Fluid mechanics Pressure

for all questions, use 7. What is water pressure at the depth of 10 m?

g = 10 m/s2
water density = 1,000 kg/m3
mercury density = 13,600 kg/m3
Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 1.013x105Pa=760 mmHg

density 8. Salt water has density of 1020 kg/m3. What is its

1. What is the density of water when it is densest in 1 pressure at the depth of 100 cm?
atm at 4 oC? Answer in unit of kg/m3 and g/cm3.

9. Convert pressure of 1 atm and 1 mmHg to Pa.

2. For most material, what happen to density if the

temperature is increased?

10. A force of 4 N is applying on an area of 2 m2 and make

angle 30o to area surface. What is the pressure applied?

3. A cylindrical can has a radius of 10 cm and height of 15

cm. It has a mass of 45 grams. What is the density in SI
unit?
11. A surface with an area of 10 m2 has a pressure of 20
Pa. This pressure created by 500 N force acts on surface
with some angle. What is this angle?

4. A ball has a radius of 12 cm and has a mass of 2.4 kg.

Find density of a ball in SI unit?
12. A barometer made from liquid mercury gives a
reading of 100 cm. What is the pressure? Answer in unit
of Pa and mmHg.

5. What is the specific gravity of a liquid mercury?

13. A mercury barometer has a height of 1.2 m. Inside

the closed-end tube is a vacuum. What is the maximum
6. An empty wood box has a dimension of 100x100x50 pressure it can measure?
cm3 and has a mass of 150 kg. It is floating in water. What
is the maximum mass that this box can carry before it
sinks?
14. Calculate gauge and absolute pressure at a point 20. B has double density of C, what is density of A
below the surface of water by 20 m. compared to B?

15. The height of water in a barometer is 9 m. What is air

pressure in Pa and mmH2O?

16. Air pressure of 1.013x105 Pa can push mercury fluid

in a barometer to what height? Using g=9.8 m/s2, you 21. A barometer consists of two types of liquid. Liquid A
may need a calculator. has a density of 1500 kg/m3. Liquid B has a density of 780
kg/m3. Water vapor is in C gap and its pressure is 0.7 atm.
The atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. What is the distance
between top and bottom surface of A?

17. Draw the distance in the diagram that show the

reading of this barometer. What is in a gap? What
happens if adding Helium gas to a gap?

22. Three types of liquids XYZ have density of ρ, ρ/2, and

ρ/3 respectively. First, pour X into a u-tube until surface
of both sides has a height of 8 cm. Next, pour Y to the
left tube until Y reaches a height of 20 cm. Finally, pour
18. Two liquids has specific gravity of 0.5 and 1. What is
Z to the right tube until surface of both sides are equal.
the gauge and absolute pressure at the bottom?
What is the height of Z?

23. Air is trapped by a closed-end tube as show. If the

mercury liquid level of both sides is difference by 38 cm,
19. Pour water into a u-tube. Water level is at 10 cm what is the pressure of air inside?
height in both sides of u-tube. Next, pour oil to one side
until the oil level reaches 20 cm. Now, what is water level
at another side? Given specific gravity of oil is 0.8.
24. A liquid mercury is filled in a pipe line as show. Air is 28. The wall of a dam can hold the maximum pressure of
trapped at the closed-end. By given atmospheric 106 Pa. What is the maximum depth of water that the
pressure outside is 760 mmHg, what is pressure of air wall can hold?
inside?

Hydraulic system
29. Consider a hydraulic system. One side has an area of
10 cm2. Another side has an area of 2 m2 and is pushed
by a force of 200 kN. If it is in an equilibrium, what is the
force applied on another side? What is the mechanical
advantage? Assume no any friction.

Dam
25. The wall of a dam is vertical to the ground and has a
length of 200 m. The depth of water is 100 m. Calculate
force due to water pressure that applied to the wall?
30. Both side of a hydraulic system have a circular area
with radius of R and R/2 respectively. Assume we push
force F on a smaller side. What is the balance force on
another side?

26. The wall of a dam make 53o to the ground. The depth
of water is 100 m. The width of the wall is 200 m.
Calculate the normal force on the wall due to water 31. Why all hydraulic systems require liquid, not gas?
pressure.

32. Calculate force on the left. Assume no any friction.

27. A dam has a water depth of 100 m. Assume P1 is the

average water pressure acts on the wall at depth
between 0-50 m. P2 is that for depth between 50-100 m.
What is the ratio between P1:P2?
33. A hydraulic system has area of both sides equal to A 37. A cube wood has a density of 8 g/cm3 and a
and 2A. The friction of both sides is equal to f1 and f2. The dimension of 30x30x30 cm3. A liquid has a density of 12
bigger side is pushed by force F, where F is greater than g/cm3. That means a wood can float on the surface.
f1 + f2. Calculate the range of force at a smaller side that What is the volume that a cube wood is under the liquid
would make a system in equilibrium. surface? What is the mass of a cube wood? What is the
mass of liquid that is displaced by sinking part of a cube
wood?

38. A spring has a natural length of 100 cm and its spring

constant is 2 N/cm. What is the length of spring when 1)
A ball density is equal to water 2) A ball density is two
times of water 3) A ball density is half of water?

Archimedes
34. A ball has a density five times of liquid. What is the
buoyant force of the ball? What is the size of normal
force that the ball pushes the ground?

39. Hang a box to a balloon underwater with A rope. A

box is at rest. Assume a balloon has no mass. What is the
volume of a balloon? What is the tension force?

35. A ball has a density of 2.5 times greater than liquid.

It is hung with the rope. The whole ball is underwater.
Calculate tension force?

40. Hang a box to a balloon underwater with a spring. A

box is at rest. A spring constant is 10 N/cm. Assume a
balloon and a spring have no mass. What is the extension
36. A ball has a density of 2 times greater than liquid. It of a spring?
is hung with the rope. Only 40% of volume of a ball is
underwater. Calculate tension force?
41. Hang a box to a balloon underwater with a spring. A 45. A bowling ball has density 3 times of water. What is
box is at rest. A spring constant is 10 N/cm. Assume a the acceleration when it is sinking down underwater?
balloon and a spring have no mass. What is the extension
of a spring? What is the upward acceleration of a box?

46. A balloon has a mass of 20 grams and a volume of

100 cm3. It starts to float from the bottom of a pond. It
takes only 1 second to reach the surface. For simplicity,
assume no water resistance and other forces. What is
the depth of a pond?

42. An empty cylindrical bottle is submerged

underwater. At equilibrium, some part of a bottle is
underwater as show. What is the minimum weight W
that would make the whole bottle sink?
Viscosity
47. A metal ball has a radius of 15 mm and a mass of 300
grams. It sinks into an oil. Its terminal speed is 6 cm/s.
Calculate the viscosity of an oil? We can neglect the
buoyant force in this question because a ball has a very
small volume. Given Stroke’s law F=6πηRv.

48. A metal ball sinks into a viscous oil. Sketch the graph
43. A boat has a mass of 500 kg. Assume each person has
of sinking speed and time. Label the terminal velocity on
a mass of 60 kg. When there is 5 people on a boat, half
the y-axis as vT.
of volume of a boat is underwater. What is the maximum
people capacity of a boat?

44. A wood has specific gravity of 0.7 and is floating in 49. What is the unit of viscosity?
water. A wood has a total volume V. What is the volume
of a wood that is float above water surface?
Continuity equation 54. Two pipes with radius R and R/2 carry water with the
50. A pipe with a radius 3 cm is connected to a bigger same flowrate. Calculate ratio of speed of water in both
pipe with a radius of 6 cm. By using continuity equation, pipes?
calculate the flow speed for both pipes. Given the flow-
rate is 6 cm3/s.

Bernoulli’s principle
55. A hose with difference cross section area of two
51. Water flow at 1 m/s from an input single pipe of ends. Water flow at speed of 2 m/s from small side to big
radius of R and separate into two output pipes that have side as show. Cross section area of the small side is 4 cm2
the same radius of R/2, if water speed in both output and of the bigger side is 16 cm2. What is the difference
pipes are equal. Using continuity equation to calculate water pressure between two ends? Which side has
the speed of output flow. greater pressure?

52. Water flow from A to B and C. Assume A and B has

the same cross section area while C has only half. Flow
speed at A and C is equal to v. What is flow speed at B?
56. Water flow at a rate of 0.1 m3/s. Two sides have a
cross section area of 500 and 125 cm2 respectively. What
is water pressure difference between two sides?

53. A circular pipe has a radius of 5 cm. Water flow inside

a pipe with a flowrate of 5 m3/s. What is a speed of
water?

57. A tank has a height of 200 cm. Water inside a tank

has a depth of 60% of a tank’s height. A small leakage
hole is above the bottom of the tank by 40 cm. What is
the speed of water release from this hole?
58. A tank has three small leakage holes at XYZ. What is 61. Wind flow above the roof of a house with a speed of
the water speed at each hole? What is the horizontal 40 m/s. The air’s density is 0.5 kg/m3. What is the net air
distance d of each hole? pressure at the roof? Assume the roof has very small
thickness.

Other problems
62. Mercury liquid has a stronger cohesive force than
adhesive force between it and a glass surface. Which one
XYZ should be a mercury?
59. An airplane has a mass of 1430 kg. Its total wing’s
area is 10 m2. While it is travelling, the speed of air pass
under and above its wing is equal to v and 1.2v. Air
density is 1.3 kg/m3. What is the minimum speed of an
airplane so that it can maintain altitude?

63. All glasses has the same level of water. Which one
has the most water pressure at the bottom?
60. Water flow from the left to the right. The ratio of
pipe’s cross section area is 5/3. Flow speed in the bigger
pipe is 60 cm/s. Calculate difference height of two water
level d=?
1. 1000 kg/m3, 1 g/cm3 49. N·s/m2
2. Decrease 50. 2/3π cm/s for small pipe, 1/6π cm/s for bigger pipe
3. 30/π kg/m3 51. 2 m/s
4. 6250/12π kg/m3 52. v/2
5. 13.6 53. 2000/π m/s
6. 350 kg 54. 1:4
7. 105 Pa 55. 28125 Pa, small side
8. 10200 Pa 56. 50 kPa
9. 1.013x105 Pa, 136 Pa 57. 4m/s
10. 1 Pa 58. 201/2 m/s, 401/2 m/s, 601/2 m/s, 121/2m, 4m, 121/2m
11. sin-1(0.4) 59. 50001/2 m/s
12. 136000 Pa, 1000 mmHg 60. 3.2cm
13. 163200 Pa 61. 400 Pa
14. 200000 Pa, 301300 Pa 62. Y
15. 90000 Pa, 9000 mmH2O 63. all same
16. 0.76 m
17. top surface to bottom surface, vacuum, top surface
drop
18. 1500 Pa, 102800 Pa
19. 16.67cm
20. 11/8 times
21. 2m
22. 12cm
23. 1140 mmHg
24. 620 mmHg
25. 1010 N
26. 1.25x1010 N
27. 1:3
28. 200m
29. 100 N, 2000
30. 4F
31. liquid is incompressible
32. F = F0/2 + ρgA(H-h)
33. between (F – f2)/2 - f1 and (F – f2)/2 + f1
34. 10 N, 40 N
35. 30 N
36. 40 N
37. 18000 cm3, 216 kg, 216 kg
38. 100cm, 90cm, 120cm
39. 0.0025 m3, 25 N
40. 5 cm
41. 10 cm, 10 m/s2
42. 12π
43. max 18 person
44. 0.3V
45. 2g/3
46. 25 m
47. 5000/9π

48.