5.

1 length and Diredion in R2 and R3 297

Suppose that a boat is traveling cast across a river at a rate of 4 miles per hour
EXAMPLE 9
while the ri ver's current is fl ow ing sOllth at a rate of 3 miles per hour. Find the
0 4
resultant velocity o f the boat.
,,A Solution
5
,, ~

3 ,, In Figure 5. \0 we have represented the velocity of the boat by the vector 0 A and
~

,, the velocity o f the ri ver's current by the vector 0 B. The resultant velocity is the
~ ~ ~

c vector OC = OA + OB. Thus the magnitude of the resultant velocity is 5 miles

pCI hoU! , aud its di reclioJl is as illdicated in lilt: figli le. •

FIGURE 5 . 10

Key Terms
Length (magnitude) of a vector Law of cosines Orthogonal (perpendicu];)r) vectors
Distance between vec tors Standard inner product Unit vec tors
Direction cosines DOl product

Ai. Exercises
III £Hm:isI'I I and 2, find the lengll, of each I'I'C/OI:

l. (a)
[0'] (b ) [~] «) [;]

2. (, ) [-n (b ) [=il «) [ -n III t.xerci.\'/'s 7 and 8, deferminl'- aI/ \'II/III'S of c j'() Ihal each
III £{ercisl'.Y 3 and 4, compule Ilu - vII. girl'n condition is satisfied.

3. (, ) " ~ [a ,~ [ : ]

(h ) " ~ [~l '~ [-:]

4. (, ) " ~ m ,~ m
9. For each pair of vectors u and v in Exercise 5, find the

" ~ [=iJ , ~ [=n

cosine of Ihe angle () between u and v.
(h) 10. For each pair of vectors in Exercise 6, find the cosine of
(he angle () between u and v.
III £lt~rrisl'.\' 5 and 6, find the dis/alice between u and v. II . For each of the following vectors v. find the direction

5. (, ) " ~[ a' [ ~ =~]

cosines (the cosine of the angles between \' and the

(,'
positive X- , ),-. and z-axes):

m
(h) " ~[ a'~ [_~] ,~ m (h) ,~
298 Cha pter 5 Inner Product Spa ces

21. A ship is being pushed by a tugboat with a force of 300

pounds along the negative y-axis while another tugboat
is pushing along the negative x-axis with a force of 400
pounds. Find the magnitude and sketch the direction of
12. Let P and Q be the )Xlints in R3. with respective coor-
the resultant force.
dinates (3. - 1.2) and (4.2. - 3). Find the length of the
segment PQ. 22. Sup)Xlse that an airplane is flying with an airspeed of 260
13. Prove Theorem 5.1. kilometers per hour while a wind is blowing tothe ",est at
100 kilometers per hour. Indicate on a figure the appro-
14. Verify Theorem S.I for priate direction that the plane must follow to fly directly
south. What will be the resultant speed?
23. Let points A. B. C. and D in R 3 have respective coordi-
nates (1,2,3). (- 2.3. 5). (0. 3. 6). and (3.2.4). Prove
that ABeD is a parallelogram.
andc= - 3.
15. Show that in R2.
24. Find (. so that the vector V = [~] is orthogonal to

(a) i - i = j - j =l: (b ) j.j =O.

16. Show that in R3.
(a) i - i = j - j = k.k = I:
(b) i . j = i . k =j .k =O. 25. Find c so tlwt the vector v

17. Which of the vectors VI = [~] . v! = [~]. V3 = [ = ~].

'. ~ [-;J',~ [;l,"d'. ~ [ -~l M'
(a) orthogonal? (b ) in the same direction?
(e) in op)Xlsite directions'!

18.

27. If po,,;h],. hod" ",d b '0 ' h" , ~ [~] ;, onhog","]

(a) orthogonal?
(e) in op)Xlsite directions?
(b ) in the same direction?

19. ,:Optiolw/) Whieh of the follm"'ing pairs of lines arc per-

'obo'h w ~ m,"d , ~ m
pendicular? ~
28. Find (' so that the vectors [ ] and [~] are parallel.
(a) x= 2+21 x=2 + 1
)"= - 3-31 and y =4 - 1 29. Let (} be the angle between the nonzero vectors u and
:;: = 4+41 :;: =5 - 1 v in R! or R 3. Show that if u and v are parallel. tllen
cos (} =±l.
(b ) x = 3 - 1 x= 21
)"=4+41 )" = 3 - 21 30. Show that the only vector x in R2 or R3 that is orthogonal
:;: =2+21 :;: =4+21 to every other vector IS the zero vector.
20. (Optiol1al) Find pammetrie equations of the line passing 31. Prove that if v. w. and x are in R2 or R 3 and v is orthog-
throuf.!.h (3, - I. - 3) and peq:endicular to the line pass- onal to both w and x. then v is orthoj!.onal to every vector
mg through (3. - 2.4) and (0,3,5). in span Iw. x l.
 J
5.2 Cross Product in R (Optional) 299

32. Let u be a fixed vector in R" (R'). Prove that the set V of 40. Prove that a parallelogram is a rhombus. a parallelogram
all vectors v in R2 (Rl) such that u and v are orthogonal with four equal sides if and only if its diagonals are or-
IS a subspace of R 2 (R ' ). thogonal.
33. Prove that if c is a scalar and v is a vector in R2 or Rl . _" 41. To compute the dot product of a pair of vectors u and
then llevll = Iclll vil.
V in R" or R' . use the matrix product operation in your

u=
,
34. Show that if x is a nonzero vector in R 2 or R' . then
WXis a unit vector in the direction of x.
software as follow s: l et U and V he column matrices for
vectors u and v. respectively. Then u· v is the product of
U T and V (or V T and U). Experiment by choosing sev-
35. Let S = ( VI. V2 . Vl) be a set of nonzero vectors in R' eral pairs of vec tors in R2 and Rl. (Detemline whether
such that any two \lectors in S are orthogonal. Prove that your software has a p3fticular command for compUling a
S is linearly independent. dot product.)
36. Prove that for any vectors u . \'. and \\. in R2 or Rl . we
have
.! . 42. Determine whether there is a command in your software
u • ( v + w) = u· \' + U· w . to compute the length of a vector. If there is, use it on
the vector in Example 3 and then compute the distance
37. Prove that for an y vectors u. v. and w in R2 or Rl and
between the vectors in Example 4.
any scalar c. we ha ve
(a) (u +cv) ·w=u-w +c(vow); 1. . 43. Assuming that your software has a command to conpute
(b ) u· (cv) = c( u · v): the length of a vector (see Exercise 42). determine a unit
(e) (u + v)· (c w) _ c( u . w ) + c( \ " wl. vector in the direction of v for each of the following::

38. Prove that the diagonals of a rectangle are of equal

length. [Him: Take the vertices of the rectangle as (0. 0).
(0. b ), (a . 0). and (ll. b). ]
39. Prove that the angles at the base of an isosceles triangle .!. 44. Referring to Exercise 41. how could your software check
are equal. for orthogonal vectors?

m Cross Product in R (Optional)

J

In this section we discuss an o pe ration that is meaningful o nl y in R 3. Des p ite this

limitation, il has a number of important applications. some of which we discuss in
this section. Suppose Ihat U = /II i + u:J + u J k and v = v Ii + v:J + vJ k and thai

we wonl 10 find , ""0' w ~ [~] onhogon,' (pocpend',"'",) 10 bOlh U ood , .

Thus we want U W = 0 and v· W = 0, which leads to the linear system
0

II tX + 112)' + 11 3Z = 0 (I)
Vt X + V2)' + V 3Z = O.
It can be shown that

W =
['''"' ",",]
-
II j VI - II IVJ

li t V2 - 11 2 VI

is a solution to Equation ( I) (verify). or course, we can also write W as

(2)

This vector is catted the cross product of u and " and is denoted by u x v. Note
that the cross product, U x v, is a vector, while the dOl product, u, v, is a scalar,