

Apply

Activity 2: Let’s try this. Make a memo out of this.

You are the manager of Juicy Fresh Food (Miagao Branch). Write a memo
to all junior employees informing them that a special course is being arranged at
Head Office in Jaro, Iloilo City to train new staff who have not previously spent
time at the store;s check-out counters. It will be held from 21st to 23rd of
September. All expenses will be paid by the company. Those who wish to attend
the course should submit their names to Princess P. King of Staff Training
Department by the end of this week
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Name: ___________________________________ Date: __________________

Year/Section______________________________ Score: _________________

I. Directions: Make a simple explanation on the following.

1. Distinguish the difference of technical from nontechnical writing.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Give the meaning of report writing and explain its importance.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

II. Make a sample of bulletin.

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 Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson you must have:

 define formal report and feasibility study; and
 identify the different parts of a feasibility study.

Introduction

The structure of a report is very important to lead the reader through your
thinking to a course of action and/or decision. It’s worth taking a bit of time to
plan it out beforehand.

When writing a report, your aim should be to be absolutely clear. Above

all, it should be easy to read and understand, even to someone with little
knowledge of the subject area.

Activate

Activity 1

Recall and discuss your very first formal report as a student. If you were to
do it now, how differently would you handle it?

Acquire

Formal Reports

Formal reports tend to be longer are meticulously structured. The report

requires formal headings and tight organization in order to help the reader stay
on track. They focus on objectivity and organization, contain deeper detail, and
the writer must write them in a style that eliminates factors like personal
pronouns. The content and purpose should be used as the basis for the report.

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These reports should require description of background, research on the topic
and the evidence to support solutions.

FORMAL REPORTS

RESEARCH REPORT FEASIBILITY STUDY

jansoch.com www.ajar.id

Feasibility study

A feasibility study is an essential medium of progress, both as means to

initiate profitable projects for a sectoral enhancement and expansion as well as
to evaluate actual project results. The study is determined and designed to
enhance the probability of success or viability of specific undertakings or any
given project. It is a study of whether some projects should/ could not be carried
out successfully. This implies for a careful planning of the activities to be
encountered in such a project. Its main objective is to guide business managers
and project promoters as to what course of action will they adapt in order to
ensure a better chance of success. Feasibility study is synonymous with
profitability, desirability, and practicality of a project. Hence, it precedes a project
study.
Below are the vital parts of a feasibility study (Adapted from the feasibility
study format from the Board of investments).

A. SUMMARY OF PROJECT
1. Name of firm

2. Location
a. Head Office

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 b. Plant site

3. Brief description of the product

4. Highlights of major assumptions such as market projections, share and
prices, investment costs, method of funding

5. Summary of findings and conclusions on the following:

a. Market feasibility
b. Technical feasibility
c. Financial feasibility

B. GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Management of the project
a. Management during the pre-operating period (firms or persons
involved or to be involved in marketing, engineering, and other
studies).
b. Management during the operating period (type of business
organization, organizational chart and functions of each unit,
management personnel specifying the duties and time to be
devoted to the project, qualifications, and compensations).
c. Labor (skills required of each job, recruitment and training
programs, compensations, fringe, benefits and facilities).
d. Professional firms or consultants to be hired, if any.

2. Status of timetable of the project.

3. Other information, for example, on pending litigations, information

regarding intangibles, etc.

C. Competitive position considering imported and/ or substitute

products
1. In targeted importing countries:
a. Selling prices- prices to be adopted including tariff protection
assumed or expected for the projects. Comparison with landed cost
of goods from other countries at the prospective importing country,
and with prevailing prices threat; either wholesale or retail,
whichever is applicable.
b. Competitiveness of the quality of the product.

2. In the domestic market (whenever applicable):

a. Selling prices- price to be adapted including tariff protection
assumed or expected for the project. For the projects to be sold
locally, comparison with prevailing prices (both equal and imported
and with prices of substitute products, either wholesale or retail,
whichever is applicable I the light of the applicant firm’s marketing
program.

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 b. Competitiveness of the quality of the product.

D. MARKETING PROGRAM
1. description of the present marketing practices of competitors in the
export (and domestic) market

2. Proposed marketing program of the project, describing the selling

organization, terms of sales, channels of distribution, location of sales
outlets, and transportation and warehousing arrangements and then
corresponding costs.

3. Projected export (and domestic) sales

a. Expected annual volume of export (and domestic) sales of next 0
years considering the demand, supply, competitive position and
marketing program

4. Contributions to the Philippine Economy

a. Net annual amount in dollars earned or saved after subtracting for
amortization of imported capital investment and any important of
raw materials
b. Labor employed and taxes paid

5. Plant layout
a. Description of the plant layout and the layout chart
b. Effect of layout on material flow and treatment of materials handling
and storage
c. Provision for expansion

6. Structure
a. Building and cost of erection
b. Other structures and their respective costs
c. Land improvements such as rods, drainage facilities, etc., and their
respective costs.

7. Raw material
a. Description of specifications of their physical; mechanical and
chemical properties
b. Alternative raw materials considered and the factors used in
selecting the raw materials
c. Material balance
d. Availability, continuity of supply, and current prospective sources
e. Current and prospective cost of raw materials and terms of
contracts

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 8. Utilities, Electricity, fuel, water, steam, and supplies specifying the
uses, quantity required, balance of utilities, availability, sources,
alternative sources and costs.

9. Waste disposal
a. Description and quantity of the waste t be disposed of
b. Description of the waste disposal methods
c. Methods used in other plants
d. Costs of waste disposal
e. Clearance from proper authorities or compliance with legal
requirements

E. FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY
1. Total project cost- all items considered and assumptions made
2. Initial Capital Requirements- all items considered and assumptions
made.

3. Sources of financing
a. selected or proposed sources for both long term and short term
financing
b. alternative sources considered
c. amount and terms of financing for each source selected indicating
the currency, security, repayment method, interests and features
d. status of financing from each source relation to actual release
already made, applications already approved, applications pending
and applications still to be made.
e. financing of contingencies and seasonal peaks in working capital.

4. Financial statements
a. Projected income statement for 10 years
b. Projected cash flow statement for 10 years
c. Projected balanced sheets for 10 years

These financial statements shall be made I the two following sets:

a. One set assuming registration and the enterprise availing of incentives
provided for in Republic Act 5186
b. One set not assuming registration

5. Financial analysis (to be done for both sets of financial statements

described above)
a. unit cost estimates and detailed breakdown of all cost factors from
first year until normal operation is attained
b. break-even point analysis
c. capital recovery, and earnings showing the cash pay-off period,
rate of return and discounted cash flow- rate of return

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 d. others

F. Social Desirability

1. Specific project contributions to the Philippine economy or society.

a. contribution to government revenues
b. contribution to foreign exchange reserves
c. contribution to the growth of related industries (supplier and
consumer industries)
d. contribution to the Philippine work force (as technical skills
development and monetary compensations)

2. Social rate of return

In the social desirability aspects, the societal effect of the projects is
discussed. These try to justify that the project will bring about positive effects like
the upliftment of the people’s status in the area, the improvement of facilities,
solving unemployment, and others.
TITLE: A PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE PRODUCTION OF A
SHOE INSOLE DEODORIZER USING ACTIVATED CARBON AND
BAKING SODA

PROPOSED LOCATION: BRGY. ANUPUL, BAMBAN, TARLAC

PROPONENTS: EDA S. CASTRO

FERDINAND D. CONSTANTINO

JANE M. DELOS SANTOS

GIAN CARLO R. SOTELO

DIVINE GRACE B. TUAZON

DEGREE: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL: TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

DATE: MARCH 2003

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Brief description of the project;
This project proposes to produce a shoe insole deodorizer using activated
carbon and baking soda as the active ingredients. The product shall be branded
as “POWER SOLE”. It is a flat insole type deodorizer that can neutralizethe odor
and absorbs moisture on foot caused by sweating. It can also serve as a shoe
pad for loosed shoes. The product has five (5) sizes (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) to cater
different foot sizes it has also a suggested life span of one (1) month, but this will
depend on the lifestyle of the person using it.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS:

1. Management Aspects
The power sole enterprises shall be a pre-operate for 12 months before its
normal operations. The enterprise shall be a
partnership type of business organization. The
business shall employ its personnel, which shall
be headed solely by the plant manager who shall
supervised the production, administrative/finance,
and marketing officer. Under these officers are the
production laborers, warehouse man, production
inspector, accounting clerk, security guards and
driver respectively. All the personnel shall come
from the province of Tarlac. Giving importance to www.paypervids.com
the nearby towns where there are skilled workers in relation to this kind of work.
The compensation of the personnel shall be based on the existing labor code.
The enterprise shall pay Php 1, 291, 584. 00 for its salaries/wages during the first
year of operation, the enterprise will hire one (1) additional production to meet
the increasing demand of the product.

2. Marketing aspect
The marketability or salability of the
proposed product is anticipated, since this
project entails comfort, easy and
convenient to use compared to existing
foot deodorizer. The demand of the
product shall be based on the past
demand of foot deodorant products
consumed by each household population
of Tarlac City’s urban barangays, and the
supply shall be based on the number of superior1service.com
foot deodorant purchased from several distributors/suppliers. The market share
of this project is 42.05% of the average yearly demand from 2003-2207, which is
equivalent to 178, 546 pairs of shoe insole deodorizer, and the researcher had
decided to increase the average capacity of the plant from 178, 546 to 1800, 000
for the first yearof the operation. The proposed selling of the product shall be Php
16.50, which is inclusive of value added tax (VAT). The project will sell the

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proposed product on cash discount basis. And limited its retail price to 20%
increase from the set factory price to the retailer (distributor) to achieve the
pricing objective of meeting the existing price competition in the market. The
product shall be distributed to distribution outlets such as groceries, department
store, drugstore, and ultimately to the consumers. The product shall be
introduced and promoted through posters, billboards, banners and radio ads.

The proposed product shall be packed in a vacuum-sealed transparent plastic

packaging material with descriptive label, which contains features and
specification of the product, and finally the packaged products are placed in a
carton box for protection in the storage and delivery. The outer surface of the
box is printed with the product name, the description or specifications, and the
name and address of the manufacturer. The product shall bear the brand name
“POWER SOLE”, which signifies the characteristics and nature of the product.

3. Technical aspect
The proposed product is a shoe insole deodorizer
using activated carbon and baking soda. The activated
carbon is part of the product because it can absorb
odors and volatile organic compounds. We also have to
add the treatment of the foam and cumbrelle to help
activated carbon to neutralize the odor. In this study,
we conducted laboratory test to determine the volatile
content of activated carbon before and after used. We
found out in testing activated carbon, with the use of a www.vectorstock.com
gravimetric oven, that when it is not treated, only 3. 423% of moisture will be
absorbed by the carbon and 45. 181% was absorbed by the carbon a exposed
naked on the humid environment. When the researchers treated the carbon, they
did not absorb moisture of 43.5%. in conclusion, before the manufacture of the
product, see to it that was treated. An odor test was also conducted to determine
the effectiveness and lifespan of the product. Based on the test, the suggested
lifespan of the product is one month.
The manufacturing process is a continuous processing wherein the workers
must meet the target output per day. The capacity depends on the expected
market share of 42.05%, which is 278, 546 pairs of shoe insole deodorizer. But
the researchers decided to produce 180, 000 pairs in the year of operation due to
the consideration of the result conducted by the researchers for the willingness of
the respondents to try and buy the proposed product.
The plant will be producing an average of 180, 000 pairs a year that is 15,
000 pairs a month or 750 pairs a day. Some nearby hardware and electronic
supplier supply machineries and equipment. But other equipment will be
purchased in Manila. The plant shall be located at Brgy. Anupul, Bamban, Tarlac,
the productivity center of the town. It is located at the back of the Municipal Hall
building, which is 100km. from Manila. The transportation is so easy because it is
along the highway. The availability of manpower will never be a problem;
customers will be assured of economical and fast delivery of the products due to

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TECHNICAL WRITING WITH ORAL COMMUNICATION by SINDINGAN, VANESSA
the project proximity to the raw materials, suppliers, and to its target market. The
hiring of labor forces will not be a problem since tha plant requires a minimal
number of employees. The Tarlac II Electric shall supply electricity and water
requirements of the plant. The productivity center has an area of 1, 260 sq. m.,
half of the area will only be occupied. The enterprises shall pay the monthly
rentals of Php 20. 00 per sq. for the 630 sq. m. floor area or at Php 12, 600. 00
monthly with wscalation rate, payable within the first week of each month.
The waste material will be in the form of scraps, wich will serve as another
source of income for the enterprise. The proposed project is environment friendly
because it will not affect the nature during or after producing it.

4. Financial aspect
The financial needs of the project shall be
sourced from the partners’ equity. Each of the five
(5) partners shall contribute an initial amount of
Php. 150, 000.00 in cash which is Php.
750,000.00. the said amount is estimated to be
used in all expenses to be incurred during the pre-
operating period and during the first half of the
maxmyprofit.com.au
year of normal operations.

All purchases shall be on cash basis and sales are on cash discount basis
with term payment of 5/15 net 30. The projects liquidity ratios are computed to
be 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1, and 15:1, on the first, second, third, fourth and fifth
years, respectively, which shows that the project can liquidate its total current
liabilities very satisfactorily. The rates of return on investment for the first five
years of normal operations are 16.32%, 30.81%, 40.24% and 39.35%,
respectively.

This means that the project is profitable and is financially feasible.

5. Social desirability aspect

The project is aimed at helping individuals who have an unpleasant odor
and foot moisture. The business enterprise shall
give or great contribution to the government
because of the money paid in the form of taxes.
These taxes can be paid in different forms.
Through the introduction of this business,
consumers will be given more choices for the
same effect. The producers of the raw materials
can increase its profitability. The competing
products can also lower their process because of www.nextiva.com
increased competitors. Also there will be a decrease of unemployment by giving
jobs to individuals when they will be hired, which will improve their lives and
society as a whole.

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The Feasibility Study Process
1. Determine purpose and scope of the study
2. Establish sources of data.
3. Gather and verify information.
4. Undertake data analysis.
5. Formulate conclusions and recommendations.

Apply

Activity 2:

 Prepare an outline of feasibility report on a topic of your choice.

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Name __________________________________ Date: __________________
Year/Section_______________________________ Score: ________________

Directions: Provide a simple explanation in every question.

1. Define formal report and feasibility study.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Identify and determine the differences among the different parts of a

feasibility study.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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 Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson you must have:

 define research;
 describe the parts of a research report; and
 describe how each part is written.

Introduction

“Research is a high-hat word that scares a lot of people. It needn’t. it is

rather simple. Essentially, it is nothing but a state of mind-a friendly, welcoming
attitude towards change. Going out to look for change, instead of waiting for it to
come. Research for practical men, is an effort to do things better and not to be
caught asleep at a switch. The research state of mind can apply to anything.
Personal affairs or any kind of business, big or little. It is the problem solving mind
as contrasted with the let-well-enough-alone mind. It is the composer mind, instead
of a fiddler mind; it is the ‘tomorrow’ mind, instead of the yesterday mind.”

-C. F. Kettering

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 Activate

What are the three main parts of a research report? Encircle the answers.

Activity 1:

P R E L I M I N A R Y N
D S R D T E F N W S E G
B O D Y Y D O W D G D R
S A W R E I D H S T S A
R L A H S H S P A R Z M
E S U E G A U G N A L M
W H H L S P A L C U Y A
H O J T L E R R V O L R
C E R E F E R E N C E S

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 Acquire

Research report
Research is careful,
systematic, methodical and
objective inquiry that leads to the
development of generalization
and theories. To present the
result of the experiment or study,
a scientific writing called the
research report should be made. www.nursingpath.in
The research report, whether it is
a thesis, dissertation or a shorter term paper or report usually follows a similar
pattern of style and form.
The research process is not complete unless the findings of a study are
reported. This lesson deals with the parts of a research report and how it is
written.

SEQUENCE OF RESEARCH REPORT

The outline below follows the usual sequence in research reports.

A. Preliminary Section or Front matter

1. Title page (Title of the Report, Author, Date)
2. Approval Sheet
3. Abstract
4. Table of Contents
5. List of Tables/Figures
6. Acknowledgement

B. The Text/Main Body of the Report

1. Introduction
a. Statement of the Problem/research objectives-Specific questions to be
answered –hypothesis to be tested
b. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework (if needed)
c. hypotheses (if there’s any)
d. significance of the study
e. Scope and Limitation
2. Review of related literature or analysis of previous research
3. Methodology/Design of study
a. Procedures used
b. Sources of data
c. Methods of gathering data
d. Description of data-gathering instruments used

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4. Findings and Discussion/Presentation and analysis of data
a. Text
b. Table
c. Figures
5. Conclusions and recommendations
a. Restatement of the problem
b. Description of procedures used
c. Principal findings and conclusions
d. Recommendation for further research

C. Reference Section
1. References/Bibliography
2. Appendixes

I. Preliminary section

Title page

The title page is the first page of a thesis, dissertation or report. Though the
title page varies from one school to another, still it contains the following parts:
(1) the title of the study (2) the name of the author, (3) the relationship of the
report course or degree requirement, (4) the name of the institution where the
report is to be submitted and (5) the date of completion.

According to John W. Best the title should be typed in capital letters,

single spaced, and centered between the right and left margins of the page.
Where more than one line is required, the words in the title are divided into lines
so that each successive line is shorter than the above it and is centered below it
in an inverted pyramid style.
THE ATTITUDES OF A GROUP OF SIXTH GRADE TEACHERS

TOWARD THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PROGRAM

_______________________

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the (mention name of College)

University of the Philippines

______________________

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 _______________

In Partial Fulfillment

Below is a Of the Requirements

sample for the
of a title page forDegree
a thesis or dissertation
(Mention Degree)

_________________

by:

Name

Approval Sheet Date

Most schools provide forms for the Approval sheet. Below is the
sample of an approval sheet

APPROVAL SHEET

This/ These thesis (project papers) entitled

_____________________________________ prepared and submitted by
__________________________________________, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree __________________ major in ____________, has
been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL
EXAMINATION.

Thesis Committee

__________________

Chairman

_______________ ________________

Member Member
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 PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ________________

_____________________

Chairman

_____________________ ______________________

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Degree ___________________________________________________________

Major in ___________________________________________________________

Comprehensive Examination Passed ____________________________________

Date

_____________________ __________________________

Date Dean, Graduate School

Abstract

The abstract is a brief descriptive summary of the research report. It

includes the statement of the research problem or objectives of the study, a brief

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 description of the research methods used, a summary of the major findings, and
statement of conclusions and recommendation. Some institutions require an
Executive Summary, which is slightly longer than an abstract.

Table of Content

This page gives the reader an overview of the coverage of the study as
well as the order of its presentation. Chapter numbers, wordings, punctuations
and capitalizations of chapter titles, headings and sub headings should be
consistent in the table of contents and inside the report.

According to Lourdes Bautista, the recommended spacing is a double

space between titles and headings and a single space for titles of headings that
will occupy two or more lines. The recommended indention is two spaces.

List of Tables and Figure

The “list of tables” and “list of figure” are typed on a separate sheet of
paper and are similar to the table of contents in format. The List of
Tables/Figures indicates the number and title of all the tables/figures in the text
and their page number. Table and figures should be numbers consecutively in
Arabic numerals throughout the text.

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I TUIITION CHANGES OF THIRTY-SIX COLLEGES AND

UNIVERSITIES IN METRO MANILA 14

II ROOM AND BOARD CHARGES OF THIRTY-SIX COLLEGES

AND UNIVERSITIES IN METRO, MANILA 17

III VARIATION IN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITY EXPENSES 19

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

I Type of Newspaper ranked in order preference by a

group of college graduates 11

II Newspaper categories, ranked in order of preference

by a group of college students 13

III Magazines ranked in order of preference by a group

of college graduates 16

Acknowledgement Page
If the writer wishes to thank the people who assisted him in the conduct of
the study, then an acknowledge page should be included. This page, however,
must be expressed simply, restrained and free from flattery.

II. The main body of the report

In a thesis or dissertation, the body may be divided into five sections.

These includes: (1) Introduction, (2) Review of related literature, (3)
Methodology/Design of the study, (4) Findings and Discussions/Presentation and
analysis of data, and (5) Conclusions and Recommendations.

Introduction
The Introduction gives the rationale as to why that particular problem
was chosen and the conditions and observations that led the researcher to
explore it. It also shows the importance of the study as well as research gap that
the study wants fill up. In basic experimental studies, the theoretical framework is
found in the introduction. The theoretical framework presents the theory which
explains why the problem under study exists. It helps the researcher to clearly
see the variables that he should measure. It provides him with a general
framework which can guide him in data analysis (Mercado, 1997).

The next part of the introduction is the Statement of the problem. The
main problem and its sub problems are stated in this portion. There are at least
two ways of formulating a research problem. The first is deriving it from an
established observation from the field.

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 Research objectives are statements that we want to find out or determine.
While the research problem is stated in question form, the objectives are stated
in declarative form. While the problem deals with a more abstract concept the
objectives consider operational terms.

In the section, Limitations of the Study, the sources of information, the

time involved in the conduct of the study, the reasons that prevented the
accomplishment of desired goals in the conduct of the study as well as problems
encountered are stated.

The Theoretical Framework section consist of basic assumptions while the

conceptual framework presents the relationship between the different specific
constructs that the researcher wants to study. A construct is a clearly derived
concept.

The section Hypothesis follows the conceptual framework. This provides

are tentative answers to the research objectives. Hypothesis are conjectural
statements of the relationship between two or more variables. There are two
types of hypothesis: the null and the alternative. The null hypothesis states that
there is no relationship between the independent variable and the dependent
variable. The independent variable does not affect the dependent variable. The
alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant relationship between the
independent variable and dependent variable.

The significance or importance of the study justifies this undertaking. It

aims to point out who will benefit from this study and what are the contribution to
the society in general.

Definition of terms includes all the main concepts which are being studied
and the operational definition of each concept. Words in this section should be
alphabetically arranged.

Review of Related literature

This contains the summary of studies and professional literature, both

local and foreign which were consulted in the conduct of the study.

Design of the Study

Methodology
Methodology includes (a) research design, (b) respondents, (c) sampling
procedure, (d) instruments used and € procedure.

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 Research Design

The research design varies according to the kind of study being

undertaken. When a study is experimental in nature, any of these designs may
be used; pretest- posttest control group design; posttest-only control group
design, and modifications of these two basic design. When the study is a survey
in nature, any these designs may be used: one-shot survey, one group pretest-
posttest, and status group comparison.

Respondents
The word respondents are used in a survey study while the word
subjects is used in an experimental study. Whether they are called respondent
or subjects, these are the people who participated in the study. The following
questions should be answered; how many subjects were involved in the study?
What were their characteristics (age, sex, educational attainment, religious
affiliation and others)?
Sampling Procedure
There are six types of Sampling Procedure. Sampling states how the
subjects were chosen or recruited. The sampling procedure may be (a) simple
random sampling, (b) systematic random sampling, (c) stratified random
sampling, or (d) cluster sampling € multi-stage sampling, and (f) purposive
sampling.
a. Sample random sampling
If the researcher knows the names of the respondents, he can use
this method. All he has to do is roll pieces of paper containing their
names or house numbers. The researcher places the rolled papers
in a box, shakes it and every time he picks a name, he jots it down.
He repeats this until he gets the desired number of respondents,

b. Systematic random sampling

The sample needed in a given universe is first determined. Once it
is set, the person which will determine the sample are determined.
Assuring that the total universe is 5,000 and we decided to get 10%
sample this means that we have to get 500 respondents. To get the
sample, we should divide the total population with the expected
number of sample. In our example, we should have divided 5,000
by 500. Our first sample then is number 10 in the list. Then we get
every 10th person in the list, e.g. 20, 30, 40, and so on until we get
500.

Stratified Random Sampling

This technique is used when the universe is already classified according
to educational attainment, year, rank and others,

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 Cluster Sampling
The cluster sampling is used when the heterogeneous groups occupy
certain areas in a place. Examples are the upper income class staying in Forbes
Makati City while lower income residents staying in Smokey Mountain in Tondo.

Multi stage technique

Is useful if conducting nationwide surveys or any large-scale surveys
involving a big universe. The researcher may randomly select only half of the
total provinces in the Philippines. The population of these provinces will still be
too big to be included in the sample, so we randomly sample half of the
municipalities is very big. So we randomly select half of the barrios under each
municipality. We found that the population is still big, so we finally decided on
randomly selecting only half of the total population in each barrio. This type of
sampling technique, which involves several stages, is called multistage random
sampling.

Instruments

There are many instruments that can be used in research. The first
instrument is the interview schedule and another is the questionnaire. The
interview schedule is used by an interview doing an interview session while the
questionnaire is accomplished by the respondent. There other instruments that
can be used in a research study. These are the standardized or teacher made
test, attitude scales and others.

Procedure
The procedure explains how the study or experiment was carried out. One
way to write the procedure section is to report everything step by step in
chronological order.

Presentation and Interpretation of Results

The results should tell the readers what the researcher found out. A brief
summary of the principal findings should be stated in words. Interpretation of the
data collected should follow. This is a very important step in arriving at valid
conclusions and providing sound conclusions.

Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter sums up the entire study. It gives a brief discussion of the
problem, methodology, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. In the
recommendation, the researcher points out which aspects of the study still needs
further improvement.

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 III. References

This section contains the references and appendixes. The

reference/bibliography contains an alphabetical listing of reference cited and/or
used in the study. The appendixes contain materials and/or documents used in
the study, but could not be presented in the body.

Apply

Activity 2:
Look for a sample of research report then critique and revise the parts of it.

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Name: ___________________________________ Date: _________________
Year/Section: ___________________________ Score: ________________

Directions: Provide a simple explanation in every question.

1. Define what research report is.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the parts of a research and how each part is written.

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you must have:

 identify the elements of business letter;
 determine the essential parts of a business letter; and
 compose a letter using one of the business letter formats.

Introduction

The language of the business letter is highly specialized. Business letters

are terms specifically designed to cater to a definite reader because
communication is important. Well-written, it can be an instrument that “can iron
out business deals or negotiations at once” (The World of Word Power 2, 1997).

Activate

Activity 1:
1. Design your own letter head.
2. Rewrite the following:
 Heading
December 21, 2004, Angeles City Sto. Rosario Dona Theresa B.
Building
 Inside address and salutation
Dr. Azucena Villar
Madam:
Chair
Department of Science
University of Santo Tomas
 Complimentary close and signature
Miss Consuelo C. Layug
Sincerely yours,
Dean, College of Nursing
St. Paul University

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 Acquire

Writing the Business Letter

Writing a letter is part of

everyone’s life. We write letters to
our families and friend and we called
friendly or social letters.
When applying for a job,
inviting speakers, a letter to a college
official, giving reports or ordering a
merchandise, these are called
business letters. The business letter www.youtube.com
is formal, structured, direct, and concrete.
Whenever you write letters especially business or official letters, you apply
the principles of effective composition. A good business letter is essentially a
good composition.

Purposes of Business Letters:

Business letters vary according to the purpose of the writer. They are
written:
1. To convey a message
2. To give essential information
3. To elicit a response
4. To give an impression of the organization’s goal, name, and reputation

Characteristics of a Business Letter

1. The business letter must elicit response from the reader
2. It must give the impression of goodwill
3. It must exude courtesy and sincerity
4. It must reflect careful organization and attention to every detail

Basic Elements of Business Letter

Clarity

The business letter must be clear, straightforward or direct to the point.

Examples:
I am willing to order…
I am cancelling…

Conciseness

Ideas must be completely expressed by using the least number of words.

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 Examples:

Wordy Concise Form

Accordingly so
Based on the fact because
At present writing now
From the point of view of for
In view f the foregoing therefore
With the result that so that
To summarize the above in summary
The only difference being that except

Consideration

Use the “you” point of view.

Examples:
You may wish to consider the following offer…
I would like to refer you the following…

Courtesy

Always use polite expressions to show respect

Examples:
Dear Sir: or Dear Madam:
Thank you so much for your benevolence…
Sincerely yours,
Concreteness

Choose words that are vivid, specific descriptions that may appeal to the
senses.
Example:
The 40 first year Information Technology students will visit
your company on March 10, 2010.

Cheerfulness

Positive expressions always signal lively disposition in life.

Examples:
I am indeed happy to inform you that…
It is my pleasure to consider your request…

Correctness

Facts must be accurate, figures, spelling, grammar, format, etc.

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 Example:
I wonder if you can send us two boxes with 20 pieces each
of surgical masks.

Character

It must show the writer’s own style of uniqueness in writing as reflected in

his/her:

Over-all style
Choice of words
Format

Essential parts of Business Letter

A business letter has seven essential parts namely:

1. The heading and the date line

-consist the name of organization or company and address of the
sender with zip code and the date when the letter is written

2. The inside address

-this shows the name of the receiver, his designation and address

3. The salutation
-this refers to the opening words of the letter, as Sir, Dear Sir. This
is punctuated with colon (:)

4. The body
-this refers to the entire message of the letter.

5. The complimentary close

-this is the closing expression of courtesy as, Truly yours,
Respectfully yours, which is punctuated with comma (,)

6. The signature
-this refers to the signature over the printed name of the sender
with designation, if any.

7. The special parts

 Enclosure line-this indicates that a separate document is enclosed.
 c.c. notation (carbon copy) under this line is the name of the
personnel to whom a copy of the letter is furnished.

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Heading and Dateline

1. Conventional Heading
 Adopted when a plain bond paper (without letterhead) is used in
writing the letter
 According to Parhurst (1963), “The fine line of the heading
should between two and a half inches below the top of the
paper for medium length letters. If the letter is short, the first line
of the heading should appear two to eight spaces lower on the
paper in the case of a longer letter.”
 The heading usually contains the address of the letter sender
and the date. The first line of the heading contains the number
of the house and the name of the street.
 The second line contains the name of the town, the province,
city or the state
 The last line of the heading contains the date, usually written
with the month, day, and year. It may also be written with the
day first, then the month, and the year.
Example: 468 St. Raphael Street

Millionaire’s Village

January 08, 2009

2. Modern Heading
 The modern heading makes use of the letterhead
 Many institutions use stationaries that have been especially
printed for them with their name and address at the top of the
page. In such cases, the mailing address is no longer necessary
since it is already contained in the letterhead.
 The dateline should be placed in either of the two positions,
centered on the page two spaces below the city or state names
printed on the letterhead or placed halfway between the
letterhead and the inside address.
Example:

Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges
Southern Iloilo Polytechnic College
Western Visayas College of Science and Technology- Miagao Cmpus
Miagao, Iloilo

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Inside Address
 Also referred to as the introductory or the complimentary
address
 Includes the full name and business address of the recipient of
the letter.
 In its simplest form it is made of three lines, and in its most
detailed from, it consists of six lines, the most common form,
however, is made up of three lines.
 The first line of the inside address includes the recipient’s name
and title, the name of the office or department, if any, the name
of the company or institution, and the street address, city,
province or state
 The recipient’c name should always include the proper title such
as Mr. (if the man has no professional title), Miss (for an
unmarried woman), or Ms. (for a woman whose marital status is
unkown).
 Misses is recommended when addressing two or more
unmarried women

Examples:
Mr. Carlo M. Garcia Bro. Andrew N. Gonzales, President
Assistant Manager Linguistic Society of the Philippines
WCG Chemical Company De La Salle University
Jaro, Iloilo City Taft Avenue, Manila

Salutation
 An expression of greeting for the purpose of establishing rapport and
putting the reader in a friendly frame of mind
 It is usually written two spaces below the last line of the inside address
and even with the left hand margin
 It is always followed by a colo (: )
Examples:

A. Very Formal Sir: Madam:

B. Formal My dear Sir: My dear madam:
C. Less Formal Dear Sir : My dear Mr. Reyes:
Dear Mr. Cruz:
Dear Madam:
My dear Mrs. Reyes:
Dear Miss Sanchez:
D. Friendly Dear Bobby, My dear Robert,
Dear Lizza, My dear Sandra,

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Body
 the body of the letter is the most important part of the letter because it
contains the message which the sender wants to convey
 it starts two spaces before the opening salutation
 For a letter to become presentable and dignified, the single space is
usually used. In short letters however, double spacing is used to give
breathe.
 Double space is also used between paragraphs regardless of whether the
lines within the paragraph are single or double spaced.
 The body of the letter is made up of three parts: the introduction, the
message proper, and the conclusion.

Example:
This has reference to the project “Pole- vaulting to the 21st Century
through Science Education” now officially named Project ROSE (Rescue
Operation for Science Education).

As agreed upon during the consultation held last August 26, 2010,
State Colleges and Universities will submit a profile of their faculty
member who can bae tapped as trainers for the program as well as their
commitment as to the schedule and number of trainees each one can
handle.

In this connection, may we please request you to fill up the

attached forms and send it back to us on or before March 2011. These will
be presented on the 2nd Pole- vaulting Workshop on Project ROSE on
April 02, 2011 at Holiday Inn, Manila.

Thank you and we hope for your favorable consideration of this

request.

Complimentary Close
 A way of saying goodbye to the addressee and may also be a formal way
of ending your letter
 It is usually written two spaces below the body
 Only the first word in the complimentary close is capitalized and it is
always followed by a comma

Example:
Very truly Yours, Respectfully yours,
Very sincerely yours, Sincerely yours,
Very cordially yours, Cordially yours,
Very faithfully yours, Faithfully yours,
Yours truly, Yours respectfully,

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Signature
 Every letter should a legible signature
 The signature is found below the complimentary close
 The typewritten name should be in all capital letters

Examples:
Very Truly Yours, Sincerely yours,

Philip B. Santos Connie G. Galupar

PHILIP B. SANTOS CONNIE G. GALUPAR, Ph. D.
Manager Campus Dean

Format of a Business Letter

The following are the common business letter formats

1. Full Block Form

2. Block Form
3. Semi Block or Modified Block Form
4. Indented or Traditional Form
5. Hanging or Overhanging Form

____________
____________
____________

____________
____________
Full Block Form ____________

This style is efficient for the _____________

writer is not bothered to indent. ___________________________________________________
All lines are flushed to the left ___________________________________________________

hand margin of the page. ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

_____________

____________
____________

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 ___________
___________
___________

____________
____________
____________
Block Form
_____________ In the Block form, the heading, the
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
complimentary, close and the signature are
______________________________________________
found at the right half of the page while the
______________________________________________ inside address, the salutation, and the
____________ paragraphs are written at the left side, even
____________
____________
with the left margin.

___________
___________
___________

____________
____________
____________

Semi Block Form _____________

The modified block differs from the ______________________________________________
______________________________________________
block from in only one respect each
______________________________________________
paragraph is indented. ______________________________________________

____________

____________
____________

___________
__________
_________
Indented or Traditional Form
____________
____________
____________ In the intended form, each line of the
_____________ heading and the inside address is
__________________________________ uniformly indented either three or five
____________________________________________
_______________ spaces more than line which precedes
__________________________________ it. Beginnings of paragraphs are also
____________________________________________
_______________ indented while the complimentary close
__________ in in line with dateline. The signature is
____________ written three spaces to the right.
____________

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 __________
__________
__________
Hanging or Overhanging Form
____________
____________
In the hanging or overhanging form, the ____________
heading, the inside address, and the _____________
signature follow the block form while ________________________________________________
beginnings of paragraphs are even with _____________________________________________

the left margin. All other lines in the ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________
paragraph are indented five spaces from __________
the left margin. ____________
____________

Apply

Activity 2:

Use the modified block form in rewriting this letter.

Wonderful Company December 7, 2017

55Main Street
White Plains, NY 10601 Dear Ms. Hernandez:

Ms Jane Hernadez Sincerely,

President
Fabulous Company
100 Broad Avenue
White Plains, NY 10601

I live around the corner from the offices of Fabulous Company. As a neighbor,
I know how truly fabulous Fabulous Company is. Not only do you produce a
fabulous product, you give back to the community. I am a big fan of your
annual community drive.

I am writing to let you know Wonderful Company, a business I recently

launched that also produces a wonderful product. I am certain if we put our
heads together, we can find synergies between our two companies and find
ways to work together that are mutually beneficial.

Could I call on you for a strategy meeting? Thank you in advance for your
response.

John Smith
President
Wonderful Company

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Name: _______________________________________ Date: ______________
Year/Section________________________________ Score: _______________
Directions: Write your answers in order.
1. Identify the elements of business letter.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Determine the essential parts of a business letter.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. Write a letter using the full block form.

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 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you must have:

 relate on how to write business letters correctly; and
 demonstrate the ability to write business letters.

Introduction

In the professional world, you will often need to write a business letter.
From applying to a new job, writing a letter of inquiry, sending an invitation, there
are many circumstances that will require an appropriately formatted letter or
email.

When you write a business document, you must assume that your
audience has limited time in which to read it and is likely to skim. Your readers
have an interest in what you say insofar as it affects their working world. They
want to know the “bottom line”: the point you are making about a situation or
problem and how they should respond.

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 Activate

Activity 1:

This is an example of a professional business letter. Rewrite and fill in what are
missing.

(name) Agriculture College

(Street Address)
(City, State)
June 17, 2020

(The Company Name)

(Street Address)
(City, State)

Sir/Madam:

The January 2020 issue of the Philippine Agricultural Digest contained an

advertisement of your lightning Fixtures. The article said that further information
will be given upon request.

In this connection, will you please furnish me with more information regarding
its manufacture, cost and other features.

Hoping for your immediate reply.

Thank you.

Yours truly,

(name)

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 Acquire

Here, you'll find a list of business letter examples for a variety of

employment and business-related correspondence, as well as tips for how to
write an appropriate and effective business letter. Use these samples as a
starting point when you have to write your own letter.

One should remember the eight C’s to construct an effective business,

namely:

Clarity

Consideration

Courtesy

Concreteness

Cheerfulness

Correctness

Character

Types of Business Letters

The common types of business letters are the following:

The letter of inquiry is written for the purpose of seeking information

regarding a product, a service rendered, price list of books and catalogs,
name of dealers and other information or even Use inquiry letters to request
meetings and to inquire about job opportunities that haven't been
advertised. These letters are a way to get your foot in the door at a
prospective employer who hasn't publicly listed available jobs. This type of
a letter should be polite and concise. It contains the query to the information
being sought and an expression of the writer’s appreciation.

Letter of Inquiry and Reply

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Here are some pointers in writing a letter of inquiry.
 State clearly and specifically what is wanted or the main facts about the
request. If there are more than three queries, use a number list.
 Give the reason for the inquiry or how will you use the requested
information.
 Include an expression of appreciation. A simple “Thank you” is enough.
 Include a self-addressed, stamped envelope with the letter of inquiry sent
to an individual who has to pay for the postage when giving his own reply.

33 Mabini Street
Cabanatuan City
June 18, 2016

Educational Capital Corporation

7th Floor Concorde Condominium
Legaspi Village, Makati City

Attn: Mr. Vince Tiamson

Head, ECC Marketing

Gentleman:

I was enrolled as a founding member in your corporation

sometime in 2000. Since then, I have not received any form of
communication as to the development of ECSLA.

What benefits could be availed of by the members as of

today?

I shall in no end appreciate your kindness in updating me

with present status of the corporation.

Truly yours,

RENATO J. TOMAS
Founding Member

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 A letter of reply to the inquiry provides the information requested in a
letter of inquiry. It should be handled promptly, cheerfully, and efficiently
regardless of whether the information whether to satisfy the reader with an
action that fulfill their request or refused.

Letter of Reply to the Inquiry

The following guide will help in responding a letter of reply.

 The letter sender should be tanked for showing his/her interests in your
company, product or service. It means that you are given a promising,
valuable business opportunity.
 Give the information requested/needed and if necessary add relevant
materials. Make sure you know first-hand what information is in there.
 Show your willingness to be of further assistance. That’s why you should
treat each and every inquiry with care and respect.
 Enclose booklets, leaflets and brochures if they are available.

EDUCATIONAL CAPITAL CORPORATION

7th Floor Concorde Condominium
Legaspi Village, Makati City

June 30, 2016

Atty. Renato J. Tomas

33 Mabini Street
Cabanatuan City

Dear Sir:

Thank you for getting in touch with us this instant.

In its seven year of operation, the Educational Capital Savings and Loan
Association has grown by leaps and bounds.

We shall be glad to send you the brochure which contains vital

information on its development together with the information on what benefits the
members may avail of.

Thank you for having revived your interest in this matter.

Truly yours,

VINCE TIAMSON
Head, ECC Marketing

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 An eminent person speaking as a guest speaker in any convention is
something that everyone looks forward to. In writing a letter of invitation to a
well-known speaker to be present at a certain event. the following pointers
should be considered:

Letter of Invitation

Present the invitation by stating the details of the event such as name of
the club or association, and the time and the location of the meeting or gathering.
Mention the attainments or qualifications of the speaker that make his
presence so desirable and would be an honor to the host. Suggest the subjects
that you wish the speaker to discuss, the hour and how much time is allotted o
him in the program to speak on this particular matter.
Express anticipation and hope for a positive response from the speaker.
For the example below, you may fill in the needed information.

[Sender’s Name]
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]

[Letter Date]
[Recipient’s Name]
[Address line]
[State, ZIP Code]

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

I am inviting you to our company's/school's [name of the event] on [date] at [location].

Every year we celebrate the said event to [mention reason for the event.]

To have you as our guest speaker would be an honor to the people who will be there and the whole
organization.

We would like to hear your ideas on how you have overcome adversities in the past and turned
them into success.

It is also our pleasure to inform you that we will take care of your flight and hotel reservation.

Please contact our office at [phone number] and look for [name] if you have any questions.

We look forward to your response, and we hope you'll accept the invitation.

Sincerely,

[Sender’s Name]
[Sender’s Title] -Optional

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 Letter of acceptance is used to acknowledge or confirm that you have
received and well understood the message sent to you at first. In accepting
an invitation to speak in a program or seminar, the letter of acceptance must
be prompt.

Letter of acceptance

The following should be included in a letter of acceptance:

 Indicate your pleasure in accepting. The tone should be polite.

308, Via Maximo,
 Name your topic or subject. Make sure you mention that you
Carlsbad, CA,
understand every aspect of the given topic.
United States  You may restate the day and hour of speech.
 You may suggest how much time you intend to speak.
 End on a positive note that expresses your confidence and offers
September 23, 2011 additional assistance, as appropriate.

Casey Hopper
Seminar Coordinator
J.S. Foundation,
West Palm Beach, Florida
United States

Dear Ms. Hopper:

I write to you because I would like to inform you of my intention to accept your invitation to me to be your guest
speaker in your class symposium and seminar about political situation of our country. It is an honor to me to be
given such invitation and I am very glad to accept it.

I am expecting to get an opportunity to interact with experts and participants around the country. This is a good
platform to learn new things. I enjoy the atmosphere and activity going on in the seminar.

I hope I will be able to impart to your audience particularly the students my knowledge about the subject and
exceed your expectations.

Thank you very much and I am looking forward in seeing you soon.

Sincerely,

Dustine Rey

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A written or printed message signifying one’s intention or interest to render
services for some kind of remuneration or consideration. Job seekers
create application letters, also called cover letters, to send to prospective
employers in an attempt to get an interview. There are two types of
application letter. If a job is advertised and available, the person sends a
solicited application letter. If the job was not announced, the person sends
an unsolicited application letter hoping there might be an open position
within a company.

Application Letter

Guides in writing a Letter of Application

1. Tell how you learned about the position or the source of the information of
the job. (this applies to the solicited type). A job applicant may learn about
a job vacancy through advertisements, in newspapers, radio, television or
from other people.
2. State at the beginning of the letter that you are applying for the position.
You can also explain the reason for wanting a job, point out the possessed
qualities and qualifications: your capability, talent, positive attitude and
desire for the job.
3. Mention your personal background and educational qualifications (degree
and school where you obtained your degree, work experiences, the
examinations you have passed, seminars attended and other related
qualifications.
4. Mention at least two or three reference persons whom you know (their
names, position and address). They may be of help in backing you up in
your application. However, you should inform them that you include their
names as references in your application letter.
5. Indicate your willingness to undergo a personal interview at the
prospective employer’s convenience which is usually required by most
employers.
6. Give your contact number (either landline or mobile phone, or both)

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 Two Types of Letter of Application:

 Solicited is an application letter sent response to an advertisement

or an information from the reliable source.

12 Jones Street
Portland, Maine 04101

August 11, 2020

Mark Smith
Human Resources Manager
Veggies to Go
238 Main Street
Portland, Maine 04101

Dear Mr. Smith,

Through my former coworker, Jay Lopez, I learned about your opening for a
general manager in your Illinois offices. I would like to apply for the position. I am
a long-time Veggies to Go customer and an experienced admin, I would love to
help the company achieve its mission of making healthy produce as available as
takeout.

I am a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Management at Portland University. I

have attended seminars on management and leadership namely: “Unleashing
the Strategic Leader: The Move from Operational Manager to Strategic and
Innovative Leader”, “People Handling Skills”, “Project Management Skills”,
Effective Business Writing”, and High Impact Selling: Strategies and Skills for
Sales Excellence”. I am confident that I am qualified. Currently, I am an Assistant
Manager at Beauty Corp. I also learned web design, time sheet coding, and
perfected my Excel skills.

May I refer you to the following persons for my personal integrity, credibility,
honesty and scholastic capability.

Olivia Smith
General Manager
Beauty Corp., South Portland, Maine, United States

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Henry Brown
Marketing Director
Vistra Global Services Provider, Buxton, Maine, United States

William Jones
MSI Global Transformation Solutions
Chief Technology Officer, Scarborough, Maine, United States

I’ve attached my resume for your consideration. Should an interview be desired I

am willing to report to your office anytime at your convenience. I can be reached
at 482-1034.

Favorable action towards my application will be highly appreciated.

Respectfully yours,

Elizabeth Johnson (signature)

Elizabeth Johnson

 Unsolicited letter of application is given on a “hit or miss” attempt.

It is when a job seeker who walks into an office, trying his luck but
not knowing whether there is a job vacancy or not.

45 The Street
Hindolveston, North Norfolk, England

Mr. Allen Foster

Manager-Human Resource
R&R Export and Import Company
841 Howards Road
98432 Brinton, Norfolk, England

May 10, 2014

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Dear Mr. Foster,

I am writing to inquire about the possible opening at R&R Export and Import
Company for the position of manager marketing.

I am Mr. Daniel Gregg working as a marketing officer in Shipping Export and

Imports, Queensland from the period of 8 months. I finished Bachelor of Science
in Marketing and Management at University of East Anglia. I am presently
enrolled in the master’s program major in Foreign Trade and International
Marketing in the same school and hope to graduate in school year 2015.

I have pursued my two-year certification course in Export and Imports. In the last
year of my course I have enrolled internship in Shipping Export and Imports.
Hence, I am familiar with custom tax and all the rules and regulation of import-
export trading procedure along with the challenges and strategies of this market.
I am enthusiastic to discover opportunities that would merge my marketing
expertise and knowledge of the trading.

For further information, as to my qualifications and character, may I refer you to

the following people, with whom I had the occasion to work at various times.

Oliver Taylor
Marketing Executive
Evans Digital Marketing Agency
Hammersmith, London

George Roberts
Marketing Manager
Wilson Marketing & Trading
Birmingham, West Midlands

I have enclosed all my necessary documents, credentials of work experience as

well as qualification along with this application letter. It would be a pleasure for
me to discuss in which way my skills could be productive to your company. I look
forward to hearing from you.

Thanking You.

Sincerely yours,

Daniel Gregg(signature)
Mr. Daniel Gregg

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 Apply

Activity 2:

Write a letter of inquiry asking for the price and subscription terms of Popular
Electronics. For inquiries, write GERNSBACK PUBLICATIONS, 500 Bicountry
Boulevard Inc., Farmingdale, New York, 11735.

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Name: _______________________________________ Date: ______________
Year/Section__________________________________ Score: _____________

Directions: Write an application letter. It may be solicited or unsolicited.

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 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you must have:

 recall the general principles in writing resume; and
 develop the skill of preparing resume.

Introduction

When you’re applying for a job, you don’t have the benefit of being able to
introduce yourself in person, answer questions about what you do, or make a
personal impression. So, your resume has to do that talking for you.
Your resume is a much focused, targeted version of you—the best version
of your professional self, for the job opportunity you’re seeking.

Activate

Activity 1: Answer the following.

1. Think that you have already graduated in college. For two years, you have
worked for the same company and aiming for more. List down the position you
wanted and your desired company.

2. List all of your good qualities, skills that will make you stand out when finding
your desired job.

3. Write down what you may have achieved or accomplished, organizations/clubs

you’ve joined, and work experiences (internship or part-time jobs).

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 Acquire

A resume is a written presentation or a brief summary of one’s

qualifications for employment. It usually includes one’s personal
qualifications, educational background, work experiences, as
well as related skills and talents.
Your resume is your introduction to a potential employer. It may
be enclosed with an application letter and may be given to a
potential employer before or during an interview. A neat and
presentable resume will make it easy for a company to evaluate
one’s qualifications. A potential employer will be more likely to
respond by setting you for an interview fi your resume makes a
good impression.

What is a resume and why it is

important to a job applicant?

There are two kinds of resumes, namely:

Functional

It emphasizes the applicant’s professional skills rather than his

educational background. Functional resumes are written when one’s skills are
more relevant than his educational background to the job he wants or when his
employment background is not substantial. It may start with a summary of
qualifications followed by a list of a candidate's skills and examples of using
those skills.

For example, you might say, "Managed the sales department of five staff
members. Increased sales by 25% in six months."

When to use a Functional Resume?

If you have non-traditional work experience — or a lack of relevant work
experience entirely — the functional resume format may be the right
choice for you.
You have long periods of unemployment. If a timeline of your career
doesn’t illustrate steady professional progression, a functional resume is a
good choice.
You’re switching industries. In particular, you’re making a transition out
of the field that makes up most of your work experience.

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 You want to highlight specific professional skills rather than your
experience.
Functional Resume example
Sandy Jones
1300 University Street
San Diego, CA 99999
(000) 111-2222
[email protected]

OBJECTIVE: Motivated, detail-oriented graphic designer seeking to leverage

design skills, writing skills, and social media experience into an experience-
building internship in graphic design.

SKILLS
Creative visual design
Completing projects on deadline
Branded social media communication
Ability to work in a variety of environments
Working with clients and colleagues to complete projects on spec and on
deadline
Software: Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign
Bilingual: French and English

EDUCATION
Bachelor of Arts in Communications
Bachelor of Arts in Graphic Design
University of San Diego, May 2010
Activities: Campus Happenings Magazine (layout and design for print and digital
content)

Memorial High School, San Diego, CA, High School Diploma

Activities: Student Soapbox student newspaper (reporter and layout artist)

EXPERIENCE
Franklin’s Pub April 2007 – August 2009

Server/Social Media coordinator

Handled Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram accounts for the restaurant
Acted as a brand ambassador for the restaurant
Served customers and handled cash transactions
Provided cheerful, courteous service to all customers

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 Chronological (work history)

This is different from a functional

resume. A chronological resume displays
a timeline of your work experience with
brief explanations of each job or A
summary the applicant’s employment
history from the most recent going
backward.

A chronological resume works best thebalancecareers.com

if one has a solid or impressive job history or substantial academic
accomplishments. A chronological resume is also called curriculum vitae (CV).
Scholars and high-ranking specialists use CV’s to present record of their work
experiences, publications, workshops and conferences attended and
professional affiliations. Depending on one’s achievements, his or her CV may be
10 or more pages long. As a result, the focus is shifted from job titles and the
amount of time that has passed to the actual skills you possess.

When Not to Use a Chronological Resume

Although many employers prefer a chronological resume, there are times
when it’s not the right choice. A few examples:

When you’re just beginning your career:

The chronological resume format will not work well if you are new to the
workforce. You may have all the skills required and applicable experience
outside the realm of paid work, such as volunteering and internships. But if you
choose a chronological resume, the hiring manager will only see your lack of paid
work experience, not your abilities. In this case, a functional resume, which
emphasizes skills over linear job experience, will help you make your case.

When you’re changing careers:

Many employers will put your resume in the “no” pile if they see that you
do not have directly relevant work experience. Choose another style, such as a
functional resume that focuses on your skills and experience or a combination
resume, which lists both your skills and your work history.

When you have gaps in your work history:

Maybe you’ve been unemployed for a long period of time, or have taken
time out of the workforce to care for young children or ailing family members.
Regardless of why you’ve been out of the workforce, choosing a format that
displays what you can do, rather than your work history, will help you make the
best impression.

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When you’ve frequently changed jobs:
Employee loyalty is a thing of the past, and for good reason: very few
employers keep workers for the whole of their careers anymore. However, too
many job changes can look bad to hiring managers, who don’t want to invest
time and money training an employee who’s going to jump ship. If you have a
history of job hopping, a chronological resume probably isn’t the best fit.

Terry Perkins
101 Main Street
New York, NY 12121
111*222*3333
[email protected]
LinkedIn: T.Perkins.linkedin.com

QUALIFICATIONS SUMMARY
 Experienced leader guiding a large team of customer service managers and
representatives.
 Proven track record of providing top-notch customer service and support for
more than 20 years.
 Specialize in implementing customer feedback systems to improve service
and boost customer relationships and provide better service.
 Consistently positive and dedicated attitude in working with customers and
internal stakeholders, forming strong relationships both within the company
and with external customers.

WORK EXPERIENCE
Global Communications Inc.

Director of Customer Service (2014 – present)

Senior Customer Service Representative (2008 – 2014)

Customer Service Associate (2001-2008)

 Manage a team of 25+ Customer Service Representatives.

 Serve as an escalation point for customers with challenging issues.
 Monitor and analyze monthly call volume reports, and identify trends.
 Refine customer service processes to improve customer experience and
outcomes.
 Analyze and report business trends and employee statistics on a monthly
basis.
 Manage all hiring for the department.
 Work closely with other departments within the company to ensure proper
handling of customer service issues.

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Customer Service Representative (1999 – 2001)

 Worked directly with customers via phone to address questions, product

issues, and order issues.
 Developed a personal Excel tracking system to ensure comprehensive
follow-up with customers.
 Worked with management and team members to incorporate customer
feedback and improve the customer service experience.
Communications Conglomerate

Office Assistant (1997 – 1998)

 Provided administrative support for the Regional Director of Sales.

 Tracked sales data, collating monthly reports.
 Prepared financial reports.

SKILLS
 Customer service
 Complex problem solving with diverse types of customers
 Communicating with internal and external parties
 Time management
 Developing and implementing best practices
 Microsoft Office suite
 Call triage management software
 Sales Tracker software

EDUCATION
Anderson Business School, Leadership Training Seminar (completed May 2016)

University of South Beach, Bachelor of Arts in Communications, 1996

How to write a Resume

As an applicant, how do you write your resume?
Begin your resume with your name, address,
telephone number/mobile phone number and e-mail
address. Be sure that your address and telephone
number are current. Indicate the position or type of
position in which you are interested. Then list down www.forbes.com
our works experiences, beginning with the most recent. Give the names and
addresses of past employers, dates of employment, and a brief description of
your duties and functions, indicate any skills related to the job you’re applying for,
and mention any volunteer work and similar activities.

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 Next, list down the names and locations of all schools and training
programs you have attended since high school. Include your attendance dates
and major subjects plus any degrees, diplomas, and honors you have received, if
any. Make sure that your educational data are up-to-date. Finally, list down any
hobbies, interests, or other information that may be relevant to the job you want.
There is no need to give your age and civil status or you whether or not you have
children.
Many employers ask for the names and addresses of personal references,
that is, people the employer may contact to learn more about you. Some job
applicants list three or four personal references in their resumes, while others
indicate that such references are available upon request.
Along with your resume, submit an application letter stating your interest in
particular job. Emphasize your skills and experiences, and show why you are
qualified for the position.
Remember. Do not exaggerate your accomplishments. Be honest in describing
your background and skills. If the employer notices that you’re giving
unnecessary or untrue details, he might lose interest in you, and will ruin your
chances of being employed.

Resume Reminders:
 Use plain English. A busy employer has neither time nor patience to read
complicated documents, so write in a simple and direct manner.
 Use short sentences. Even fragments and phrases are acceptable un
resumes.
 Use bullets or numbers so that the reader can easily keep track of details.
 Avoid using the pronoun “I” because it sounds too proud. It’s understood
that you are the one talking in your resume and nobody else.
How to Organize a Resume:

1. Heading - this includes the applicant’s name, address, zip code,

telephone number and e-mail address.
 Position the heading at the top of the first page, either centered or
at left-hand margin.
Example:

2. Objective- This is optional but if one wants to be specific, he may sum up

his job target and his matching qualifications in two or three sentences.
 After the heading, list your objective or type of position you are
seeking.

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  The objective can be specific or general depending on your
experiences and training record. You can write what makes you
well-suited to this job or why you’re seeking this particular job.

3. Education attainment- provides information on the schools one has

attended as well as his academic degrees and distinctions, and the year
he obtained them.
A brief summary of your educational may follow the section headed
Experience if you are currently employed. If you have just graduated and
have no work experience, the education section may follow your objective.
 Use the section heading Education.
 List first the school you attended most recently
 Include the name of the school and the year attended.
 List any additional courses and training programs you may have
completed that are relevant to the job you are seeking.

4. Experience- This provides a detailed account of the applicant’s duties and

responsibilities in his previous or present jobs. This gives the prospective
employer an idea of his skills and competencies.
 Use the section heading Experience.
 List your most recent job first
 Include the dates of employment, the names and addresses of
employers, job titles and job descriptions. If currently employed,
use PRESENT for the end date of your first entry.
 State the major responsibilities and accomplishments of your
present/previous position. These may include projects completed,
production records broken, increased earnings for the company
and number of persons supervised. Be sure to describe your
achievements, not those of your company’s.
 Full sentences are not necessary. Cut the subject of the sentence
and begin with the verb.

5. Related activities
 Related activities include school, civic and personal activities that
may interest an employer because they demonstrate personal
qualities such as leadership, civic or fiscal responsibilities or other
desirable experiences.
 Do not mention membership in purely social clubs or organizations
unless you held office or served as an active member of a
committee.,

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  Include memberships in academic professional or business
organizations if they are related to the jobs you are seeking.
 List involvements in student, government, or civic affairs if it shows
qualities or experiences related to the job you are seeking.

Apply

Activity 2:

Write a functional resume using what you have listed in activity 1.

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Name: ________________________________________ Date: _____________

Year/Section________________________________ Score: ______________

Directions: Write a chronological resume.

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