Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School Kandari

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2024-25

PROJECT REPORT ON

RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

ROLL NO :

NAME : Krishnaraj D. Atalia

CLASS : XII

SUBJECT : COMPUTER SCIENCE

SUB CODE : 083

PROJECT GUIDE: Mr Babitkumar Sharma

PGT (CS)

Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School Kandari

Vadodara DIST

Gujarat
 Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Cadet Krishnaraj D. Atalia Roll No: has successfully

completed project Work entitled RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM in the subject Computer

Science (083) laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose of Practical Examination in

Class XII to be held in Manav Kendra Gyan Mandir School on______________.

Examiner: (BABIT KUMAR SHARMA)

Name: _______________ PGT Comp Sci
Signature: Master IC
 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C ]

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 04

02 INTRODUCTION 05

03 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 05

04 PROPOSED SYSTEM 06

05 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC) 07

06 PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 08

07 FLOW CHART 15

08 SOURCE CODE 16

09 OUTPUT 19

10 TESTING 20

11 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 23

12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any project depends largely on the
encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the
people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

I express deep sense of gratitude to almighty God for giving me strength for the successful
completion of the project.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents for constant encouragement while carrying out
this project.

I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who contributed in bringing this
project up to this level, who continues to look after me despite my flaws,

I express my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary The Principal, Manav Kendra Gyan

Mandir School who has been continuously motivating and extending their helping hand to us.

I express my sincere thanks to the academician The Vice Principal, Manav Kendra Gyan

Mandir School for constant encouragement and the guidance provided during this project.

I am overwhelmed to express my thanks to The Administrative Officer for providing me an

infrastructure and moral support while carrying out this project in the school.

My sincere thanks to Mr. BabitKumar Sharma, Master In-charge, A guide, Mentor all the
above a friend, who critically reviewed my project and helped in solving each and every problem,
occurred during implementation of the project

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am
grateful for their constant support and help.
 RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The railway reservation system is basically a database based project done with help of python

language. This project is very use full for the people to book or cancel train tickets by sitting at home

with one cell phone in their hand. This project can be modified for various reservations.

 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let the students apply the programming knowledge into a

real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how programming skills helps in developing

a good software.

• Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

• Apply object oriented programming principles effectively when developing small to medium

sized projects.

• Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

• Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in computer science, as exemplified in the

areas of systems, theory and software development.

• Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Computer Science project,

requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify scholarly style in computer science.
  PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings of be really wants to stand

against today’s merciless competition where not to wise saying “to err is human” no longer valid,

it’s outdated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, to bring about the best result

without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much

sophisticated hard disk of the computer.

One has to use the data management software. Software has been an ascent in atomization

various organisations. Many software products working are now in markets, which have helped in

making the organizations work easier and efficiently. Data management initially had to maintain a

lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now software product on this organization

has made their work faster and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer

and work can be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money. The work becomes fully automated and any

information regarding the organization can be obtained by clicking the button. Moreover, now it’s an

age of computers of and automating such an organization gives the better look.
  SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that divides complex
projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases. Segmenting projects allows
managers to verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating resources to
subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design, development,
testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the phases may be divided differently
depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request, requirements-definition,
and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development, and planning phases. End users of the
system under development should be involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the
system is being built to deliver the needed functionality.
  PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

 INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

• Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the organization

or a deficiency related to a business need.
• Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
• Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need
including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business process offer
a solution?
• Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor designates a
Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept Proposal. The Concept
Proposal includes information about the business process and the relationship to the
Agency/Organization.
• Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a Project
Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to begin the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business objectives and
resources are effectively implemented into an organization's enterprise architecture. The initiation
phase begins when an opportunity to add, improve, or correct a system is identified and formally
requested through the presentation of a business case. The business case should, at a minimum,
describe a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the proposed system
supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case should also identify
alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional, and network requirements as
possible.
  SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is validated
by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the Agency/Organization CIO.

The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

• Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

• Identify system interfaces.
• Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
• Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success factors, and
performance measures.
• Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional
requirements
• Assess project risks
• Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, and Develop high-level technical architecture,
process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This phase explores potential
technical solutions within the context of the business need.
• It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS software
products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing software components, or the
decision to use an incremental delivery versus a complete, onetime deployment.
• Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology to support the
business process. The System Boundary Document serves as an important reference
document to support the Information Technology Project Request (ITPR) process.
• The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move forward.
 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

 PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition, and
maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early stages of a project, is necessary to
coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and formality of project plans
should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine
the information gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and
resources required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’s job is to coordinate discussions between user, audit,
security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and document as many functional,
security, and network requirements as possible. During this phase, a plan is developed that
documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods, tools, tasks, resources,
project schedules, and user input. Personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates
are established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition planning,
configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept of operations, system
security, verification and validation, and systems engineering management planning.
  REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-level
requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning phases. It also delineates
the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and maintainability requirements
for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems
design to proceed. They need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the business need or
opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to determine
acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and Evaluation Master Plan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

• Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in the
Requirements Document,
• Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported (i.e., verify what
information drives the business process, what information is generated, who generates it,
where does the information go, and who processes it),
• Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the process.
• Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine acceptable
system performance.

 DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and network
requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design specifications
that developers use to script programs during the development phase. Program designs are
constructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach, designers first identify and link major
program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify and link smaller
subsystems and connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify and link minor
program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify and link larger
systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques often use prototyping tools that build
mock-up designs of items such as application screens, database layouts, and system architectures.
End users, designers, developers, database managers, and network administrators should review
and refine the prototyped designs in an iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design.
Audit, security, and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review and approval
process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the functional requirements identified
in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the
later stage of the software development, a variety of elements are considered in the design to
mitigate risk. These include:

• Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

• Performing a security risk assessment.
• Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
• Determining the operating environment.
• Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
• Allocating processes to resources.
• Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is a draft System
Design Document which captures the preliminary design for the system.
• Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by the user. Once
these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and Business Sponsor, the final
System Design Document is created to serve as the Critical/Detailed Design for the system.
• This document receives a rigorous review by Agency technical and functional representatives
to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements. Concurrent with the development of the
system design, the Agency Project Manager begins development of the Implementation Plan,
Operations and Maintenance Manual, and the Training Plan.

 DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications into executable

programs. Effective development standards include requirements that programmers and other
project participants discuss design specifications before programming begins. The procedures
help ensure programmers clearly understand program designs and functional requirements.
Programmers use various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction
oriented programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed using
procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the line-by-line scripting
of logical instructions that are combined to form a program. Effective completion of the previous
stages is a key factor in the success of the Development phase. The Development phase
consists of:
 • Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.
• Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
• Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

 INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

• Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is conducted during
the integration and test phase. The user, with those responsible for quality assurance,
validates that the functional requirements, as defined in the functional requirements
document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT Security staff assess the
system security and issue a security certification and accreditation prior to
installation/implementation.

 Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

• Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported by end users

• Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract personnel

• Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions. Requirements are traced
throughout testing a final Independent Verification & Validation evaluation is performed and
all documentation is reviewed and accepted prior to acceptance of the system.

 IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In this
phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions. System performance is
compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase. Implementation
includes user notification, user training, installation of hardware, installation of software onto
production computers, and integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues
until the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined use requirements.
  OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is ongoing. The system is monitored for continued performance in
accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated. Operations
continue as long as the system can be effectively adapted to respond to the organization’s needs.
When modifications or changes are identified, the system may re-enter the planning phase.

 The purpose of this phase is to:

• Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

• Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
• Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements
continue to be satisfied.
• Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.
 FLOW CHART

4. THEN THE DATA WILL 1. COMMANDED

BE SEND TO THE PROGRAM WILL BE
PYTHON IDLE. EXECUTED IN PYTHON IDLE
.

3. THE REQUIRED 2. AS THE PYTHON AND

DATA WILL BE MYSQL ARE
CONNECTED THE
TAKEN FROM THE
COMMAND WILL BE
DATABASE.
SENT TO MYSQL.

SOURCE CODE

FILE NAME : TABLES

import mysql.connector
mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='
root',passwd='manager')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
s1="create database railway"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table railway(name varchar(100),phno
varchar(15) primary key,age int(4),gender
varchar(50),from_f varchar(100),to_t
 varchar(100),date_d varchar(20))"
cursor.execute(s1)
s1="create table user_accounts(fname
varchar(100),lname varchar(100),user_name
varchar(100) ,password varchar(100) primary
key, phno varchar(15),gender
varchar(50),dob varchar(50),age
varchar(4))"
cursor.execute(s1)

FILE NAME : MAIN

def menu():
print('1.YES')
print('2.NO')
ch=int(input('DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE OR NOT:'))
while ch==1:
print('WELECOME TO ONLINE RAILWAY RESERVATION
SYSTEM’)
print('1.SIGN IN')
print('2.SIGN UP')
print('3.DELETE ACCOUNT')
print('4.EXIT')
ch1=int(input('ENTER YOUR CHOICE:'))
if ch1==1:
a=checking()
if a==True:
 print('WELCOME')
main()
else:
continue
elif ch1==2:
a=checking_1()
if a==True:
main()
else:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
continue
elif ch1==3:
c=checking_2()
if c==True:
print('ACCOUNT DELETED’)
continue
else:
print('YOUR PASSWAORD OR USER_NAME IS
INCORRECT')
continue
elif
ch1==4:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
break
def main():
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
c=int(input("do you want to continue or not:")
while (c==1):
 print(' 1.TICKET BOOKING',"\n", '2.TICKET
CHECKING',"\n",'3.TICKET,
CANCELLING'"\n",'4.ACCOUNT
DETAILS',"\n",'5.LOG OUT')
ch=int(input('enter ur choice:'))
if ch==1:
ticket_booking()
elif ch==2:
ticket_checking()
elif ch==3:
ticket_cancelling()
elif ch==4:
checking_3()
elif ch==5:
print('THANK YOU')
break
else:
print('ERROR 404: ERROR PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_booking():
import mysql.connector
Mycon=mysql.connector.connect (host='localhost',
User='root', passwd='manager',
database='railway')
Cursor=mycon.cursor ()
mycon.autocommit=True
nm=input('enter your name:')
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
age=int(input('enter your age:'))
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO
MENTION')
 gender=input('enter your gender:')
Gender=gender.upper()
fr=input('enter ur starting point:')
to=input('enter your destination:')
date1=input('enter date(dd):')
date2=input('enter month(mm):')
date3=input('enter year(yyyy):')
date=date1+"/"+date2+"/"+date3
a={'M':'MALE','F':'FEMALE','N':'NOT TO MENTION'}
v=a[Gender]
s1="insert into railway values
('{}',{},{},'{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(nm,phno,age,v,fr,to,d
ate)

cursor.execute(s1)
print('BOOKED SUCCESSFULLY')

def ticket_checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))

if ch==1:
phno=int(input('enter your phnone number:'))
 try:
s1="select * from railwaywhere phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
Data=list(data)
a=['NAME','PHONE,NUMBER','AGE','GENDER','STARTING
POINT','DESTINATION','DATE',]
print(a[0],'::::',Data[0].upper())
print(a[1],'::::',Data[1])
print(a[2],'::::',Data[2])
print(a[3],'::::',Data[3].upper())
print(a[4],'::::',Data[4].upper())
print(a[5],'::::',Data[5].upper())
print(a[6],'::::',Data[6])
except:
print('TICKET DOES NOT EXISTS')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def ticket_cancelling():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
print('1.yes')
print('2.no')
 ch=int(input("do you want to continue or not:"))
if ch==1:
phno=input('enter your phone number:')
s1="delete from railway where phno=phno"
cursor.execute(s1)
print('TICKET CANCELLED')
elif ch==2:
print('THANK YOU')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')

def checking_2():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
print('
IS THIS YOUR ACCOUNT')
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
 c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:
x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE
NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age
from user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])
print('
1.yes')
print('
2.no')
vi=int(input('enter your choice:'))
if vi==1:
b1="delete from user_accounts where
password = '{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(b1)
 return True
elif vi==2:
print('SORRY,RETRY')
else:
print('ERROR 404:PAGE NOT FOUND')
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_1():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
f=input("FIRST NAME:")
l=input("LAST NAME:")

a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
c=input('RE-ENTER YOUR PASS WORD:')
ph=input("PHONE NUMBER:")
print(' M=MALE','\n','F=FEMALE','\n','N=NOT TO MENTION')
gen=input('ENTER YOUR GENDER:')
print("ENTER YOR DATE OF BIRTH")
d=input("DD:")
o=input("MM:")
p=input("YYYY:")
dob=d+'/'+o+'/'+p
 age=input('YOUR AGE:')
v={'m':'MALE','f':'FEMALE','n':'NOT TO MENTION'}
if b==c:
try:
c1="insert into user_accounts
values('{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}','{}')".format(f,l,a,
b,ph,dob,age)
cursor.execute(c1)
print('WELCOME',f,l)
return True
except:
print('PASSWORD ALREADY EXISTS')
return False
else:
print('BOTH PASSWORDS ARE NOT MATCHING')

def checking():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
 cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]

data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)[0]
if data==a:
print(' HII ',data1)
return True
else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

def checking_3():
import mysql.connector

mycon=mysql.connector.connect(host='localhost',user='root',pas
swd='manager',database='railway')
cursor=mycon.cursor()
mycon.autocommit=True
a=input('USER NAME:')
b=input('PASS WORD:')
try:
s1="select user_name from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
c1="select fname,lname from user_accounts where
password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(c1)
data1=cursor.fetchall()[0]
 data1=list(data1)
data1=data1[0]+' '+data1[1]
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
if data[0]==a:

x=['FIRST NAME','LAST NAME','PHONE

NUMBER','GENDER','DATE OF BIRTH','AGE']
s1="select fname,lname,phno,gender,dob,age from
user_accounts where password='{}'".format(b)
cursor.execute(s1)
data=cursor.fetchall()[0]
data=list(data)
print(x[0],':::',data[0])
print(x[1],':::',data[1])
print(x[2],':::',data[2])
print(x[3],':::',data[3])
print(x[4],':::',data[4])
print(x[5],':::',data[5])

else:
return False
except:
print('ACCOUNT DOES NOT EXIST')

menu()
OUTPUT

IF CHOICE IS 1(SIGNIN WINDOW)

IF CHOICE IS 2 (SIGN UP WINDOW)
IF CHOICE IS 3(DELETE ACCOUNT)
 IF CHOICE IS 4(EXIT)

IF CHOICE IS 1(TICKET BOOKING)

IF CHOICE IS 2(TICKET CHECKING)

IF CHOICE IS 3(TICKET CANCELLING)

IF CHOICE IS 4(ACCOUNT DETAILS)

IF CHOICE IS 5(LOG OUT)

  TESTING

Software Testing is an empirical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with

information about the quality of the product or service under test[1] , with respect to the context in
which it is intended to operate. Software Testing also provides an objective, independent view of
the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks at implementation of the
software. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or
application with the intent of finding software bugs.
It can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design
and development, so that it works as expected and can be implemented with the same
characteristics. Software Testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented
at any time in the development process, however the most test effort is employed after the
requirements have been defined and coding process has been completed.

 TESTING METHODS
Software testing methods are traditionally divided into black box testing and white box
testing. These two approaches are used to describe the point of view that a test engineer takes
when designing test cases.

 BLACK BOX TESTING

Black box testing treats the software as a "black box," without any knowledge of internal
implementation. Black box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value
analysis, all-pairs testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, traceability matrix, exploratory testing
and specification-based testing.

 SPECIFICATION-BASED TESTING

Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the

applicable requirements. [16] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the output from, the
test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester,
who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behaviour), either "is" or "is
not" the same as the expected value specified in the test case. Specification-based testing is
necessary, but it is insufficient to guard against certain risks
  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The black box tester has no "bonds" with the code, and a tester's perception is very simple:
a code must have bugs. Using the principle, "Ask and you shall receive," black box testers find bugs
where programmers don't. But, on the other hand, black box testing has been said to be "like a walk
in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight," because the tester doesn't know how the software being
tested was actually constructed.
That's why there are situations when (1) a black box tester writes many test cases to check
something that can be tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some parts of the back end are not
tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of "an unaffiliated opinion," on the one
hand, and the disadvantage of "blind exploring," on the other.

 WHITE BOX TESTING

White box testing, by contrast to black box testing, is when the tester has access to the
internal data structures and algorithms (and the code that implement these)

 Types of white box testing: -

The following types of white box testing exist:
• Api testing - Testing of the application using Public and Private APIs.
• Code coverage - creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage.
For example, the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the program to be
executed at least once.
• fault injection methods.
• mutation testing methods.
• static testing - White box testing includes all static testing.

 CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a test suite that
was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software team to examine parts of a
system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested.
Two common forms of code coverage are:
• Function Coverage: Which reports on functions executed and
• Statement Coverage: Which reports on the number of lines executed to complete the
test.
They both return coverage metric, measured as a percentage

 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

I.OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 10 AND ABOVE

II. PROCESSOR : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4130 CPU @ 3.40GHz

3.40 GHz

III. MOTHERBOARD : Intel® Core™ Ultra 7 Processor 155H

IV. RAM : 4GB or Above

V. Hard disk : SATA 150 GB OR ABOVE

VI. CD/DVD r/w multi drive combo: (If back up required)

VII. FLOPPY DRIVE : (Not required)

VIII. MONITOR 14.1 or 15 -17 inch

IX. Key board and mouse

X. Printer : (if print is required – [Hard copy])

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Windows OS
• Python
• mysql connector modulle
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Computer science With Python - Class XI, XII By : Sumita

Arora
• A Project Report On SALES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.
By: BabitKumar Sharma
***