CCS366 - SOFTWARE TESTING AND AUTOMATION

CCS366 SOFTWARE TESTING AND AUTOMATION L T P C

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• To understand the basics of software testing
• To learn how to do the testing and planning effectively
• To build test cases and execute them
• To focus on wide aspects of testing and understanding multiple facets of testing
• To get an insight about test automation and the tools used for test automation
UNIT I FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE TESTING 6
Why do we test Software?, Black-Box Testing and White-Box Testing, Software Testing Life Cycle, V-
model of Software Testing, Program Correctness and Verification, Reliability versus Safety, Failures, Errors
and Faults (Defects), Software Testing Principles, Program Inspections, Stages of Testing: Unit Testing,
Integration Testing, System Testing
UNIT II TEST PLANNING 6
The Goal of Test Planning, High Level Expectations,Intergroup Responsibilities, Test Phases, Test Strategy,
Resource Requirements, Tester Assignments, Test Schedule, Test Cases, Bug Reporting, Metrics and
Statistics.
UNIT III TEST DESIGN AND EXECUTION 6
Test Objective Identification, Test Design Factors, Requirement identification, Testable Requirements,
Modeling a Test Design Process, Modeling Test Results, Boundary Value Testing, Equivalence Class
Testing, Path Testing, Data Flow Testing, Test Design Preparedness Metrics, Test Case Design
Effectiveness, Model-Driven Test Design, Test Procedures, Test Case Organization and Tracking, Bug
Reporting, Bug Life Cycle.
UNIT IV ADVANCED TESTING CONCEPTS 6
Performance Testing: Load Testing, Stress Testing, Volume Testing, Fail-Over Testing, Recovery Testing,
Configuration Testing, Compatibility Testing, Usability Testing, Testing the Documentation, Security
testing, Testing in the Agile Environment, Testing Web and Mobile Applications.
UNIT V TEST AUTOMATION AND TOOLS 6
Automated Software Testing, Automate Testing of Web Applications, Selenium: Introducing Web Driver
and Web Elements, Locating Web Elements, Actions on Web Elements, Different Web Drivers,
Understanding Web Driver Events, Testing: Understanding Testing.xml, Adding Classes, Packages,
Methods to Test, Test
Reports. Total Periods :30
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Yogesh Singh, “Software Testing”, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
2. Unmesh Gundecha, Satya Avasarala, "Selenium WebDriver 3 Practical Guide" – Second Edition 2018.
REFERENCES:
1. Glenford J. Myers, Corey Sandler, Tom Badgett, The Art of Software Testing, 3rd Edition,2012, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Ron Patton, Software testing, 2nd Edition, 2006, Sams Publishing.Paul C. Jorgensen, Software Testing:
A Craftsman’s Approach, Fourth Edition, 2014, Taylor & Francis Group
3. Carl Cocchiaro, Selenium Framework Design in Data-Driven Testing, 2018, Packt Publishing.
4. Elfriede Dustin, Thom Garrett, Bernie Gaurf, Implementing Automated Software Testing, 2009,
Pearson Education, Inc.
5. Satya Avasarala, Selenium WebDriver Practical Guide, 2014, Packt Publishing.
6. Varun Menon, TestNg Beginner's Guide, 2013, Packt Publishing.

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 COURSE OUTCOMES
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
CO1 Understand the basic concepts of software testing and the need for software testing.
CO2 Design Test planning and different activities involved in test planning.
CO3 Design effective test cases that can uncover critical defects in the application
CO4 Carry out advanced types of testing.
CO5 Automate the software testing using Selenium and TestNG.

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 UNIT I FOUNDATIONS OF SOFTWARE TESTING

UNIT-I / PART-A
1 Define software testing(Nov/Dec’14)
Software testing can be stated as the process of verifying and validating whether a
software or application is bug-free,meets the technical requirements as guided by its
design and development and meets the user requirements effectively and efficiently by
handling all the exceptional and boundary cases.
2 Explain how software testing contributes to cost savings in the software
development process.
Software testing identifies and rectifies defects early in the development cycle, reducing
the cost of fixing issues post-release, where costs can be significantly higher.
3 How does software testing help manage risk in software projects?
Software testing helps identify and mitigate potential risks by uncovering defects and
vulnerabilities, allowing for proactive risk management and minimizing unexpected
issues in production.
4 What is black-box testing?
The technique of testing in which the tester doesn’t have access to the source code of
the software and is conducted at the software interface without any concern with the
internal logical structure of the software is known as black-box testing.
5 What is white-box testing?
The technique of testing in which the tester is aware of the internal workings of the
product, has access to its source code and is conducted by making sure that all internal
operations are performed according to the specifications is known as white-box testing.
6 Compare and contrast the objectives of Black-Box Testing and White-Box Testing.
Black-Box Testing focuses on functionality, while White-Box Testing examines the
internal code. Black-Box aims to validate user requirements, while White-Box verifies
code structure and logic.
7 What are the different levels of software testing?
1.Unit Testing 2.Integration Testing 3.System Testing 4.Acceptance Testing
8 What is the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)?
STLC is a series of phases and activities that guide the testing process from test planning
through test execution, defect tracking, and reporting.
9 Why is test planning an important phase in the STLC?
Test planning defines the scope, objectives, and strategies for testing, ensuring that
testing efforts are well-organized and focused on goals.
10 Describe the significance of test planning in the Software Testing Life Cycle.
Test planning defines the scope, approach, and resources for testing. It ensures that
testing aligns with project goals, budget, and timelines.
11 How does the Software Testing Life Cycle interact with the Software Development
Life Cycle (SDLC)?
The STLC operates in parallel with the SDLC. While development creates software,
testing ensures its quality and correctness through various stages.
12 Why is test design a critical phase in the STLC?
Test design involves creating test cases, scenarios, and scripts based on requirements,
ensuring comprehensive test coverage.
13 What is the V-model of software testing?
The V-model is a software development and testing approach where each development
phase has a corresponding testing phase, forming a "V" shape.
14 How does the V-model promote early defect detection
The V-model emphasizes testing at each development phase, allowing for early
detection and resolution of defects, reducing the cost of fixing issues later.
15 How does the V-Model reduce post-release defects?

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 The V-Model promotes early defect detection by testing at each development phase,
reducing the likelihood of defects surfacing after release.
16 How the V-Model enhances communication between development and testing
teams?
The V-Model establishes a clear correlation between development phases and
corresponding testing phases, fostering communication by emphasizing the
interdependency of these activities.
17 What are the potential drawbacks of strictly adhering to the V-Model in software
development?
A drawback is that it can be rigid and less adaptable to changes or agile development
practices. It may not suit projects with evolving requirements.
18 What is program correctness?
Program correctness refers to the extent to which a software program meets its intended
specifications and behaves as expected.
19 What is the purpose of program verification?
Program verification is the process of formally or rigorously confirming that a program
adheres to its specifications to ensure its correctness.
20 Differentiate between verification and validation.
VERIFICATION VALIDATION
Verification is the process of evaluating Validation is the process of evaluating
software system or component to software system or component during
determine whether the products of a or at the end of the development phase
given development phase to satisfy to satisfy the conditions imposed at the
the start of that phase.
conditions imposed at the start of
that phase.
Verification is usually associated with Validation is usually associated
activities such as inspections and with traditional execution based
reviews of the software deliverables. testing.
21 Why is safety critical in industries like aviation and healthcare?
Safety is critical in such industries because software failures can lead to severe
consequences, including loss of life or critical system failures.
22 What is the difference between a software failure and a software error?
A software failure is the observable malfunction of the software, while a software error
is the part of the code where the fault (defect) resides.
23 What is integration testing?
Integration testing is the second level of the software testing process which comes after
unit testing.In this testing,units or individual components of the software are tested in a
group.The focus of the integration testing level is to expose defects at the time of
interaction between integrated components or units.
24 What is System testing?
System testing is a type of software testing that is performed on a complete integrated
system to evaluate the compliance of the system with the corresponding requirements.In
system testing,integration testing passed components are taken as input.The goal of
integration testing is to detect any irregularity between the units that are integrated
together.System testing detects defects within both the integrated units and the whole
system.The result of system testing is the observed behaviour of a component or a system
when it is tested.

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25 What is software testing principles?

1.Testing shows presence of defects.
2.Exhaustive testing is not possible.
3. Early testing.
4. Defect clustering.
5. Pesticide paradox.
6. Testing is context dependent.
7.Absence of errors fallacy.
26 What are the different types of software testing?
Sofware testing can be broadly classified into two types:
1. Manual testing:Manual testing includes testing software manually i.e. without using
any automation tool or any script. There are different stages of manula testing such as
unit testing,integration testing,system testing and user acceptance testing.
2. Automation Testing:When the tester writes scripts and uses another software to test the
product.This process involves the automation of a manual process.
UNIT I/ PART- B
1. Explain the concepts of Black-Box Testing and White-Box Testing, highlighting their
differences and use cases.
2. Describe the key phases and activities in the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) and their
importance in ensuring a robust testing process.
3. Explain the V-Model of Software Testing, how it differs from traditional development
approaches, and its role in promoting early defect detection.
4. Discuss the significance of program correctness and verification in the software
development process and the methods used to achieve them.
5. Differentiate between reliability and safety in the context of software, emphasizing their
importance in safety-critical domains.
6. Define and explain the relationship between software failures, errors, and faults
(defects) and how they impact the reliability of software systems.
7. Enumerate and elucidate the fundamental software testing principles and their
significance in the testing process
8. Define program inspections and outline their purpose, processes, and key participants
in a software development context.
9 Describe the three stages of testing—Unit Testing, Integration Testing, and System
Testing—and their respective objectives and challenges.
UNIT I/ PART- C
1. You are a quality assurance manager. You've been assigned to test a complex,
proprietary software application. How would you decide whether to use Black-Box
Testing or White-Box Testing, and why?
2. You're a software project manager leading a project where quality is paramount. How
would you utilize the V-Model to ensure early defect detection and effective testing?
3. Explain how the principle of "Defect Clustering" can guide your testing strategy for the
e-commerce platform update. How do you prioritize testing efforts based on this
principle?
4. Apply the principle of "Early Testing" to the e-commerce platform update project.
Explain how you would implement this principle.
5. Explain the concept and importance of Integration Testing in the context of the inventory
management and order processing application.

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UNIT II
TEST PLANNING

UNIT II / PART A
1 What is the primary goal of test planning in the software testing process?
The primary goal of test planning is to define the scope, objectives, approach, resources,
and schedule for testing activities in a structured and organized manner.
2 What are high-level expectations in the context of test planning, and why are they
important?
High-level expectations are the overarching outcomes or results that stakeholders
anticipate from the testing process. They are crucial because they set clear quality
standards and help align testing activities with project objectives.
3 In the context of software testing, what is the significance of high-level expectations,
and how can they be effectively communicated to stakeholders?
High-level expectations serve as the quality benchmarks and desired outcomes for a
software testing project. They are crucial because they provide a clear vision of what the
stakeholders expect in terms of software quality and functionality. Effective
communication of these expectations involves regular collaboration with stakeholders,
setting specific quality standards, and using visual aids, such as graphs or charts, to
ensure a common understanding of what is expected from the testing process.
4 Describe the complexities associated with intergroup responsibilities in software
testing, and provide an example of how misalignment in responsibilities can impact
a testing project.
Intergroup responsibilities can be intricate due to the need for effective coordination and
collaboration between various teams, such as development, testing, and quality
assurance. For instance, if there is a lack of clarity regarding who is responsible for
maintaining test environments, it can lead to delays in testing, resource conflicts, and,
ultimately, project delays. Clear delineation of responsibilities and collaboration
protocols are vital to avoid such issues.
5 What are the key test phases in the software testing life cycle?
The key test phases in the software testing life cycle typically include unit testing,
integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.
6 What is the purpose of a test strategy in software testing, and how does it guide the
testing process?
A test strategy outlines the approach, scope, objectives, and resources for testing. It
provides a high-level plan that guides the testing process, ensuring that it aligns with
project goals and requirements.
7 Why is defining resource requirements essential in test planning, and what types of
resources should be considered?
Defining resource requirements is crucial to ensure that the testing process has the
necessary people, tools, and environments. Resources to consider include test engineers,
testing tools, test data, and testing environments.
8 In the context of software testing, how do test phases evolve from the initial unit
testing to the final acceptance testing, and what are the primary objectives at each
phase?
Test phases evolve in a progressive manner. Unit testing focuses on individual
components to verify their correctness. Integration testing examines the interactions
between these components. System testing evaluates the entire software system's
functionality and performance. Finally, acceptance testing ensures that the software
meets user requirements and is ready for production deployment.

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10 What is the the role of a test strategy in a software testing project, detailing how it
influences test planning, test design, and overall project success?
A test strategy is a critical document that defines the overall approach, scope, and
objectives of the testing effort. It guides test planning by specifying what to test and how
to test it. Test design is influenced by the strategy, ensuring that test cases align with
project goals. A well-defined test strategy enhances the chances of project success by
providing a structured and organized approach to software testing.
11 In the context of resource requirements for software testing, how does the selection
of testing tools and the availability of skilled test engineers impact the testing
process, and what types of resources go beyond personnel and tools?
The selection of testing tools can significantly affect testing efficiency and automation
capabilities. Skilled test engineers can maximize the value derived from these tools
through effective usage. Resource requirements also encompass test data, which should
be representative of real-world scenarios, and testing environments, which should mimic
the production environment as closely as possible.
12 Why is it essential to have a structured and organized set of test cases for a software
application?
Structured and organized test cases ensure thorough testing coverage, help in replicating
scenarios, and enable efficient defect tracking. They act as a blueprint for validating
software functionality and are vital for achieving a high level of software quality.
13 How does a comprehensive test schedule contribute to the successful completion of
a software testing project?
A comprehensive test schedule sets clear timelines, priorities, and milestones for the
testing process. It helps in efficient resource management, timely defect identification,
and adherence to project timelines, ultimately contributing to the successful and on-time
completion of the testing project.
14 What is the importance of well-defined tester assignments in software testing?
Well-defined tester assignments ensure that each tester knows their responsibilities and
areas of focus within the testing project. It optimizes efficiency, enhances accountability,
and facilitates better collaboration among the testing team.
15 How do well-structured and organized test cases contribute to comprehensive test
coverage, and what strategies can be employed to efficiently manage a large
repository of test cases in a complex software application?
Well-structured test cases contribute to comprehensive test coverage by providing clarity
on what to test and how to test it. They enable efficient test execution and defect
tracking. In managing a large repository of test cases, strategies like categorization, test
case management tools, and regular reviews can be employed to ensure efficient
maintenance, execution, and continuous improvement of the test case repository.
16 What is the primary purpose of a bug report in software testing?
The primary purpose of a bug report is to document and communicate defects or issues
found during testing.
17 How do metrics and statistics enhance the effectiveness of software testing
processes, and what are some examples of key testing metrics?
Metrics and statistics help in quantifying testing progress, identifying trends, and making
data-driven decisions. Examples of key testing metrics include defect density, test
coverage, and mean time to failure (MTTF).
18 How can testing metrics, such as pass-fail ratios and defect density, be employed to
improve resource allocation and testing efficiency in a software testing project?
Testing metrics, like pass-fail ratios, can be used to optimize resource allocation by
identifying areas with a high density of defects. Test efforts can then be concentrated on
these areas, improving testing efficiency and directing resources where they are most
needed.

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19 Explain the critical components that should be included in a well-structured bug

report, and how does a detailed bug report benefit the software development
process?
A well-structured bug report should include components like a clear title, detailed
description, steps to reproduce, expected and actual results, and system environment
information. A detailed bug report benefits the software development process by
providing developers with precise insights into the issue, making it easier to locate,
understand, and fix the problem efficiently.
20 Explain the concept of "mean time to failure" (MTTF) in the context of software
reliability testing, and discuss its significance for measuring software stability.
MTTF is a metric that measures the average time between the occurrence of failures or
defects in a software system. It's significant for measuring software stability as it
provides an estimate of how long the system is expected to operate without critical
issues. A higher MTTF indicates greater stability and reliability.
21 In agile development, how can metrics and statistics be effectively integrated into
the development and testing processes, ensuring continuous improvement and
transparency?
In agile development, metrics and statistics can be integrated by using tools like
burndown charts and velocity charts to track progress. Teams can conduct regular
retrospectives to discuss performance metrics and identify areas for improvement. This
approach ensures transparency and facilitates continuous improvement.
22 Describe the challenges associated with relying solely on metrics and statistics for
testing effectiveness assessment, and highlight the importance of considering
qualitative factors alongside quantitative data.
Relying solely on metrics and statistics can lead to a tunnel vision approach. Challenges
include ignoring subjective aspects and overlooking user feedback. It's essential to
consider qualitative factors like user experience and feedback alongside quantitative data
to achieve a holistic assessment of testing effectiveness.
23 How can testing metrics, such as pass-fail ratios and defect density, be employed to
improve resource allocation and testing efficiency in a software testing project?
Testing metrics, like pass-fail ratios, can be used to optimize resource allocation by
identifying areas with a high density of defects. Test efforts can then be concentrated on
these areas, improving testing efficiency and directing resources where they are most
needed.
24 How can testing metrics and statistics be effectively communicated to project
stakeholders, and what benefits does transparent communication bring to a
software testing project?
Testing metrics can be effectively communicated to stakeholders through clear visual
reports and presentations. Transparent communication benefits a testing project by
providing stakeholders with visibility into progress, helping them make informed
decisions, and fostering collaboration between testing teams and project stakeholders.
25 What is "balanced scorecard" approach to testing metrics, and how it aids in
assessing the overall health and performance of a software testing process?
A balanced scorecard approach to testing metrics involves evaluating metrics from
various perspectives, such as cost, quality, and delivery. It provides a well-rounded view
of testing process performance, allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of its
overall health and effectiveness.

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UNIT II/ PART- B

1 How do intergroup responsibilities in software testing contribute to effective BL4
collaboration between development and testing teams?
2 Provide an example of a test case that belongs to the system testing phase of the software BL5
testing life cycle.
3 How does a comprehensive test strategy impact the testing process and overall project BL2
success?
4 Can you describe the resource requirements for a complex software testing project and BL4
explain how they influence the testing approach?
5 Compare and contrast the roles and responsibilities of testers and developers in the bug BL5
reporting and resolution process. What are the challenges that can arise from
misalignment in these roles, and how can they be mitigated?
6 Given a specific software testing project, develop a tailored test strategy that outlines test BL4
phases, objectives, and resource requirements to align with the project's unique
characteristics.
7 Explain the significance of including detailed steps to reproduce an issue in a bug report. BL5
How does this practice benefit both testers and developers in the software testing
process?
8 Discuss the role of effective communication between testers and developers in the bug BL1
reporting and resolution process. What strategies can be employed to enhance
collaboration and reduce communication barriers?
9 Describe the key testing metrics used to evaluate the quality of a software application. BL2
How can metrics like defect density and test coverage be used to make informed
decisions about the readiness of a software product for release?
10 Explain the concept of "mean time to failure" (MTTF) in software testing. How is it BL2
calculated, and what insights does it provide into software reliability? Provide examples
of situations where MTTF is particularly useful.
UNIT II/ PART- C
1 Imagine you're the QA manager for an e-commerce platform update. Describe how you BL4
would implement the principle of "early testing" and the "pesticide paradox" in the
testing process.
2 Develop a comprehensive test case template that includes all essential components, such BL4
as title, description, steps to reproduce, expected and actual results, and system
environment information.
3 Design a balanced scorecard for evaluating the performance of a software testing BL5
process. Include key metrics and categories for assessing testing effectiveness.
4 Given a real-world software testing project, can you outline a test strategy that includes
BL6
test phases, objectives, and resource requirements based on the project's needs?
5 Create a sample test schedule for a hypothetical software project, incorporating both
functional and non-functional testing phases, and explain the rationale behind your BL5
choices.

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UNIT III TEST DESIGN AND EXECUTION

UNIT- III /PART –A
1. What is the purpose of test objective identification in the software testing process? BL1
Test objective identification defines what you aim to achieve with testing and sets clear
goals and targets for the testing effort.
2. How does the identification of clear test objectives contribute to effective test BL4
planning?
Clear test objectives provide the foundation for creating a well-structured and organized
test plan that aligns with project goals and requirements.
3. Name some factors that should be considered when designing a test for a software BL1
application.
Factors include the complexity of the software, its functionality, the intended users,
available resources, and risk assessment.
4. How does considering the test environment impact test design decisions? BL2
The test environment influences factors like hardware, software configurations, and
network settings, all of which can affect test design choices.
5. What is the role of requirement identification in the software testing process? BL3
Requirement identification involves understanding and clarifying the specifications,
functionality, and expectations for the software being tested
6. Why is it important for test engineers to collaborate closely with business analysts BL3
and stakeholders during requirement identification?
Collaboration ensures a clear understanding of requirements, helps identify potential
ambiguities, and aligns testing efforts with business needs.
7. What are testable requirements, and why are they crucial in the testing process? BL1
Testable requirements are those that can be verified through testing. They are essential
to ensure that the software behaves as expected.
8. Provide an example of a requirement that is not testable and explain why. BL1
A non-testable requirement could be "The system should be user-friendly," as "user-
friendly" lacks specific, verifiable criteria.
9. How can modeling a test design process, such as creating flowcharts or diagrams, BL2
aid in test design?
Modeling helps visually represent test scenarios, sequences, and interactions, making it
easier to plan and design test cases.
10 Give an example of a visual representation commonly used for modeling test BL1
design.
Flowcharts, decision trees, and state transition diagrams are common examples of visual
representations used in test design
11. What is the purpose of modeling test results, and how does it contribute to test BL2
documentation?
Modeling test results helps visualize the expected outcomes of test cases and supports
clear and structured documentation of test execution.
12. What types of artifacts or tools can be used for modeling test results? BL2
Tools like test management software, spreadsheets, and reporting templates can be used
for modeling and documenting test results.
13. What is boundary value testing, and why is it an important testing technique? BL2
Boundary value testing focuses on testing values at the boundaries of input domains, as
these are often where defects are more likely to occur.
14. How do clear and concise test procedures aid test execution efficiency and reduce BL3
the likelihood of human errors during testing?
Clear test procedures provide step-by-step instructions, reducing the need for testers to
make decisions during test execution. This clarity minimizes human errors, streamlining
the testing process.
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15. Define the concept of equivalence class testing and its benefits in test design.
Equivalence class testing groups input values into classes that should produce similar
results when tested. It helps in reducing the number of test cases while providing good
coverage.
16. How can effective organization and tracking of test cases enhance project
management and ensure comprehensive test coverage?
Effective organization and tracking facilitate categorization of test cases, which helps in
prioritization and execution planning. Test case tracking ensures that each test case is
executed, contributing to comprehensive test coverage and better project management.
17. What is path testing, and how does it differ from other testing techniques?
Path testing aims to test all possible paths through a program or system, ensuring that
each path is executed at least once. It is more exhaustive than many other techniques.
18. What are some challenges associated with path testing?
Challenges include dealing with complex, multi-branching code, which can lead to a
large number of test cases and increased testing effort.
19. What is the concept of data flow testing and its relevance to identifying defects.
Data flow testing focuses on how data is transferred and manipulated within a program.
By examining data flow paths, it helps uncover potential defects related to data
handling.
20. How the effectiveness of test case design can be evaluated using metrics such as
"defects found per test case hour." What factors should be considered when
interpreting this metric?
"Defects found per test case hour" measures how efficiently test cases uncover defects.
Factors to consider include the complexity of the software, testing environment
stability,
tester expertise, and test data quality. A higher ratio indicates more effective test cases,
but it should be balanced with other quality measures.
21. What are test design preparedness metrics, and how can they assist in assessing the
readiness of test cases?
Test design preparedness metrics measure the completeness and quality of test design
activities. They help ensure that test cases are well-prepared and effective.
22. Name a common test design preparedness metric and explain how it can be used to
assess the quality of test cases.
One metric is "test case coverage," which measures the percentage of requirements or
code covered by test cases. A higher coverage indicates better test case quality.
23. Define test case design effectiveness and its relationship to testing efficiency.
Test case design effectiveness refers to the ability of test cases to find defects. Effective
test cases are those that uncover defects efficiently, maximizing testing efficiency.
24 How can test case design effectiveness be evaluated and improved throughout the
testing process?
Evaluation involves analyzing test results to see how many defects were found by each
test case. Improvement can be achieved by enhancing test scenarios and ensuring
comprehensive coverage.
25 What is model-driven test design, and how does it streamline the test case design
process?
Model-driven test design involves using formal models of software behavior to generate
test cases automatically. This approach simplifies and accelerates test case design.

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UNIT III/ PART- B

1. Explain the process of identifying test objectives in the context of a complex software
project. How do these objectives evolve throughout the project lifecycle, and why is it
important to adapt them as needed?
2. In the context of a large-scale software testing project, discuss the interplay between test
design factors like time, budget, and available resources. How can test managers make
informed decisions to balance these factors and ensure successful testing?
3. Describe the role of requirement identification in software testing, emphasizing the
importance of clear and unambiguous requirements. How can discrepancies or
ambiguities in requirements impact the quality of testing, and what steps can be taken to
mitigate such issues?
4. Define the concept of testable requirements and discuss their role in test case design.
Provide examples of requirements that are easy to test and those that pose
challenges, and explain why.
5. How does modeling a test design process using visual representations, such as flowcharts
or decision trees, enhance test case design and communication between testing teams and
stakeholders? Illustrate the advantages with a practical example.
6. Explain the significance of modeling test results and their impact on the effectiveness of
test documentation. How can visual representations of test results, such as graphs and
charts, aid in understanding and decision-making?
7. Elaborate on the concept of equivalence class testing and how it streamlines test case
design. Provide a detailed example of applying equivalence class testing to a software
feature, including the identification of equivalence classes and the creation of test cases.

8. Describe the principles and challenges of path testing, particularly in large and complex
software systems. How does path testing ensure thorough code coverage, and what
strategies can be employed to manage the complexity of path testing effectively?
9. In the context of boundary value testing, discuss the rationale for focusing on values at
the edges of input domains. Provide real-world examples of situations where this testing
technique is crucial for software reliability.
10. Explain the methodology of data flow testing and its role in identifying defects related to
data handling. Provide a practical example of data flow testing in a software system,
including the identification of data flow paths and the creation of test cases.

UNIT III/ PART- C

1. In a software testing project with multiple stakeholders, you are tasked with ensuring
effective communication and collaboration between testing teams and project
stakeholders. Describe a scenario where you use visual representations, such as
flowcharts and decision trees, to model the test design process. Explain how these visual
aids enhance communication and understanding among teams and stakeholders in this
scenario.
2. You are part of a testing team working on a large software project. Explain a scenario
where you encounter requirements that are challenging to test due to their vague or non-
testable nature. Provide examples of such requirements and discuss strategies to work
with stakeholders to make them more testable.
3. Imagine you are testing a critical financial application. Describe a scenario where you
identify specific inputs and conditions where boundary value testing is essential to ensure
the software's reliability. Provide examples and discuss the implications of not
performing boundary value testing in this scenario.

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4. In a healthcare software system designed to manage electronic health records, discuss a

complex scenario where you employ Equivalence Class Testing to validate the input and
processing of patient information. Consider various data types, such as lab results,
diagnoses, and medication records, and explain how you would ensure data accuracy and
security through this testing technique.
5. In a data-sensitive software project, describe a scenario where you use data flow testing
to identify defects related to the handling of confidential user information. Provide
examples of data flow paths and how data flow testing helps in uncovering vulnerabilities
in the system's data handling processes.

UNIT IV ADVANCED TESTING CONCEPTS

UNIT IV/ PART- A

1 What is load testing?
Load testing is a type of performance testing that evaluates a system's ability to handle
expected load, such as concurrent users, requests, or transactions.
2 Why is load testing important in software testing?
Load testing helps identify performance bottlenecks, resource limitations, and response
time issues under normal operational conditions.
3 What is stress testing in the context of software testing?
Stress testing assesses how a system behaves under extreme conditions, often exceeding
its capacity, to determine its breaking point.
4 What is the primary goal of stress testing?
The primary goal of stress testing is to discover how a system fails and to understand its
limits in terms of scalability and robustness.
5 Define volume testing.
Volume testing is a performance testing type that evaluates how a system handles a large
amount of data or a significant volume of transactions.
6 How does volume testing differ from load testing?
Load testing focuses on concurrent users, while volume testing concentrates on the data
size or volume of transactions processed.

7 What is fail-over testing, and why is it essential for high-availability

systems?
Fail-over testing examines how a system responds when one component or
server fails and another takes over. It is crucial for ensuring system resilience.
8 Provide an example of a fail-over testing scenario in a real-world application.
In a web-based email service, fail-over testing ensures that if one email server goes down,
the system seamlessly switches to another without data loss or downtime.
9 What recovery testing aims to achieve?
Recovery testing evaluates a system's ability to recover from unexpected failures or
crashes and return to normal operation with minimal data loss or disruption.
10 Why is recovery testing vital for business-critical systems?
Recovery testing ensures that important systems can quickly bounce back from failures,
reducing downtime and minimizing data loss.
11 What is configuration testing in the context of software testing?
Configuration testing verifies that a software application functions correctly on various
hardware, software, and network configurations.
12 Why is configuration testing necessary for ensuring software compatibility?
Configuration testing helps identify compatibility issues and ensures that the software
works as expected across diverse environments.

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13 Define compatibility testing.

Compatibility testing assesses how a software application performs on different devices,
browsers, operating systems, and network environments.
14 Why is compatibility testing crucial for web applications?
Compatibility testing helps ensure that a web application is accessible and functions
properly on a wide range of user devices and browser combinations.
15 What is usability testing, and what is its primary focus?
Usability testing evaluates the user-friendliness of a software application, focusing on
aspects like user interfaces, user interactions, and overall user experience.
16 What is the purpose of testing the documentation in software testing?
The purpose of testing documentation is to ensure that it accurately represents the
software, helping users, testers, and developers understand and use the system effectively.
17 What types of documentation are commonly tested in software testing?
Commonly tested documentation includes user manuals, technical specifications, test
plans, and help guides.
18 What is security testing in software testing?
Security testing assesses a software system's ability to protect data and functions from
unauthorized access, vulnerabilities, and threats.
19 Name a common security testing technique used to identify vulnerabilities in
software.
Penetration testing (pen testing) is a common security testing technique that simulates
attacks to find vulnerabilities.
20 How does testing in the Agile environment differ from traditional waterfall testing
methodologies?
In Agile, testing is iterative, integrated throughout development, and focuses on
delivering working software in short cycles (sprints).
21 What is the role of a "Scrum Master" in Agile testing, and how does it contribute to
the testing process?
The Scrum Master helps the team follow Agile principles and ensures smooth
collaboration between team members, including testers, to achieve sprint goals.
22 What is a "user story" in Agile, and how does it relate to testing?
A user story is a concise description of a software feature from an end user's perspective.
It helps define testing requirements and aligns development and testing efforts.
23 In mobile application testing, what is "device fragmentation," and why is it
important to address?
Device fragmentation refers to the variety of mobile devices with different screen sizes,
OS versions, and capabilities. It's important to address this in testing to ensure the app
functions correctly across various devices.
24 What is the primary objective of security testing in the software development life
cycle?
The primary objective of security testing is to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities and
threats to protect the system from security breaches and data breaches.
25 How can security testing help in compliance with data protection regulations
like GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)?
Security testing can identify vulnerabilities that, if exploited, could lead to data breaches.
Addressing these vulnerabilities ensures compliance with data protection regulations.

UNIT IV/ PART- B

1 Explain the differences between load testing and stress testing.
2 Can you articulate the primary goals of stress testing in a software development project?
3 Explain how you would simulate and measure the performance impact of rapidly growing
data volume on a web service.
4 Analyze the importance of fail-over testing in ensuring high availability for critical
applications.

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5 Explain in detail about configuration testing.

6 Illustrate the concept of usability testing with an example.
7 Compare and contrast compatibility testing and usability testing.
8 How does recovery testing differ from backup and restore testing, and what unique
scenarios does recovery testing address?
9 Explain the role of documentation testing in the software development lifecycle, and how
it contributes to a better user experience.
10 Describe the challenges associated with testing online help documentation, and how they
differ from testing printed documentation.

UNIT IV/PART C
1 Create a recovery testing plan for a financial system to ensure data integrity after a
system failure.
2 How would you explain the role of penetration testing in identifying vulnerabilities and
securing software applications?
3 Design an Agile testing plan for a mobile app development project, incorporating sprint
cycles, user stories, and acceptance criteria.
4 Analyze the challenges associated with testing the performance of a web application
across various browsers and suggest strategies to overcome these challenges.
5 How does the diversity of devices and browsers impact the testing process for web
applications and how is it distinct from mobile app testing?

UNIT V TEST AUTOMATION AND TOOLS

UNIT V/ PART-A

1 What is automated software testing?

Automated software testing is the use of automated testing tools and scripts to perform
test cases and verify the behavior of a software application
2 Why is automated testing important for web applications?
Automated testing for web applications helps improve efficiency, consistency, and test
coverage. It allows for repetitive tests to be executed quickly and helps catch regressions
early.
3 What are some popular automated testing tools for web applications?
Selenium, WebDriver, Puppeteer, and TestCafe are widely used tools for automating web
application testing.
4 What is the role of test scripts in automated testing?
Test scripts are sets of instructions written in a programming language or scripting
language to automate the execution of test cases.
5 How does automated testing differ from manual testing?
Automated testing is executed by scripts and tools, while manual testing is performed by
human testers. Automated testing is faster and more suitable for repetitive tasks, while
manual testing provides a more exploratory and ad hoc approach.

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6 What is regression testing, and how does automation benefit it?

Regression testing involves re-running tests to ensure that new changes or updates have
not introduced new defects. Automation helps in swiftly executing regression tests to
maintain software quality.
7 How can you select the right test cases for automation in web application testing?
Choose test cases that are frequently executed, stable, and unlikely to change frequently.
Tests that require a lot of data variations or complex user interactions are also good
candidates for automation.
8 What is the significance of test data and test data management in web application
automation?
Test data is essential to replicate real-world scenarios. Effective test data management
ensures that the right data is available for automated tests to simulate various conditions
and use cases.
9 How can automated tests be integrated into the continuous integration (CI) and
continuous deployment (CD) pipeline for web applications?
Automated tests can be triggered as part of the CI/CD process to ensure that new code
changes are thoroughly tested before deployment.
10 What is the role of assertions in automated testing for web applications?
Assertions are checkpoints within test scripts that verify whether the actual outcomes
match the expected outcomes, helping to determine test pass/fail status.
11 What is Selenium WebDriver?
Selenium WebDriver is a web automation tool that allows you to control a web
browser and automate interactions with web elements.
12 What is a web element in Selenium?
A web element in Selenium represents an HTML element on a web page, such as
buttons, text fields, links, or checkboxes.
13 Which programming languages can you use with Selenium WebDriver?
Selenium WebDriver supports multiple programming languages, including Java, Python,
C#, and more.
14 How do you initialize a WebDriver instance in Selenium using Java?
WebDriver instance can be initialized in Java using:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
15 What is the purpose of the get() method in Selenium WebDriver?
The get() method is used to navigate to a specific URL in the web browser.
16 How can you locate a web element by its ID using Selenium WebDriver?
You can locate a web element by its ID using driver.findElement(By.id("elementId")).
17 What is the CSS selector, and how can you use it to locate web elements?
A CSS selector is a pattern used to select and style HTML elements. You can use it in
Selenium with driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("selector")).
18 What is the difference between findElement() and findElements() in Selenium?
findElement() returns the first matching web element, while findElements() returns a list
of all matching web elements.
19 How do you click on a web element in Selenium?
You can click on a web element using the click() method, like element.click().
20 What is the sendKeys() method used for in Selenium?
The sendKeys() method is used to simulate keyboard input, like entering text into text
fields or text areas.
21 How can you retrieve the text from a web element using Selenium WebDriver?
You can retrieve the text from a web element using the getText() method, like
element.getText().
22 Name some of the popular web browsers supported by Selenium WebDriver.
Popular web browsers supported by Selenium WebDriver include Chrome, Firefox,
Safari, Edge, and more.
23 What are WebDriver events in Selenium?
WebDriver events are actions or occurrences during test execution, such as page loading,

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clicking, navigation, or alerts.

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24 How can you handle JavaScript alerts using Selenium WebDriver?

You can handle JavaScript alerts in Selenium using Alert interface methods like accept(),
dismiss(), and getText()
25 How do you wait for an element to be visible using explicit waits in Selenium?
You can use explicit waits with ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By
locator) to wait for an element to become visible.
UNIT V/PART B
1. Elaborate on the key considerations when deciding which test cases to automate in a
software testing project, including factors such as test case complexity, maintenance
effort, and potential return on investment (ROI)
2. Discuss the role of test automation frameworks in automated software testing, and explain
how they help structure and manage test suites, reduce redundancy, and enhance code
maintainability
3. How does the process of automating testing for web applications differ from other
software applications, and what unique challenges arise when dealing with web elements
and web pages?
4. Describe the importance of cross-browser testing in web application automation and
explain how Selenium addresses this requirement by supporting different web drivers for
various browsers.
5 Explain the concept of web elements in Selenium, the role of the Document Object Model
(DOM) in web element identification, and how Selenium interacts with the DOM for
element interaction.
6 Explain the concept of asynchronous web elements and the challenges they present in test
automation. Describe the use of explicit and implicit waits in Selenium to handle
asynchronous elements effectively.
7 Explore the concept of parallel test execution in Selenium, including how it can be
managed, the benefits of parallel testing, and the challenges associated with running
multiple tests concurrently.
8 Explain the key events that occur during test execution with Selenium WebDriver,
including page loading, element interaction, and handling alerts, and explain how the
knowledge of these events can be leveraged for effective test automation.
9 Explain in detail about different web drivers.
10 Discuss the purpose and structure of a testing.xml file in TestNG and how it helps manage
test suites, define test priorities, and handle test dependencies. Explain how the addition
of classes, packages, and methods to tests is facilitated within the testing.xml file.

UNIT V/PART C
1 In the process of automating tests for a complex web application, explain why it's crucial
to select the right test automation tool based on the application's technology stack,
scalability, and maintainability.
2 A new feature has been added to a web application that involves handling asynchronous
elements. Develop a Selenium script that uses explicit waits to interact with these
elements during testing.
3 A Selenium test script you've developed is failing to locate a specific web element
consistently. Analyze the potential reasons for this issue and suggest troubleshooting
steps.
4 Lead a team of testers working on a large-scale web application project. Develop a
strategy for organizing classes and packages within a testing.xml file to optimize test suite
management.
5 As the quality assurance lead, you are tasked with reviewing the generated test reports
from a Selenium testing project. Assess the content and format of these reports and their
usability for different stakeholders.

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