International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Big Data in Telecommunications

Matthew N. O. Sadiku1, Paul A. Adekunte2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
2
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Matthew N. O.

Big data and the technologies it relies on, such as AI and ML, are the Sadiku | Paul A. Adekunte | Janet O.
driving force behind progress in the telecommunications industry. Sadiku "Big Data in
Telecommunications companies have always managed enormous Telecommunications" Published in
International
volumes of network activity data and find ways they can put it to
Journal of Trend in
good use. Big data for telecom is the fuel that can and will drive the Scientific Research
entire industry toward higher revenues and better customer service. and Development
Telecom companies must be able to collect this massive amount of (ijtsrd), ISSN:
data from different sources, analyze it, and distribute the insights to 2456-6470,
disparate databases. This paper examines the roles of big data and big Volume-8 | Issue-6, IJTSRD71573
data analytics in telecommunications. December 2024,
pp.243-252, URL:
KEYWORDS: big data, big data analytics, telecommunication www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd71573.pdf
industry
Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
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Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)

INTRODUCTION
Every day, massive amounts of data are collected strategy because of the vast amount of data it gathers
using various methods, and that amount is sometimes during normal business operations. The integration of
so large that it is hard to process and analyze using big data analytics has revolutionized various facets of
traditional means. Data consumption by users and the telecom industry, from enhancing customer
data generation by corresponding software systems experiences to ensuring regulatory compliance and
are steadily growing year to year. This huge trove of optimizing network operations [3].
data is now presented under the umbrella term “big The world has seen a digital revolution where more
data.” We are in the big data age, where businesses in and more work is being conducted online. Storing this
every industry must deal with vast volumes of data. activity has led to the concept of big data, i.e., large
Several experts and practitioners have lately datasets that are otherwise difficult to manage.
emphasized the need of understanding how, why, and Because of these characteristics, big data requires
when big data applications may be a valuable new technologies and techniques to capture, store,
resource for businesses seeking a competitive edge. and analyze. Telecom companies generate huge
The cloud word for big data is shown in Figure 1 [1]. volumes of data from mobile phone usage, call detail
In today’s digital age, the telecom industry has records, server logs, network equipment, social
become a crucial pillar for global connectivity and networks, and billing. The number of data sources is
communication, noted for its complex infrastructure, growing as well. Typical sources of big data are
as shown in Figure 2 [2]. Big data in the telecom shown in Figure 3 [4]. The telecommunications
industry encompasses a wide range of information, industry is making significant strides in technological
including customer profiles, call records, network advancements, and big data analytics (BDA) is
logs, location data, social media interactions, and playing a crucial role.
more. The telecom industry is a leader in big data

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WHAT IS BIG DATA? include the HACE theorem, cloud computing,
Big data applies to data sets of extreme size (e.g. Hadoop, and MapReduce [9].
exabytes, zettabytes) which are beyond the capability
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIG DATA
of the commonly used software tools. It involves
Big data is growing rapidly and expanding in all
situation where very large data sets are big in volume, science and engineering, including physical,
velocity, veracity, and variability [5]. The data is too
biological, and medical services. Different companies
big, too fast, or does not fit the regular database
use different means to maintain their big data. As
architecture. It may require different strategies and shown in Figure 5 [10], big data is characterized by
tools for profiling, measurement, assessment, and 42 Vs. The first five Vs are volume, velocity, variety,
processing.
veracity, and value [2].
Big Data is essentially classified into three types [6]:
 Volume: This refers to the size of the data being
 Structured Data: This is highly organized and is generated both inside and outside organizations
the easiest to work with. Any data that can be and is increasing annually. Some regard big data
stored, accessed, and processed in the form of as data over one petabyte in volume.
fixed format is known as a structured data. It may
be stored in tabular format. Due to their nature, it  Velocity: This depicts the unprecedented speed at
is easy for programs to sort through and collect which data are generated by Internet users, mobile
data. Structured data has quantitative data such as users, social media, etc. Data are generated and
age, contact, address, billing, expenses, credit processed in a fast way to extract useful, relevant
card numbers, etc. Data that is stored in a information. Big data could be analyzed in real
relational database management system is an time, and it has movement and velocity.
example of structured data.  Variety: This refers to the data types since big
 Unstructured Data: This refers to unorganized data may originate from heterogeneous sources
data such as video files, log files, audio files, and and is in different formats (e.g., videos, images,
image files. Any data with unknown form or the audio, text, logs). BD comprises of structured,
structure is classified as unstructured data. Almost semi-structured or unstructured data.
everything generated by a computer is  Veracity: By this, we mean the truthfulness of
unstructured data. It takes a lot of time and effort data, i.e. weather the data comes from a reputable,
required to make unstructured data readable. trustworthy, authentic, and accountable source. It
Examples of unstructured data include Metadata, suggests the inconsistency in the quality of
Twitter tweets, and other social media posts. different sources of big data. The data may not be
 Semi-structured Data: This falls somewhere 100% correct.
between structured data and unstructured data,  Value: This is the most important aspect of the
i.e., both forms of data are present. Semi- big data. It is the desired outcome of big data
structured data can be inherited such as location, processing. It refers to the process of discovering
time, email address, or device ID stamp. hidden values from large datasets. It denotes the
The different types of big data are depicted in Figure value derived from the analysis of the existing
4 [7]. data. If one cannot extract some business value
from the data, there is no use managing and
The process of examining big data is often referred to storing it.
big data analytics. It is an emerging field since
massive computing capabilities have been made On this basis, small data can be regarded as having
available by e-infrastructures [8]. Big data analytics is low volume, low velocity, low variety, low veracity,
the application of advanced analytic techniques to and low value. Additional five Vs has been added
large, heterogeneous data sets that comprise [11]:
structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data  Validity: This refers to the accuracy and
from many sources with sizes ranging from terabytes correctness of data. It also indicates how up to
to zettabytes. date it is.
Analytics include statistical models and other  Viability: This identifies the relevancy of data for
methods that are aimed at creating empirical each use case. Relevancy of data is required to
predictions. Data-driven organizations use analytics maintain the desired and accurate outcome
to guide decisions at all levels. Several techniques through analytical and predictive measures.
have been proposed for analyzing big data. These

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 Volatility: Since data are generated and change at  Network Optimization: Network optimization
a rapid rate, volatility determines how quickly stands as a cornerstone for telecom companies
data change. aiming to enhance service quality, maximize
efficiency, and meet the ever-growing demands of
 Vulnerability: The vulnerability of data is
users. It entails complex and quick evaluation of
essential because privacy and security are of
large volumes of data in real-time mode. Big data
utmost importance for personal data.
helps telecom operators in optimizing the quality
 Visualization: Data needs to be presented of provided services by integrating network
unambiguously and attractively to the user. optimization. When combined, network
Proper visualization of large and complex clinical telemetry, CDRs, data statistics, and equipment
reports helps in finding valuable insights. alerts enable communications service providers
Instead of the 10V’s above, some suggest the (CSPs) to set up and maintain effective network
following 5V’s: Venue, Variability, Vocabulary, self-diagnostics and self-configuration tools. With
Vagueness, and Validity) [12]. big data analytics, telecom companies can
monitor their network performance. For example,
Industries that benefit from big data include the companies can record and gather issues raised by
healthcare, financial, airline, travel, restaurants, users from a particular area and look for solutions
automobile, sports, agriculture, and hospitality to resolve these issues, such as improving the
industries. Big data technologies are playing an connectivity.
essential role in farming: machines are equipped with
sensors that measure data in their environment.  Operational Analysis: Companies can use big
Structured and unstructured data are generated in data for both analyzing and modifying operations
various types [13-15]. as the need arises. Analysis can also be used to
monitor the telecom’s usage of resources and
BIG DATA IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS thereby prevent waste, which leads to savings of
INDUSTRY both resources and money. Real-time operational
Big data analytics is revolutionizing the analysis also helps set the timetable for data
telecommunication industry by enabling targeted updates and define other parameters so a
marketing and enhancing customer behavior insights. company can best adapt the data analysis system
This technology continues to be integral in shaping to their unique business requirements.
the future of telecom, providing innovative solutions.
Figure 6 shows the big data impacts on  Data Monetization: Big data collected by telcos
telecommunications industry [16], while Figure 7 can be sold to or shared with third parties
illustrates big data analytics use cases in interested in monetizing it. Big data allows
telecommunication industry [17]. Telecom startups companies to gather a lot of user-related
and companies can take advantage of big data information, like demographics and location info,
analytics in the following main areas [18,19]: network and application usage, details about used
devices, various preferences, and more. After
 Customer Experience: Big data analytics in the processing, this data has value that extends
telecom industry can help companies improve beyond the companies that gathered them,
customer experience. Maintaining a current opening a possibility for data monetization.
customer relationship is considerably cheaper Telecom companies can sell this data – without
than acquiring a new one, and this improves the violating users’ privacy – to companies from
company's profitability in the long term. other industries like healthcare, financial services
Processing big data can help with personalizing or advertising. For example, insurance companies,
the customer experience. It also empowers marketing agencies, banks, and other financial
telecoms to streamline their service portfolios, institutions may be interested in the behavior of a
design, and implement new features, and provide particular cohort of users, which will help them
the best customer support possible. For example, optimize their service offerings, and, thus, boost
a telecom company can collect information from big data monetization in telecoms.
users regarding various service issues and then
create an automated chatbot that will assist  Fraud Detection: Most fraud cases in the telecom
customers to resolve these issues immediately industry are illegal access, fake profiles,
whenever possible. Figure 8 shows a typical authorization, cloning, or behavioral fraud. Each
Telco customer [20]. of these frauds affects the relationship established
between the company and the customer directly.
Therefore, fraud detection tools and techniques

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are needed. Big data analytics helps to monitor can develop data-driven products with internal
behaviors in real-time, thus preventing fraud. This feedback and marketing strategies. Big data
technique has extremely high efficiency because analytics use cases in telecom companies can
it allows an almost real-time response to any greatly assist with data-driven product
suspicious activity. AI tools working on top of development, internal feedback, and marketing
layers of accumulated and constantly updated intelligence.
relevant big data help telcos live up to high
BENEFITS
security standards and retain their customer base.
Big data can help the telecom industry in a myriad of
Cybercriminals are raking millions of dollars by
ways. Big data is helpful for telecom operators in
employing sophisticated scams across different
optimizing the quality of provided services by
geographies and vanishing even before the
integrating network optimization. Companies can
communication service provider knows. The
harness big data’s potential by investing in custom
revenue lost through Telco fraud amounts to
data solutions that will help them with optimizing
billions of dollars each year.
analytics to increase profitability. Big data opens up a
 Price Optimization: The number of customers in sea of opportunities in the telecom industry, including
the telecom industry customers is growing improved customer experience, fraud detection,
extremely fast. Therefore, pricing optimization network optimization, risk mitigation, data
becomes an important factor. The telecom monetization, and more. If done right, big data is the
industry is rife with cutthroat competition among fast route to customer retention, growing subscriber
different service providers, competing to have the base, and profitability. Other benefits include [21]:
largest subscriber market share. Product pricing is
 Improved Customer Experience: Competition
a key factor for operators competing to gain more
within the telecom industry is fierce. Rival
subscribers. Telecoms use big data technologies
companies are always seeking opportunities to
to review several real-time metrics and settle on a
win over clients in ways besides decreasing prices
particular product’s price. For example, an
or offering bonuses. And that is what makes big
operator may announce that users would get free
data so appealing; it opens new possibilities in
minutes daily for calls made at a particular time
improved customer experience, more
frame under a particular voice bundle
personalized marketing, reducing churn rate, and
subscription. This sort of product offering comes
generating new streams of revenue. Big data
about after analyzing data sources and then
allows telecom companies to gather and
deriving actionable insights from them. The
categorize vast amounts of user information,
providers can set the optimal service prices to
enabling them to personalize customer
gain and retain customers.
experiences. By analyzing customer data, telecom
 Customer Churn Prevention: Churn rate, also companies can provide proactive assistance,
known as attrition rate, refers to the percentage of resolve issues quickly, and offer tailored services.
customers that stop using a particular service
 Targeted Products: Out of the customer micro-
within a forecast period. In a recent study, the
segments, you can tailor targeted and relevant
telecom industry has a churn rate of 21 percent,
product offerings that entice the customer. By
closely linked to poor customer service. Engaging
leveraging customer behavior patterns, billing
new customers takes a lot of time and effort, and
information, and issue resolution data, telecom
so does retaining customers. Companies have to
companies can not only resolve customer
analyze customers’ behaviors and take
problems and improve services but also target
corresponding actions to prevent customer churn.
customers with relevant offerings. For example, a
Telecom data analytics use cases give insights
customer who makes frequent calls to a specific
into this data, help disclose customers’ feelings
country can be targeted with a specific marketing
regarding services they receive, immediately
campaign in real-time.
address satisfaction issues, and prevent churn.
 Predictive Capacity: Big data can also help with
 Product Development: Developing a product is a
developing predictive capacity models to predict
complex process requiring proper control and
network problems that may arise in the future.
management. It is a time-consuming. However,
This includes predicting peak network loads and
the integration of big data analytics ensures high-
allocating adequate network resources to relieve
performing and quality products for the
congestion.
consumers, as per their needs and requirements.
As a result of telecom data analysis, companies

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 Personalized Offers: Telecoms can use big data to scenarios with the data available can always be a
segment customers into special categories based preventive way of reducing churn.
on their network usage data. This helps them
 Network Security: Network security is of
present deeply personalized offers and services to
paramount importance in the telecom industry,
the respective customer micro-segments,
given the sensitivity and value of the data
promoting customer retention and halting
transmitted over telecommunications networks.
growing churn trends.
Big data analytics serves as a powerful tool for
 Targeted Marketing: Under target marketing, the identifying and mitigating security threats,
companies utilize big data network analytics in enhancing cybersecurity measures, and
telecom to provide consumers with customized safeguarding network integrity and data
services on the basis of their purchase history, confidentiality
preferences, and feedback. Technology also helps
 Data Governance: Data governance is very
companies identify customer behavior by
essential to protect the data and assets of telecom
evaluating their service usage.
operators. It refers to the policies and procedures
 Preventive Diagnostics: Preventive diagnostics adopted in order to define how data assets could
involve identifying the pattern of the service be accessed and manipulated and by whom in the
behavior to avoid system failures. Business organization. A common mistake that telecom
analytics in telecom industry performs preventive operators makes is that they confuse data quality
diagnostics to analyze consumer intention management, which comprises activities for the
 Enhanced Customer Experience: The ultimate improvement of data quality, and data
goal of telecommunication is to build a positive governance. This can be explained by the close
customer experience. By using data analytics connection between data governance and data
systems, companies can use big data analytics quality management results from a data
system that uses comprehensive analysis to perspective as a company asset.
provide creative workflows using infographics. CHALLENGES
Besides, it also allows the industries to Like any other industry, the telecom industry is faced
personalize the customer experience by sorting with many challenges. Competition in the
and separating the data into diverse categories. telecommunications market has never been more
 Predictive Analysis: The predictive analysis vicious. The industry has every chance of beating
applied by telecom companies uses historical data these challenges. These challenges include the
to predict future behaviors and get valuable following:
insights into customer data. With gathered  Predicting Churn: Churn, the number of
insights, companies can become faster, more customers leaving a service, poses a significant
efficient, and better. It also helps with making challenge for telecom companies. Big data
data-driven decisions. For example, by analyzing analysis allows companies to understand the
customer preferences, companies can have a reasons behind churn, such as service quality,
better understanding of each customer. network issues, social media trends, price
changes, and unresolved queries.
 Customer Segmentation: The content and strategy
need to be tailored to the specific market.  Detection of Fraud: The most common types of
Therefore, telecom companies segment their fraud in the telecom business include
customers and then target campaigns accordingly. unauthorized access, false profiles, authorization,
Segmentation and targeting help with predicting duplication, behavioral fraud, and more. Fraud
customers’ needs, preferences, and reactions to has a direct impact on the relationship that has
services and products. been built between the organization and the user.
As a result, big data analytics aids in real-time
 Predicting Churn: Churn refers to is a measure of monitoring and fraud prevention. This technology
the number of individuals or items moving out of is extremely efficient since it enables real-time
a collective industry over a specific period response to any suspicious activity.
making it a real issue of any business or industry.
This can be due to several reasons like quality of  Talent Capability: Talent capability in the context
service, network issues, social media trends, of analytics refers to the expertise of data analyst
availability of other better options, sudden price or scientists in executing tasks related to big data
hikes, unresolved queries. Understanding such analytics. This capability is one of the defining
components in creating and sustaining a

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competitive advantage. A close relationship https://customerthink.com/global-examples-of-
between data scientists and other people within telecom-companies-using-big-data-analytics/
the organization can be very important. Figure 9
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Figure 1 The cloud word for big data [1].

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Figure 2 The telecom industry is noted for its complex infrastructure [2].

Figure 3 Typical sources of big data [4].

Figure 4 Types of big data [7].

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Figure 5 The 42 V’s of big data [10].

Figure 6 Big data impacts on telecommunications industry [16].

Figure 7 BDA use cases in telecommunication industry [17].

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Figure 8 A typical Telco customer [20].

Figure 9 Big data analytics talent capability pillar [22]

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