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Simple Harmonic Motion

The document discusses periodic motion and simple harmonic motion (SHM), explaining how restoring forces, such as those from springs, lead to oscillations. It outlines key characteristics of periodic motion, including amplitude, period, frequency, and angular frequency, and describes the mathematical relationships between these properties. Additionally, it covers the energy conservation in SHM and provides examples and problems related to oscillatory systems like springs and pendulums.

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3 views21 pages

Simple Harmonic Motion

The document discusses periodic motion and simple harmonic motion (SHM), explaining how restoring forces, such as those from springs, lead to oscillations. It outlines key characteristics of periodic motion, including amplitude, period, frequency, and angular frequency, and describes the mathematical relationships between these properties. Additionally, it covers the energy conservation in SHM and provides examples and problems related to oscillatory systems like springs and pendulums.

Uploaded by

skuukzky367
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oscillations, Periodic Motion,

Simple Harmonic Motions


What causes periodic motion?
• If a body attached to a spring is
displaced from its equilibrium
position, the spring exerts a
restoring force on it, which tends
to restore the object to the
equilibrium position. This force
causes oscillation of the system,
or periodic motion.
• Figure at the right illustrates the
restoring force Fx.

Fx = −kx
ma = −kx
d 2x k
a= 2 =− x
dt m
Characteristics of periodic motion
• The amplitude, A, is the maximum magnitude of displacement
from equilibrium.
• The period, T, is the time for one cycle.
• The frequency, f, is the number of cycles per unit time.
• The angular frequency, , is 2π times the frequency:  = 2πf.
• The frequency and period are reciprocals of each other:
f = 1/T and T = 1/f.
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
• When the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium, the resulting motion is called simple harmonic motion (SHM).
• An ideal spring obeys Hooke’s law, so the restoring force is Fx = –kx, which
results in simple harmonic motion.

Fx = −kx
ma = −kx
d 2x k
a= 2 =− x
dt m
Simple harmonic motion viewed as a
projection
• Simple harmonic motion is the projection of uniform circular
motion onto a diameter, as illustrated in below.

x = A cos = A cos t
SHM
d 2x k
2
= − x
dt m k k
d 2x k 2 =  =
2
= − 2
A cos  t = − A cos t m m
dt m
Characteristics of SHM
• For a body vibrating by an ideal spring:
= m
k f= = 1 m
k T = 1 = 2 = 2 m
2 2 f  k

• Follow Example and Figure below.


(a) Find force constant k of the spring
(b) Find angular frequency, frequency, and period of oscillation
Displacement as a function of time in SHM
• The displacement as a function of
time for SHM with phase angle 
is x = Acos(t + ). (See Figure
at right.)
• Changing m, A, or k changes the
graph of x versus t, as shown
below.

change 
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
• The displacement as a function of time for SHM with phase angle 
is:
x(t ) = A cos(t +  )

• As always, velocity is the time-derivative of displacement:


dx
vx (t ) = = − A sin(t +  )
dt

• Likewise, acceleration is the time-derivative of velocity (or the second


derivative of displacement):
dvx d 2 x
ax (t ) = = 2 = − 2 A cos(t +  )
dt dt
Graphs of displacement, velocity, and acceleration
• The graphs below show x, vx,
• The graph below and ax for  = π/3.
shows the effect of
different phase angles.
Energy in SHM
• The total mechanical energy E = K + U is conserved in SHM:
E = ½ mvx2 + ½ kx2 = ½ kA2 = constant
Energy diagrams for SHM
• Figure below shows energy diagrams for SHM.
The simple pendulum
• Other systems can show SHM.
• Consider a simple pendulum that
consists of a point mass (the bob)
suspended by a massless,
unstretchable string.
• If the pendulum swings with a
small amplitude  with the
vertical, its motion is simple
harmonic, where the restoring
force is the component of gravity
along the arc of the motion.
F ( ) = ma = −mg sin 
d 2
ml 2  −mg
dt
d 2 g g g 1 l
= −  = ; 2 f = ; T = = 2
dt 2 l l l f g
Angular SHM
• A coil spring (see Figure below) exerts a restoring torque z = –
, where  is called the torsion constant of the spring.
• The result is angular simple harmonic motion.
Sample Problems
▪ When a ball is suspended from a spring, the spring stretches by 8
cm. What is the frequency of the ball if it oscillates up and down?
A. 2.8 Hz
B. 2.3 Hz
C. 1.4 Hz
D. 1.8 Hz
A spider of mass 0.30 g waits in its web of negligible mass. A slight
movement causes the web to vibrate with a frequency of about 15 Hz.
• (a) Estimate the value of the spring stiffness constant k for the
web.
• (b) At what frequency would you expect the web to vibrate if an
insect of mass 0.10 g were trapped in addition to the spider?
A large motor in a factory causes the floor to vibrate up and down at a
frequency of 10 Hz. The amplitude of the floor’s motion near the
motor is about 3.0 mm. Estimate the maximum acceleration of the
floor near the motor.
The displacement of an object is described by the following equation,
where x is in meters and is in seconds:

x = (0.30 m)cos(8.0 t).


Determine the oscillating object’s
▪ (a) amplitude,
▪ (b) frequency,
▪ (c) period,
▪ (d)maximum speed,
▪ (e) maximum acceleration.
A geologist uses a simple pendulum that has a length of 37.10 cm and
a frequency of 0.8190 Hz at a particular location on the Earth. What is
the acceleration due to gravity at this location?
Carla Dalisay devised the following method of measuring the muzzle
velocity of a rifle . She fires a bullet into a 4.148-kg wooden block
resting on a smooth surface and attached to a spring of spring
constant k = 162.7 N/m . The bullet, whose mass is 7.870 g, remains
embedded in the wooden block. She measures the maximum distance
that the block compresses the spring to be 9.460 cm. What is the
speed v of the bullet?

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