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Logic Gates

Logic gates are fundamental components in digital systems, with types including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates, each performing specific logical operations. Universal gates, specifically NAND and NOR gates, can implement any Boolean function independently, making them more economical and easier to fabricate compared to other gates. The document also explains the operation and truth tables for each type of gate, highlighting their roles in circuit design.

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15 views14 pages

Logic Gates

Logic gates are fundamental components in digital systems, with types including AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR gates, each performing specific logical operations. Universal gates, specifically NAND and NOR gates, can implement any Boolean function independently, making them more economical and easier to fabricate compared to other gates. The document also explains the operation and truth tables for each type of gate, highlighting their roles in circuit design.

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mahfujsdp35
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Logic Gates

Logic gates play an important role in circuit design and digital systems. It is a building block of a
digital system and an electronic circuit that always has only one output. These gates can have
one input or more than one input, but most of the gates have two inputs. On the basis of the
relationship between the input and the output, these gates are named as AND gate, OR gate,
NOT gate, etc.

There are different types of gates which are as follows:

AND Gate
This gate works in the same way as the logical operator "and". The AND gate is a circuit that
performs the AND operation of the inputs. This gate has a minimum of 2 input values and an
output value.

Y=A AND B AND C AND D……N


Y=A.B.C.D……N
Y=ABCD……N

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Logic Design

Truth Table

OR Gate
This gate works in the same way as the logical operator "or". The OR gate is a circuit which
performs the OR operation of the inputs. This gate also has a minimum of 2 input values and an
output value.
Y=A OR B OR C OR D……N
Y=A+B+C+D……N

Logic Design

Truth Table

NOT Gate
The NOT gate is also called an inverter. This gate gives the inverse value of the input value as a
result. This gate has only one input and one output value.

Y=NOT A
Y=A'

Logic Design

Truth Table
NAND Gate
The NAND gate is the combination of AND gate and NOT gate. This gate gives the same result
as a NOT-AND operation. This gate can have two or more than two input values and only one
output value.

Y=A NOT AND B NOT AND C NOT AND D……N


Y=A NAND B NAND C NAND D……N

Logic Design

Truth Table

NOR Gate
The NOR gate is the combination of an OR gate and NOT gate. This gate gives the same result
as the NOT-OR operation. This gate can have two or more than two input values and only one
output value.

Y=A NOT OR B NOT OR C NOT OR D……N


Y=A NOR B NOR C NOR D……N

Logic Design
Truth Table

XOR Gate
The XOR gate is also known as the Ex-OR gate. The XOR gate is used in half and full adder
and subtractor. The exclusive-OR gate is sometimes called as EX-OR and X-OR gate. This gate
can have two or more than two input values and only one output value.

Y=A XOR B XOR C XOR D……N


Y=A⨁B⨁C⨁D……N
Y=AB'+A'B

Logic Design

Truth Table
XNOR Gate
The XNOR gate is also known as the Ex-NOR gate. The XNOR gate is used in half and full
adder and subtractor. The exclusive-NOR gate is sometimes called as EX-NOR and X-NOR
gate. This gate can have two or more than two input values and only one output value.

Y=A XNOR B XNOR C XNOR D……N


Y=A⊖B⊖C⊖D……N
Y=A'B'+AB

Logic Design

Truth Table

What are Universal Gates?


A universal gate is a logic gate which can implement any Boolean function without
the need to use any other type of logic gate.
The NOR gate and NAND gate are universal gates. This means that you can create
any logical Boolean expression using only NOR gates or only NAND gates.

In practice, this is advantageous since NOR and NAND gates are economical and
easier to fabricate than other logic gates.
So much so that an AND gate is typically implemented as a NAND gate followed by
an inverter (not the other way around)!
Similarly, an OR gate is typically realised as a NOR gate followed by an inverter.

Other logical gates – such as AND gates, NOT gates and OR gates – do not have
this property of universality. Note that combined these three logic gates can
implement all of the possible Boolean switching functions, but not individually.
Hence unlike the NOR and NAND logic gates, they are not classified as universal
gates.

Now we will look at the operation of NOR gates and NAND gates as universal
gates.
NAND Gate As A Universal Gate
The below diagram is of a two-input NAND gate. The first part is an AND gate and
the second part is a dot after it represents a NOT gate.

During the operation of the NAND gate, the inputs are first going through AND gate
and after that, the output gets reversed, and we get the final output. Now we will look
at the truth table of NAND gate.
We will consider the truth table of the above NAND gate i.e. a two-input NAND gate.
The two inputs are A and B.
NOR Gate As A Universal Gate

Operation of NOR gate

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