ANIMAL TISSUE

Animal Tissue
They are much more diverse than the plant tissue in terms of labour or division and
differentiation. All animal consists of four basic types of tissues.
● Epithelial Tissue - this is protective tissue which acts as barrier and helps in
absorption and secretion. The cells covers surfaces, line blood vessels and are
modified to form glans
● Connective Tissue - this is supportive tissue. It connects and supports different
parts of the body and maintains the structure of organism.
● Muscular Tissue - The cells of muscular tissue are contractible in nature and assist
in the movement.
● Nervous Tissue - These are responsive tissue. It receives stimulus and transmits it
to other parts of the body. It helps in cells communication of the body.
Epithelial
Tissue
NOTE: Differs
from epidermis
in that it also
lines all internal
passages
leading to the
exterior and
most of the
closed cavities
within the body.
Protects underlying cells from adverse environmental conditions, such as dryness, injury,
chemicals, pathogens etc. It protects the cavities and hollow organs from mechanical trauma
and noxious substances.

Barrier. Epithelium forms an effective barrier and separates different body systems.

Exchange of material: The permeability of epithelial cells plays an important role in the
exchange of materials between body and external environment and different parts of the
body.

Absorption: The epithelial tissue of alimentary canal helps in the absorption of certain
substances such as water and nutrients.

Secretion: A few epithelial cells are secretory in nature and secrete various substances, e.g.,
sweat, saliva, enzymes, hormones, etc. The epithelial tissue of reproductive organ produces
gametes and helps in reproduction.

Nerve conduction: Some epithelial cells aid in nerve transmission. These cells include the
cells of taste buds, olfactory epithelium and the ear.
Squamous Epithelium Tissue

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium

Simple cuboidal
Connective Tissue - Blood
RBCs (Erythrocytes)- enucleated (no nucleus), biconcave, disc-like
cells.Red-coloured due to presence of an iron-containing respiratory pigment
called haemoglobin. Normal human has 4.5-5.0 million RBCs per cubic mm of
blood. Lifespan is of 120 days and then removed by spleen (called as “graveyard
of RBCs”) and other organs.
WBCs (Leucocytes)- Amoeboid, nucleated and colourless. Larger in size and
an adult human has only 6,000 to 10,000 WBCs per cubic mm of blood. Different
kinds based on shape of nucleus. Lifespan 13-20 days.
Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)- Minute, enucleated and colourless bodies
formed by fragmentation of large cells in bone marrow.There are roughly 2 to 4
lakhs of platelets per cubic mm of blood. Lifespan 10 days.
Functions of Blood White Blood Cells -Types

1. transports nutrients, respiratory gases,

hormones and enzymes to tissues
and bring backs waste for elimination.
2. RBCs are efficient oxygen carriers.
3. WBCs engulf foreign organisms,
damaged and worn out cells and
provide protection.
60-68% 1-5%
4. WBCs also provide immunity by 2-5%
producing antibodies.
5. Platelets promote coagulation of
blood and help in wound healing.
6. Blood maintains body temperature. 0-1%
20-30%
Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure: Loose, flexible, has all three kind of fibres* and
has numerous macrophages and fibroblasts.
Location: Found between skin and muscle cells, in bone
marrow and around blood vessels and nerves.
Functions: 1. Filling up space between the tissue and the
organs and serves as packing materials.
2. Provide mechanical support and help in nutrients, gases
and waste transportation.
3. Macrophages provide defence and fibroblasts help in
tissue repair.

*Note: Collagen fibres: white coloured containing collagen protein.

Elastic fibres: yellow coloured containing elastin protein

Reticular fibres: Branched, brownish fibres containing reticulin protein.

Adipose Connective Tissue

Structure: Composed of fat cells called adipocytes filled with fat globule.
Location: found beneath the skin and between the internal organs
especially around kidneys, adrenals and in the bone marrow.
Functions: largest repository of energy in form of stored fat. Present
beneath skin to help shape the body surface. Help in thermal insulation.
Help fill empty spaces and also act as shock absorber in palms and soles.
 Difference between tendons and ligaments

TENDONS LIGAMENTS

1. These connect muscles to the 1. These connects two bones to

bones. each other.
2. These are rich in bundle of white, 2. These contain abundant collagen
inelastic collagen fibres. and yellow elastic fibres.
3. These are fibrous tissues with 3. These are fibrous tissues with
great strength but limited considerable strength and high
flexibility. elasticity.
4. It contains considerable amount 4. It contains very little matrix.
of matrix.
CARTILAGE
STRUCTURE: It has widely spaced cells. The solid matrix is composed of proteins and
sugars.

LOCATIONS: In the surface of movable joints, walls of respiratory passage such as

nose and trachea, ear pinna and epiglotti, etc. It is also present between bone and act
as cushions to prevent damage.

FUNCTIONS:

1. It smoothens bone surfaces at joints.

2. Act as shock absorber and bear mechanical stress.
3. Provide support and elasticity to soft tissues. Note: Cartilage can be of 3 types based on
which fibre is present and in what quantity:
Hyaline with very little fibres.
Fibrous with predominantly white fibres.
Elastic with mainly yellow fibres.
BONE
STRUCTURE: composed of intercellular hard matrix made up of salts of calcium
and phosphorus and protein called ossein.

LOCATION: hard and compact tissue and forms rigid endoskeleton of the body.

FUNCTION: 1. Form the framework that supports the body.

2. Bone anchor muscles and protect vital organs in body like brain protected by
skull and lungs, heart protected by ribs.

3. It serves as reservoir of calcium, phosphorus and proteins.

Haversian canals are microscopic tubes or tunnels in cortical bone that house nerve
fibers and a few capillaries. This allows bone to get oxygen and nutrition without
being highly vascular. These canals also communicate with bone cells using special
connections, or canaliculi.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BONES AND CARTILAGE
BONE CARTILAGE

1. It is a hard, firm, inflexible and brittle 1. It is a soft, flexible and stable tissue.
tissue.
2. Matrix is composed mainly of fibres
2. Matrix is composed of mainly with little proteins hardened with
inorganic salts and proteins. some salts and also contain sugar.

3. It has its own blood and nerve supply. 3. It is devoid of own blood and nerve
supply.
4. Matrix is impermeable to nutrients
and gases. 4. Matrix is permeable to nutrients and
gases.
5. Bones are porous due to presence of
canaliculi C and Haversian canals. 5. Cartilages are non-porous and lack
canaliculi and Haversian canals.
 Based on Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Structure 1. Muscle fibres are 1. Muscle fibres are 1. Confined to heart.

cylindrical, elongated elongated, 2. They are striated and
and non-tapering. spindle-shaped and have composed of cylindrical,
2. Each fibre tapering end. non-tapering fibres.
multinucleated. 2. Fibres are uninucleate 2. The are small,
3. Do not branch and run with single branched and
parallel to each other. centrally-located nucleus. uninucleated.
4. Possesses alternate 3. No dark and light bands 3. Rhythmic contraction
dark and light bands and or striations. and relaxation throughout
give them striated life.
appearance.
5. Also called as Striated
Muscle.

Location Mostly attached to bones. Walls of stomach, Only present in Heart.

oesophagus, urinary
bladder, blood vessels, iris
of eyes, etc.

Function They are voluntary Involuntary. Involuntary.

muscles and help in body Peristaltic movement in Pumping of blood to other
movement gastrointestinal tract. body parts.
S.No Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

1. Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary

2. Striated Unstriated Striated

3. Long, cylindrical, non-tapering Short, spindle-shaped Long, cylindrical, non-tapering

4. Unbranched Unbranched Branched

5. Multinucleated with peripheral Uninucleated with central Uninucleated with central

nuclei nucleus nucleus

6. Contracts and expand rapidly at Contracts and expand rapidly Rhythmic contractions, not at our
our will but not at our will will

7. Gets fatigued very soon Never gets fatigued Doesn’t get tired

8. Intercalated discs absent Intercalated discs absent Intercalated discs present

9. Present in limbs, face, trunk, etc. Present in alimentary canal, Present only in the heart.
bladders, blood vessels, etc.
 NERVOUS TISSUE
It is a responsive tissue receives stimuli and transmits it to other parts of the body. It help in cell
communication. It consists of basic units called neurons or nerve cells.
Structure: Made of three parts Cell body, Axon, Dendrites.
Cell body/Cyton: contains cytoplasm, central nucleus.
Dendrites: short and branched projections from cell body.
Axon: single, long fibre. Some are covered with myelin sheath which is interrupted with constrictions
termed as Nodes of Ranvier.
They may be upto one meter long.
Many nerve cells bundle together bound by a connective tissue and form a Nerve.
Location: Concentrated in the Brain and spinal cord.
43 pairs of Nerves: 12 pairs of nerves arise from Brain called and 31 pairs from Spinal cord.
Functions: It permits voluntary movement of muscles and receives and transmit impulses rapidly from
one part to other.
Q. Identify the following tissues
represented in the picture.

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 Extra Questions based on Chapter
1. Where we can find the basement membrane?
2. What compounds do the bone hard matrix contain?
3. Write short note on Cartilage.
4. Differentiate between Areolar and Adipose tissue.
5. ‘It is a liquid connective tissue’- a) What is it’s name? b) How many different types of cells does it have? c)
What is the special name of it’s matrix?
6. What do you think Voluntary muscle, Skeletal muscle and Striated muscle are all same? Explain.
7. Write the function and location of the following epithelial tissue: a) Stratified squamous epithelium b)
Ciliated columnar epithelium c) Glandular epithelium d) Squamous epithelium e) Cuboidal epithelium
8. It is made up of chondrocytes with dense, flexible intercellular materials and present at the tips of external
ears, bronchi, vertebral column.
a) Cartilage b) Adipose tissuec) Areolar connective tissue d) Bone
9. Connective tissues are the tissues that help to bind or connect other tissues in the body. They have widely
spaced cells embedded in a matrix having a variety of proteins, polysaccharides and mineral salts. Can
you identify the connective tissues among the following? i. Ligament ii. Epithelium iii. Tendon iv. Blood
(a) Both (i) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) (c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) All (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
10. The tissue present in the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands is
(a) squamous epithelium tissue (b) glandular epithelium tissue (c) cuboidal epithelium tissue (d) columnar
epithelium tissue.