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CD Prog 5

The document outlines several programs using Yacc and Lex for recognizing valid arithmetic expressions, variable names, and implementing a calculator. It also includes a program for code optimization techniques, detailing algorithms and compilation steps for each program. Each section concludes with a successful execution result of the respective programs.

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Ranjith Kumar
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68 views7 pages

CD Prog 5

The document outlines several programs using Yacc and Lex for recognizing valid arithmetic expressions, variable names, and implementing a calculator. It also includes a program for code optimization techniques, detailing algorithms and compilation steps for each program. Each section concludes with a successful execution result of the respective programs.

Uploaded by

Ranjith Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

GENERATE YACC SPECIFICATION FOR A FEW SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES

A) PROGRAM TO RECOGNIZE A VALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION THAT USES


OPERATOR +, - , * AND /.

ALGORITHM:

1. Accept the token generated in lex part as input


2. Specify order of procedure
3. Define rules with end point
4. Parse input string from standard input by calling yyparse() by main function
5. Print the result of any rules matches
6. If none of results defined matches print “invalid expression”
COMPILATION STEPS:

$ lex exp.l
$ yacc –d exp.y
$ cc lex.yy.c y.tab.c –ll –ly
$ ./a.out

PROGRAM:

Yacc<Exp.y>

%token NUMBER ID NL
%left '+' '-'
%left '*' '/'
%%

stmt : exp NL { printf(“Valid Expression”); exit(0);}


;
exp : exp '+' exp
| exp '-' exp
| exp '*' exp
| exp '/' exp
| '(' exp ')'
| ID
| NUMBER
;
%%

int yyerror(char *msg)


{
printf(“Invalid Expression\n”);
exit(0);
}
main ()
{
printf(“Enter the expression\n”);
yyparse();
}

Lex<Exp.L>

%{
#include “y.tab.h”
%}
%%
[0-9]+ { return NUMBER; }
[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]* { return ID; }
\n { return NL ;}
. { return yytext[0]; }
%%

RESULT:
Thus the program for validating arithmetic expressions using Yacc is implemented and executed
successfully.

B) PROGRAM TO RECOGNIZE A VALID VARIABLE WHICH STARTS WITH A LETTER


FOLLOWED BY ANY NUMBER OF LETTERS OR DIGITS.

PROGRAM:

Yacc<Let.Y>

%token DIGIT LETTER NL UND


%%
stmt : variable NL { printf(“Valid Identifiers\n”); exit(0);}
;
variable : LETTER alphanumeric
;
alphanumeric: LETTER alphanumeric
| DIGIT alphanumeric
| UND alphanumeric
| LETTER
| DIGIT
| UND
;
%%
int yyerror(char *msg)
{
printf(“Invalid Expression\n”);
exit(0);
}
main ()
{
printf(“Enter the variable name\n”);
yyparse();
}

Lex<Let.L>

%{
#include “y.tab.h”
%}
%%
[a-zA-Z] { return LETTER ;}
[0-9] { return DIGIT ; }
[\n] { return NL ;}
[_] { return UND; }
. { return yytext[0]; }
%%

RESULT:
Thus the program is executed successfully.

.
C) IMPLEMENTATION OF CALCULATOR USING LEX AND YACC

PROGRAM:

Lex<Cal.L>

%{
#include"y.tab.h"
#include<math.h>
%}
%%
([0-9]+|([0-9]*\.[0-9]+)([eE][-+]?[0-9]+)?) {yylval.dval=atof(yytext);return
NUMBER;}
log |
LOG {return LOG;}
In {return nLOG;}
sin |
SIN {return SINE;}
cos |
COS {return COS;}
tan |
TAN {return TAN;}
mem {return MEM;}
[\t];
\$ return 0;
\n|. return yytext[0];
%%

Yacc<Cal.Y>

%{
double memvar;
%}
%union
{
double dval;
}
%token<dval>NUMBER
%token<dval>MEM
%token LOG SINE nLOG COS TAN
%left '-' '+'
%left '*' '/'
%right '^'
%left LOG SINE nLOG COS TAN
%nonassoc UMINUS
%type<dval>expression
%%
start:statement'\n'
|start statement'\n'
;
statement:MEM'='expression {memvar=$3;}
| expression{printf("Answer=%g\n",$1);}
;
expression:expression'+'expression {$$=$1+$3;}
| expression '-' expression {$$=$1-$3;}
| expression '*' expression {$$=$1*$3;}
| expression '/' expression
{
if($3==0)
yyerror("divide by zero");
else
$$=$1/$3;
}
|expression'^'expression {$$=pow($1,$3);}
;
expression:'-'expression %prec UMINUS{$$=-$2;}
|'('expression')'{$$=$2;}
|LOG expression {$$=log($2)/log(10);}
|nLOG expression {$$=log($2);}
|SINE expression {$$=sin($2*3.14/180);}
|COS expression {$$=cos($2*3.14/180);}
|TAN expression {$$=tan($2*3.14/180);}
|NUMBER {$$=$1;}
|MEM {$$=memvar;}
;
%%
main()
{
printf("Enter the expression");
yyparse();}
int yyerror(char *error)
{
printf("%s\n",error);
}

OUTPUT:

[linuxpert@fosslab ~]$ vi cal.l


[linuxpert@fosslab ~]$ lex cal.l
[linuxpert@fosslab ~]$ yacc -d cal.y
[linuxpert@fosslab ~]$ cc lex.yy.c y.tab.c -ll -lm
[linuxpert@fosslab ~]$ ./a.out

Enter the expression(5+2)*(3-1)/(2)


Answer=7

RESULT:
Thus the program to implement calculator using LEX and YACC tool is executed successfully
and output is verified.
6. IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMPLE CODE OPTIMIZATION
TECHNIQUES
AIM:
To write a C program to implement Code Optimization Techniques.

ALGORITHM:

Input: Set of ‘L’ values with corresponding ‘R’ values.


Output: Intermediate code & Optimized code after eliminating common expressions.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
struct op
{
char l;
char r[20];
}
op[10],pr[10];
void main()
{
int a,i,k,j,n,z=0,m,q;
char *p,*l;
char temp,t;
char *tem;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Number of Values:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("left: ");
op[i].l=getche();
printf("\tright: ");
scanf("%s",op[i].r);
}
printf("Intermediate Code\n") ;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%c=",op[i].l);
printf("%s\n",op[i].r);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
temp=op[i].l;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
p=strchr(op[j].r,temp);
if(p)
{
pr[z].l=op[i].l;
strcpy(pr[z].r,op[i].r);
z++; }}}
pr[z].l=op[n-1].l;
strcpy(pr[z].r,op[n-1].r);
z++;
printf("After Dead Code Eliminationn");
for(k=0;k<z;k++) {
printf("%ct=",pr[k].l);
printf("%sn",pr[k].r);
}
for(m=0;m<z;m++) {
tem=pr[m].r;
for(j=m+1;j<z;j++) {
p=strstr(tem,pr[j].r);
if(p) {
t=pr[j].l;
pr[j].l=pr[m].l;
for(i=0;i<z;i++) {
l=strchr(pr[i].r,t) ;
if(l) {
a=l-pr[i].r;
printf("pos: %d",a);
pr[i].r[a]=pr[m].l; }}}}}
printf("Eliminate Common Expression\n");
for(i=0;i<z;i++)
{
printf("%c\t=",pr[i].l);
printf("%s\n",pr[i].r);
}
for(i=0;i<z;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<z;j++)
{
q=strcmp(pr[i].r,pr[j].r);
if((pr[i].l==pr[j].l)&&!q)
{
pr[i].l='\0';
strcpy(pr[i].r,'\0');
}
}
}
printf("Optimized Code\n");
for(i=0;i<z;i++)
{
if(pr[i].l!='\0')
{
printf("%c=",pr[i].l);
printf("%s\n",pr[i].r);
}
}
getch();
}

INPUT & OUTPUT:


Enter the Number of Values:5
left: a right: 9
left: b right: c+d
left: e right: c+d
left: f right: b+e
left: r right: f
Intermediate Code
a=9
b=c+d
e=c+d
f=b+e
r=f

After Dead Code Elimination


b=c+d
e=c+d
f=b+e
r=f

Eliminate Common Expression


b =c+d
b =c+d
f =b+b
r =f
Optimized Code
b=c+d
f=b+b
r=f

RESULT:
Thus the program for code optimization is implemented and executed
successfully, and the output is verified.

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