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Assignment 4 of C.A

The document discusses harmonic functions, defining them as twice continuously differentiable functions that satisfy the Laplace equation. It also covers conjugate harmonic functions and provides an example demonstrating that u(x, y) = sinh x cos y is harmonic, along with its conjugate function v(x, y) = cosh x sin y + C. Additionally, it outlines properties of analytic functions and gives examples of functions that are analytic in the complex plane.

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5 views14 pages

Assignment 4 of C.A

The document discusses harmonic functions, defining them as twice continuously differentiable functions that satisfy the Laplace equation. It also covers conjugate harmonic functions and provides an example demonstrating that u(x, y) = sinh x cos y is harmonic, along with its conjugate function v(x, y) = cosh x sin y + C. Additionally, it outlines properties of analytic functions and gives examples of functions that are analytic in the complex plane.

Uploaded by

monatiliya0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASSIGNMENT 4

SUBMITTED TO
MAM BISMA
SUBMITTED BY
MINAHIL
UMAR.
70169532
DEPARTMENT
BS
MATHEMATICS
SEMESTER
5TH
SUBJECT
COMPLEX
ANALYSIS
Defining Harmonic Function
If a function u(x, y) is twice
continuously differentiable and
satisfies the Laplace equation, it
is known as a harmonic function:
∇ 2u = u xx +u yy = 0.
Or, in other words,
Thus, a function is termed as a
harmonic function if it fulfills the
criteria of Laplace’s equation.
Conjugate Harmonic Function
In the case where f(z) = u + iv is
an analytic function, “v” can be
considered as the conjugate
harmonic of “u” and vice versa.
Another way to define it is:
If f(z) = u + iv is an analytic
function, then f(z) = −v + iu is
also an analytic function, where
u and v are harmonic
conjugates.
Example:

Demonstrate that the function


u(x, y) = sinh x cos y is
harmonic. Also, find the
corresponding conjugate
harmonic function, i.e, v(x, y).

Solution:

Given function: u(x, y) = sinh x


cos y

∂u/∂x = ∂/∂x (sinh x cos y) =


cosh x cos y
And

∂ 2 u/∂x 2 = ∂/∂x (cosh x cos y) =


sinh x cos y

Now,

∂u/∂y = ∂/∂y (sinh x cos y)


= sinh x (-sin y)
. = -sinh x sin y

And
∂ 2 u/∂y 2 = ∂/∂y (-sinh x sin y)
= -sinh x cos y

Therefore,
(∂ 2 u/∂x 2 ) + (∂ 2 u/∂y 2 ) =
sinh x cos y + (-sinh x cos y) = 0

This implies that u(x, y) is a


harmonic function.

From the Cauchy Riemann


equations, we get:

∂u/∂x = ∂v/∂y
As we know,
∂u/∂x = cosh x cos y

Now, to find v, we integrate cosh


x cosy with respect to dy.

i.e. ∫ cosh x cos y dy

= cosh x ∫ cos y dy

= cosh x sin y + C

Therefore, v(x, y) = cosh x sin y


+C
If a function f(z)f(z) is complex-
differentiable for all points zz in
some domain D⊂CD⊂C,
then f(z)f(z) is said to
be analytic in DD.
The concepts of analyticity and
complex-differentiability are
closely related. It’s mainly a
matter of terminology: we speak
of a function being complex-
differentiable at a given point,
and we speak of a function being
analytic in a given domain.
Example 7.2.17.2.1
As shown in the preceding
section, f(z)=zf(z)=z is complex-
differentiable for any
point z∈Cz∈C.
hence, f(z)=zf(z)=z is analytic
in CC.
A function’s domain of
analyticity is often described
spatially, in terms of the
complex plane. For example, we
might say that a function is
analytic “everywhere in the
complex plane”, which means
the entire domain CC. Or we
might say that a function is
analytic “in the upper half of the
complex plane”, meaning for
all zz such that Im(z)>0Im(z)>0.
Common analytic functions
There is an important class of
functions which are analytic over
the entire complex plane, or
most of the complex plane.
These are functions generated
from algebraic formulas which
do not contain z∗z∗, and
involve zz in some “simple”
combination of operations like
addition, multiplication, and
integer powers.
For example, we have seen that

the function f(z)=zf(z)=z is


analytic in CC.
Likewise, f(z)=αz+βf(z)=αz+β,
where α,βα,β are complex
constants, is analytic
everywhere in CC.

Examples of analytic functions in


complex analysis include
polynomials, exponential
functions, trigonometric
functions, logarithms, and power
functions. Examples \
(f(z)=z\): This function is analytic
in the complex plane (\(C\)). \
(f(z)=\alpha z+\beta \): This
function is analytic in \(C\),
where \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \)
are complex constants. \
(f(z)=z^{n}\): This function is
analytic in \(C\), where \(n\) is a
natural number. \(f(z)=e^{z}\):
This function is differentiable for
all complex \(z\). \(f(z)=\frac{1}
{1-z}\): This function can be
represented by a convergent
power series in a neighbourhood
of each point in its domain.

Properties of Analytic Function


The basic properties of analytic
functions are as follows:

The limit of a uniformly


convergent sequence of analytic
functions is also an analytic
function
If f(z) and g(z) are analytic
functions on U, then their sum
f(z) + g(z) and product f(z).g(z)
are also analytic
If f(z) and g(z) are the two
analytic functions and f(z) is in
the domain of g for all z, then
their composite g(f(z)) is also an
analytic function.
The function f(z) = 1/z (z≠0) is
analytic
Bounded entire functions are
constant functions

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