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Unit I OSI Model

The OSI Model, created by the International Standards Organization, serves as a framework for understanding how different networking technologies interact, comprising seven layers each with specific functions. The TCP/IP Model, a related protocol suite, includes layers such as Application, Transport, and Internet, facilitating communication between networked computers. Both models emphasize the importance of data delivery and the roles of various protocols in ensuring effective communication across networks.

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38 views9 pages

Unit I OSI Model

The OSI Model, created by the International Standards Organization, serves as a framework for understanding how different networking technologies interact, comprising seven layers each with specific functions. The TCP/IP Model, a related protocol suite, includes layers such as Application, Transport, and Internet, facilitating communication between networked computers. Both models emphasize the importance of data delivery and the roles of various protocols in ensuring effective communication across networks.

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suryasahoo396
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI Model

 OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection


 Created by International Standards Organization (ISO)
 Was created as a framework and reference model to explain how different
 networking technologies work together and interact
 It is not a standard that networking protocols must follow
 Each layer has specific functions it is responsible for
 All layers work together in the correct order to move data around a network

The interaction between layers in the OSI model

Unit I- OSI Model By DPPati (mob 8917240314) Page 1


Application Layer
 Contains all services or protocols needed by application software or operating
system to communicate on the network
 FTAM(file transfer,access,mgmt) - Allows user to access files in a remote host.
 Mail services - Provides email forwarding and storage.
 Directory services - Provides database sources to access information about
various sources and objects.

Examples
o –Firefox web browser uses HTTP (Hyper-Text Transport Protocol)
o –E-mail program may use POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) to read e-mails
and SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol) to send e-mails

Unit I- OSI Model By DPPati (mob 8917240314) Page 2


Presentation Layer
It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of information exchanged between two systems.

 Translation – Different computers use different encoding system, this layer is


responsible for interoperability between these different encoding methods. It will
change the message into some common format.
 Encryption and decryption-It means that sender transforms the original
information to another form and sends the resulting message over the n/w. and
vice versa.
 Compression and expansion-Compression reduces the number of bits contained
in the information particularly in text, audio and video.

Unit I- OSI Model By DPPati (mob 8917240314) Page 3


Session layer
 Dialog control - This session allows two systems to enter into a dialog either in half
duplex or full duplex.
 Synchronization-This allows to add checkpoints into a stream of data.

This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications.

.
Transport Layer
 It is responsible for Process to Process delivery.
 It also ensures whether the message arrives in order or not.

 Port addressing - The header in this must therefore include a address called port
address. This layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that
computer.
 Segmentation and reassembly - The message is divided into segments and each
segment is assigned a sequence number. These numbers are arranged correctly on
the arrival side by this layer.
 Connection control - This can either be connectionless or connection-oriented.
The connectionless treats each segment as a individual packet and delivers to the
destination. The connection-oriented makes connection on the destination side
before the delivery. After the delivery the termination will be terminated.
 Flow and error control - Similar to data link layer, but process to process take
place.

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Network Layer
It is mainly required, when it is necessary to send information from one network to another. The
other responsibilities of this layer are
 Logical addressing - If a packet passes the n/w boundary, we need another addressing
system for source and destination called logical address.
 Routing – The devices which connects various networks called routers are responsible
for delivering packets to final destination.

Data Link Layer


It is responsible for transmitting frames from one node to next node.

 Framing - Divides the stream of bits received into data units called frames.
 Physical addressing – If frames are to be distributed to different systems on the n/w
,data link layer adds a header to the frame to define the sender and receiver.
 Flow control- If the rate at which the data are absorbed by the receiver is less than the
rate produced in the sender ,the Data link layer imposes a flow ctrl mechanism.
 Error control- Used for detecting and retransmitting damaged or lost frames and to
prevent duplication of frames. This is achieved through a trailer added at the end of the
frame.
 Access control -Used to determine which device has control over the link at any given
time.

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Physical Layer
The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium.
The physical layer is concerned with the following:
 Physical characteristics of interfaces and media - The physical layer defines
thecharacteristics of the interface between the devices and the transmission medium.
 Representation of bits - To transmit the stream of bits, it must be encoded to signals.The
physical layer defines the type of encoding.
 Data Rate or Transmission rate - The number of bits sent each second – is also
definedby the physical layer.
 Synchronization of bits - The sender and receiver must be synchronized at the bit
level.Their clocks must be synchronized.

Unit I- OSI Model By DPPati (mob 8917240314) Page 6


TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

 A protocol suite is a large number of related protocols that work together to allow
networked computers to communicate

Application Layer
Application layer protocols define the rules when implementing specific network
applications
Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and efficient data delivery
Typical protocols:
o FTP – File Transfer Protocol for file transfer
o Telnet – Remote terminal protocol For remote login on any other
computer on the network
o SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol For mail transfer
o HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol For Web browsing
Encompasses same functions as these OSI Model layers Application Presentation
Session

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Transport Layer
TCP &UDP
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
o Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender and receiver
o TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually exists – also called
virtual circuit
UDP provides the functions:
o Dividing a chunk of data into segments
o Reassembly segments into the original chunk
o Provide further the functions such as reordering and data resend
Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service
Functions the same as the Transport layer in OSI
Synchronize source and destination computers to set up the session between
the respective computers
Internet Layer
The network layer, also called the internet layer, deals with packets and connects
independent networks to transport the packets across network boundaries. The network
layer protocols are the IP and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which is
used for error reporting.
Host-to-network layer The Host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP reference
model. It combines the link layer and the physical layer of the ISO/OSI model. At this Layer ,
data is transferred between adjacent network nodes in a WAN or between nodes on the same
LAN.

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Unit I- OSI Model By DPPati (mob 8917240314) Page 9

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