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Notes On Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is a quantum physics phenomenon where particles become correlated, such that the state of one cannot be described independently of the other, regardless of distance. It has significant implications in quantum computing, cryptography, and teleportation, while also raising challenges like decoherence and questions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Experimental milestones, including Alain Aspect's work and recent satellite experiments, have confirmed entanglement and its potential applications.

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15 views3 pages

Notes On Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is a quantum physics phenomenon where particles become correlated, such that the state of one cannot be described independently of the other, regardless of distance. It has significant implications in quantum computing, cryptography, and teleportation, while also raising challenges like decoherence and questions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Experimental milestones, including Alain Aspect's work and recent satellite experiments, have confirmed entanglement and its potential applications.

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Quantum Entanglement

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum physics where two or more particles


become correlated in such a way that the state of one particle cannot be described independently
of the state of the other(s), regardless of the distance separating them. This intriguing concept
challenges our classical understanding of locality and causality.

Key Features of Quantum Entanglement

1. Non-Local Correlation:
o When particles are entangled, the measurement of a property (e.g., spin,
polarization) on one particle instantly determines the corresponding property of
the other particle, no matter how far apart they are.
o This "spooky action at a distance," as Albert Einstein famously described it,
suggests that the information linking the particles is not bound by the speed of
light.
2. Superposition and Measurement:
o Each entangled particle exists in a superposition of possible states until a
measurement is made.
o The act of measurement "collapses" the wavefunction of both particles
simultaneously.
3. Bell's Theorem:
o Proposed by physicist John Bell in 1964, Bell's Theorem provides a framework
for testing whether quantum entanglement is consistent with local realism.
o Experiments have repeatedly confirmed entanglement, violating Bell inequalities
and disproving classical local realism.

Applications of Quantum Entanglement

1. Quantum Computing:
o Entanglement serves as a resource for quantum algorithms that can solve certain
problems faster than classical computers.
o It enables quantum gates like the CNOT gate, critical for quantum logic
operations.
2. Quantum Cryptography:
o Entangled particles form the basis for secure communication protocols like
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), ensuring theoretically unbreakable encryption.
3. Quantum Teleportation:
o Using entanglement, quantum states can be transmitted from one location to
another without physically moving the particle itself.
o Teleportation is a critical step toward building quantum networks.
4. Fundamental Tests of Physics:
o Entanglement experiments test the limits of quantum mechanics and provide
insights into theories of quantum gravity and other unifying theories.

Challenges and Open Questions

1. Decoherence:
o Entanglement is highly sensitive to interactions with the environment, leading to
decoherence, which disrupts the entangled state.
o Advances in isolation and error correction are needed for practical applications.
2. Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics:
o The nature of entanglement raises questions about the foundations of reality, such
as:
 Does entanglement imply non-local hidden variables?
 Can we reconcile quantum mechanics with general relativity?
3. Scalability:
o Creating and maintaining large-scale entangled systems remains a technical
hurdle for quantum technologies.

Experimental Milestones

1. Aspect Experiment (1981-1982):


o Alain Aspect's team demonstrated entanglement between photons, providing
robust evidence against local hidden variable theories.
2. Recent Advances:
o Satellite-based experiments, such as China’s Micius satellite, have achieved
entanglement over record distances, pushing the boundaries of quantum
communication.

Philosophical Implications

Quantum entanglement blurs the distinction between "here" and "there," challenging classical
notions of space and time. It forces us to rethink the interconnectedness of the universe and the
nature of causality. Some interpretations, like the Many-Worlds or Pilot Wave theories, offer
alternative perspectives on the phenomenon, but no consensus has been reached.

Entanglement remains one of the most intriguing areas of modern science, offering both practical
opportunities and profound questions about the nature of reality itself.

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