ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

INTRODUCTION:
Through his investigations, scientist Oersted proved that electric currents have the ability to create
(induce) magnetic fields in the surrounding space. Faraday's experiment demonstrated that the results
of Oersted's experiments were can also be proved in reverse manner. These investigations concluded
that a changing magnetic field produces an electric current.

Electromagnetic induction is an appropriate term for the phenomena wherein electric current is
produced by changing magnetic fields.

MAGNETIC FLUX:
 The magnetic flux associated with a given area in a magnetic field is equal to the total number
of magnetic lines of force flowing through that area normally.

Where B is the magnetic flux through a plane surface of area A placed in a uniform
magnetic field B,  is the angle between 𝐵⃗ and 𝐴.
 If the magnetic field has different magnitudes and directions at various parts of a surface as
shown in figure, then the magnetic flux through the surface is given by:

 If a coil has more than one turn, then the flux through the whole coil is the sum of the fluxes
through the individual turn.
If the magnetic field is uniform, the flux through one turn is B = BAcosθ
If the coil has N turns, the total flux linkage T = NBAcosθ
 Magnetic field lines are imaginary, magnetic flux is a real scalar physical quantity with
dimensions:
  SI unit of magnetic flux: Weber or Tesla-m2
 CGS unit: Maxwell (Mx)
 1 Wb = 108Mx
 For a given area flux will be maximum when magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ is normal to the area
(transverse field): θ = 0° ⇒ cos 𝜃 = maximum = 1. So, max = B A

 For a given area flux will be minimum when magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ is parallel to the area
(longitudinal field): θ = 90°⇒ cos 𝜃 = minimum = 0. So, min = 0

FARADAY’S EXPERIMENTS:
Faraday and Henry conducted a long list of experiments that served as the foundation for the
discovery and understanding of electromagnetic induction. These experiments are as follows:
 The galvanometer does not display any deflection when the magnet is kept stationary inside
or close to the coil.

 The galvanometer displays a deflection right to the zero mark when the N-pole of a powerful
bar magnet moves in the direction of the coil.

 The galvanometer displays a leftward deflection to the zero mark as the N-pole of a powerful
bar magnet is moved away from the coil.

 The direction of current in the coil is opposite to that found in the case of the N-pole if the
aforementioned experiments are performed with the magnet's S-pole facing either way
towards or away from the coil.

 When the magnet moves more quickly, the galvanometer's deflection increases, and when it
moves more slowly, it decreases.
Note:
An EMF is generated in the coil whenever there is a relative motion between the coil and the magnetic
field source (magnet). An electric current begins to flow as a result of this EMF, and the galvanometer
displays deflection. Both current and charge are induced in the circuit when a coil is in a closed circuit.
We refer to this phenomena as electromagnetic induction.

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION:

1. First law: An induced emf is created in a circuit whenever the quantity of magnetic lines of
force, or magnetic flux, flowing through it varies. The generated emf only lasts for as long as
the flux changes.
2. Second law: The magnitude of emf induced in a closed circuit is directly proportional to rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit. If the change in magnetic flux in a time dt is
d, then:

The negative sign indicates the direction of induced emf and hence the direction of induced
current in the loop opposes cause of its generation which is in accordance with Lenz's law.
Note:
In case of a closely wound coil of N turns,

Induced current (i) Induced charge (q) Induced power (P)

Induced charge is time It depends on time and

independent. resistance

LENZ’S LAW (CONSERVATION OF ENERGY PRINCIPLE):

 This law indicates the induced current's or induced emf's direction.
 According to this law, the direction of induced emf or current in a circuit is such as to oppose
the cause that produces it.
 The energy conservation law serves as the foundation for this law.
 Example:

Imagine a magnet that is moving towards a ring with its north pole pointed in that direction.
We are aware that the north pole is the source of magnetic field lines, and that the strength
of the magnetic field diminishes with distance from a magnet. As a result, the magnetic flux
 (to the left here) will rise as the magnet gets closer. The reason for the flux change is this. The
induced magnetic field will be directed to the right to counteract it. This requires the current
to flow counterclockwise as observed by the magnet, and we know that the face of an
anticlockwise flowing current carrying coil will behave similarly to the North pole.

Magnetic field
Direction of Behaviour of Type of
linked with the coil
Position of magnet induced face of the magnetic
and it’s progress as
current coil force opposed
viewed from left

Anticlockwise As a north Repulsive

Cross (×), Increases
direction pole force

Clockwise As a south Attractive

Cross (×), Decreases
direction pole force

Clockwise As a south Repulsive

Dots () Increases
direction pole force

Anticlockwise As a north Attractive

Dots () Decreases
direction pole force

MOTIONAL EMF:
1. Motional EMF Due to Translatory Motion:
 Let us consider a conducting rod of length l that is moving at a uniform velocity 𝑣
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field B directed into the plane of the paper 𝐵 ⃗ . Let's
say the rod is traveling to the right as the picture indicates. Due to their confinement
inside the rod, the conducting electrons likewise travel to the right.

Conducting electrons go from P to Q inside the rod due to the magnetic force Fm=evB.
As a result the rod's end P gets positively charged and its end Q becomes negatively
charged, so an electric field is created inside the rod that prevents the electrons from
moving any lower, resulting in the achievement of equilibrium.
And in equilibrium,
Fe = Fm
eE = evB
 or E = vB
 Induced emf, e=El=Bvl
 The moving rod is equivalent to the following diagram, electrically

 If rod is moving by making an angle θ with the direction of magnetic field or length.

Induced emf, e = Bvlsin

2. Motional EMF Due to Rotational Motion:

Let us consider a conducting rod of length l that is rotating at a uniform angular velocity ω
about an axis perpendicular to its axis and passing through its end in a uniform magnetic field
B directed into the plane of the paper. Let's say the rod is traveling in anticlockwise direction
as the picture indicates. Due to their confinement inside the rod, the conducting electrons
likewise rotate in anticlockwise direction.

Due to Lorentz force, free electrons in the rod travel towards the outer end as it rotates,
dispersing throughout the ring. Therefore, an emf is produced across the ends of the rod
due to the separation of charges. A steady state is obtained when the electron flow stops at a
given value of emf. The magnitude of the electromagnetic field (emf) produced over a length
dr of the rod when it moves at right angles to the magnetic field is given by:
dε = Bvdr
So,

3. Motional EMF in Loop:

 Let us examine a linear conductor that is travelling in a consistent, time-independent
magnetic field. A rectangular conductor PQRS with free-moving conductor PQ is depicted
in the figure. As seen in the image, the rod PQ is moved with a constant velocity, v,
towards the left. Assume that there is no loss of energy due to friction. PQRS forms a
closed circuit enclosing an area that changes as PQ moves. It is placed in a uniform
magnetic field B which is perpendicular to the plane of this system.
 If the length RQ = x and RS = l, the magnetic flux 𝜙B enclosed by the loop PQRS will be:

Since x is changing with time, the rate of change of flux 𝜙B will induce an emf given by:

where we have used dx/dt = –v which is the speed of the conductor PQ. The induced
emf Blv is called motional emf.
Note:
As a result, rather than altering the magnetic field, we can create an induced electromagnetic field by
changing the magnetic flux contained within the circuit.
 If the above circuit is connected with an external resistance R, then the equivalent circuit
of the figure is given by:

The induced current is given by:

Where internal resistance ‘r’ is the resistance of arm QP conductor and external
resistance R.

ENERGY CONSIDERATION - A QUANTITATIVE STUDY:

Rethink how conductor QP moves in an uniform, perpendicular magnetic field. The motional emf in
the conductor QP is, e = Bvl

For the rectangular conductor depicted in Figure, let r represent the resistance of the moveable arm
PQ. As compared to r, we assume that the resistances of the remaining arms, QR, RS, and SP, are
really negligible. This means that when PQ is moved, the rectangular loop's overall resistance, or r,
stays constant.
The induced current in the loop PSRQP:
 𝑒 𝐵𝑣𝑙
𝐼= =
𝑟 𝑟
⃗ ) is pointed
There will be a force on the arm PQ as a result of the magnetic field. This force 𝐼(𝑙 × 𝐵
outward in the opposite direction of the rod's velocity.
The magnitude of this force is,

Keep in mind that this force results from the Lorentz force acting on the charges as a result of their
drift velocity—which is what causes current—along the rod.
Suppose the velocity of conductor is constant. Then external force required to move the conductor:
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣
Then, |𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 | = |𝐹| = 𝑟
The mechanical power delivered by external agent in pulling the loop:

This mechanical work is dissipated as Joule heat and is given by:

As a result, the mechanical energy required to move the arm PQ is transformed first into electrical
energy (the induced emf) and subsequently into thermal energy.
 Relationship between the charge flow through the circuit and the change in the magnetic flux:

INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELD:

 It does not matter if the loop moves toward the magnet or the magnet moves toward the loop;
Faraday's rule states that the relative motion between the loop and the magnet is what creates
the induced emf. The magnetic force is what propels the charge to flow when the loop
approaches the magnet.
 However, when a magnet approaches a stationary loop, what induces current to flow through it?
A stationary conductor is not subjected to any force from a magnetic field. In every closed route,
whether in matter or empty space, an induced electric field E is created whenever a magnetic
field varies with time.

 The induced electric field is different from the electrostatic field of the Coulomb field in the
following ways:
1. The lines of the induced field form complete loops, in contrast to the electrostatic field.
2. While the electrostatic field is conservative and does not move a charge over a closed path,
the induced electric field is non-conservative as it moves a charge across a closed path.
Therefore, the electrostatic field and electric potential can be related, but not the induced
field.
 3. The potential difference is the line integral of the electrostatic field between any two points,
and the electromotive force is the line integral of the induced electric field between any two
points.

Note: There are two methods to generate induced emf as follows:

a. The first one, known as motional emf, deals with a conductor's movement in relation to the
magnetic field lines.
b. In the second, a time-varying magnetic field is associated with the creation of an electric field.
In the modified form, Faraday’s law can be written as:

 Time-Varying Magnetic field:

Consider a conducting loop of area A in a uniform but time varying magnetic field. Suppose the
magnetic field is directed inside the page and it is increasing in magnitude.

Since magnetic field is changing with time, so the magnetic flux will also change with time.

dϕ dB
So, Indcued emf = − dtB = −A dt
dϕB dB
𝐸𝑙 = | |=A
dt dt
E = Induced Electric field
𝑙 = Length of the closed loop
A = Area in which the magnetic field is changing
Case I: (r<R-----> Inside):

Case II: (r>R-----> Outside):

 Case III: (r=R-----> At surface):

Variation of Induced Electric field (E) with r:

EDDY CURRENTS:
 Induced currents are generated in bulk conductor components when they are exposed to
varying magnetic flux but, their flow patterns are similar to water eddies swirling. The physicist
Foucault (1819–1868) named these currents eddy currents after he observed this behavior.
 Example:
Imagine allowing a copper plate to swing between the poles of a powerful magnet, much like
a basic pendulum. It is discovered that the motion is dampened, and the plate eventually stops
while moving in the magnetic field. This occurs as a result of the plate's constant fluctuation
in magnetic flux as it enters and exits the area between the magnetic poles. Eddy currents are
caused in the plate by the flux change. Eddy currents flow in the opposing directions when the
plate swings into and out of the area between the poles.

 The area of the copper plate that is open to eddy current flow is reduced if rectangular slots
are made in it. As a result, the pendulum plate with slots or holes swings more freely and
experiences less electromagnetic damping. It assists in reducing eddy currents in the metallic
cores of electric motors, transformers, and other similar devices where a coil needs to be
coiled over the metallic core.
  Applications of eddy currents:
1. Magnetic braking in trains: Trains with electric power may have powerful electromagnets
installed above the rails to provide magnetic brakes. The eddy currents created in the
rails when the electromagnets are turned on prevent the train from moving. The braking
action is smooth because there are no mechanical connections.
2. Electromagnetic damping: A fixed core composed of a nonmagnetic metallic substance is
present in some galvanometers. The eddy currents created in the center of the coil
oppose the motion during oscillation, swiftly bringing the coil to rest.
3. Induction furnace: By melting the component metals, an induction furnace can be used
to create high temperatures and make alloys. Metals to be melted are encircled by a coil
that receives a high frequency alternating current. The metals create eddy currents that
raise the temperature to a point where melting occurs.
4. Electric power meters: Eddy currents cause the polished metal disc in the analog electric
power meter to revolve. Magnetic fields created by sinusoidally fluctuating currents in a
coil cause electric currents in the disc.

INDUCTANCE:
 The characteristic of electrical circuits called inductance is what prevents the circuit's current
from changing.
 Electrical circuits are inherently capable of having inductance.
 Whether we like it or not, it is a constant in electrical circuits.
 In electrical circuits, inductance resists any change in the circuit's current, making it
comparable to inertia in mechanics.
 Self-Induction:
 The magnetic flux associated with a coil or circuit will fluctuate whenever the electric
current flowing through it changes. As a result, an emf is induced in the coil or circuit
that opposes the change that creates it, in line with Faraday's rules of electromagnetic
induction. This phenomenon is known as "self-induction," and the induced emf is
referred to as the "back emf" and the current generated in the coil as the "induced
current."

 Coefficient of self-induction: Number of flux linkages with the coil is proportional to

the current, i.e.,
N  i
Or, N  Li (where N is the number of turns in coil and N – total flux linkage)
 So, L = N/i = coefficient of self-induction.
Inductance depends on the shape and size of the loop and the number of turns it has
but it does not depend upon current flowing or change in current flowing.
 If i = 1amp, N = 1 then, L =  i.e. the coefficient of self induction of a coil is equal to
the flux linked with the coil when the current in it is 1 amp.
 If current in the coil changes by  in a time interval t, the average emf induced in
the coil is given as:

 The instantaneous emf is given as:

If dI/dt = 1 amp/sec, then |ε|=L, so coefficient of self induction is equal to the emf
induced in the coil when the rate of change of current in the coil is unity.
 S.I Unit of inductance is weber/amp or Henry(H).
 Dimension: [ML2T–2A–2]
 L is a scalar quantity.
 Current cannot change suddenly in the inductor.
 Self-inductance of solenoid:

Let V be the solenoid's volume and n be the number of turns per unit length.
Allow a current I to pass through the solenoid.
The solenoid's magnetic field can be expressed as B=0ni.
The magnetic flux across a single solenoid turn is equal to = 0niA.
The total magnetic flux flowing through the solenoid = N = N0ni A = 0n2iA𝑙

 If we fill the inside of the solenoid with a material of relative permeability µr (for
example soft iron, which has a high value of relative permeability), then:

 The self-inductance of the coil depends on its geometry and on the permeability of
the medium.
 Energy Stored in a Self-Inductance Coil:
When current i flows in conductor, then work required to maintain the current:

Total energy stored in the inductor:

If current in inductor changes from i1 to i2, then change in energy:

 Direction of Induced emf in Inductor:
(a) When the current is increasing:

(b) When the current is decreasing:

(c) When the current is increasing:

(d) When the current is decreasing:

 Energy density of inductor:

For a solenoid the inductance is given as:

So, the energy stored in the inductor is:

Since Al is the volume of the solenoid therefore energy stored per unit volume=

 Mutual Induction:
 The magnetic flux connected to a coil or circuit will change whenever the current flowing
through a neighboring coil changes. As a result, the nearby coil or circuit will experience
an induced emf. We refer to this phenomena as "mutual induction."

 Coefficient of mutual induction:

 Total flux linked with the secondary due to current in the primary is N22 and N22  i1.
 N22  Mi1
where
N2 - Number of turns in secondary;
2 - Flux linked with each turn of secondary;
i1 - Current flowing through primary;
M- Coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance
 Suppose that the current flowing around circuit 1 changes by an amount 1 in a small
time interval t. The flux linking circuit 2 changes by an amount 2=M1 in the same
time interval. According to Faraday’s law, an emf 2   2/t is generated around the
second circuit due to the changing magnetic flux linking that circuit.
Since, 2 = M1, this emf can also be written 2  M I1/t.
Thus, the emf generated around the second circuit due to the current flowing around the
first circuit is directly proportional to the rate at which that current changes.
 If di1/dt  1Amp/sec, then |2| = M. Hence coefficient of mutual induction is equal to the
emf induced in the secondary coil when rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.
 SI unit and dimension of mutual inductance are same as that of self-inductance.
 Mutual inductance of long coaxial solenoids:

Let us consider two coaxial solenoids, each with a length of l. We designate n1 as the
number of turns per unit length and r1 as the radius of the inner solenoid S1. For the outer
solenoid S2, the corresponding values are r2 and n2, respectively. Assume that coils S1 and
S2 have a total of N1 and N2 turns, respectively.

A magnetic flux is created through S1 when a current I2 passes through S2. Let's use ϕ1
to represent it. With solenoid S1, the corresponding flux linkage is:

M12 is called the mutual inductance of solenoid S1 with respect to solenoid S2. It is also
referred to as the coefficient of mutual induction
The magnetic field due to the current I2 in S2 is µ0n2I2. The resulting flux linkage with coil
S1 is,
 where n1𝑙 is the total number of turns in solenoid S1.

Note: Edge effects have been neglected and the magnetic field µ0n2I2 is considered to be uniform
throughout the length and width of the solenoid S2.

In reverse case:
If current is I1 is passing through the solenoid S1 and the flux linkage with coil S2 will be:

M21 is called the mutual inductance of solenoid S2 with respect to solenoid S1. Thus, flux
linkage with solenoid S2 is:

where n2𝑙 is the total number of turns of S2.

So,

Thus,
Note:
1. If a medium of relative permeability µr within the solenoid, the mutual inductance would be:

2. The mutual inductance of a pair of coils, solenoids, etc., depends on their separation as well
as their relative orientation.

 Coupling factor:
 For two magnetically coupled coils:-

, where 'K' is coupling factor between two coils and its range 0≤K≤1.
 For ideal coupling Kmax = 1
 For real coupling (0 < K < 1)

 General case of mutual inductance:

Examine the generic scenario where two adjacent coils have currents flowing in them at the
same time. The total of two independent fluxes will be the flux associated with a single coil.

where M11 represents inductance due to the same coil.

Using Faraday’s law,

M11 is the self-inductance and is written as L1.

Combinations of Inductors:
1. Coefficient of self-inductance of two coils in series:

2. Coefficient of self-inductance of two coils in parallel:

L-R CIRCUIT:
When a circuit with a battery, a key, and a pure inductor L and resistor R in series is closed, the current
flowing through the circuit increases exponentially and achieves a maximum value (steady state). The
circuit's current reduces if it is opened from its steady state condition.
1. Growth of current in L-R circuit:

At first, there is no electricity flowing through the circuit and the switch is open. The circuit is
completed and the switch is closed at t = 0. A self-induced emf (-Ldi/dt) is generated as the
current in the inductor rises.
By Kirchhoff’s loop law,
 At t = 0, i = 0 and at time t the current is i. Thus,

The constant L/R has dimensions of time and is called the time constant(𝜏) of the LR circuit.

, where i0=E/R
Note:
 At t = 0, i = i0(1 – e0) then i = 0 i.e., the inductor behaves as open circuit.
 At t = , i = i0(1 – e–) = i0 = E/R i.e., the inductor behaves as short circuit.

2. Time constant (): Time constant refers to the period of time in which the current in an
inductive circuit increases to 63% of its maximum value, or the period of time in which the
current decreases to 37% of its maximum value after opening an inductive circuit.

3. Decay of current in the L–R circuit :

Examine the configuration depicted in figure. You can move the key to the left or right.
The circuit is completed and the current flowing through it is constant (i = i0). At t = 0, the key
is abruptly taken out of the battery and connected to the other point.
The circuit's current drops when the battery is disconnected. The inductor experiences an emf
(-Ldi/dt) as a result.
As this is the only emf in the circuit:
 At t = 0, i = i0. If the current at time t be i,

Note: Current gradually decreases as time passes. At t = τ, i= i0 /e = 0. 37 i0.

LC OSCILLATIONS:

Both the charge and the current in the circuit begin to oscillate simply harmonically when a charged
capacitor C with a starting charge of q0 is discharged through an inductance L. Heat cannot be released
from a circuit if its resistance is zero. Additionally, we make the idealistic assumption that energy does
not radiate outside of the circuit. The circuit's overall energy is always the same.
Frequency of oscillation is given by:

AC GENERATOR:
An electrical machine used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is known as ac
generator/alternator.
1) Principle: A coil rotates in a uniform magnetic field to produce an induced emf, which is the
basis of how an AC generator operates.
2) Construction:
 It is made up of a coil fixed on a shaft that rotates. The coil's axis of rotation is perpendicular
to the direction of the magnetic field. Through some external mechanism, the coil, also known
as the armature, is mechanically rotated in the uniform magnetic field. An emf is created in
the coil due to changes in the magnetic flux passing through it caused by its rotation. Brushes
and slip rings are used to connect the coil's ends to an external circuit.
Slip rings: The two ends of the armature coil are connected to two brass slip rings. These rings
rotate along with the armature coil.
Brushes: Pressed against the slip rings are two carbon brushes that are attached to the load
which gives the output. The brushes are fixed while the slip rings revolve with the armature.
3) Working: When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed w, the angle q between the
magnetic field vector B and the area vector A of the coil at any instant t is θ = ωt (assuming
θ = 0° at t = 0). As a result, the effective area of the coil exposed to the magnetic field lines
changes with time, and from, the flux at any time t is:
ΦB= BA cos θ = BA cos ωt
From Faraday’s law, the induced emf for the rotating coil of N turns is then:

Thus, the instantaneous value of the emf is:

where NBAω is the maximum value of the emf, which occurs when sin ωt = ±1
If NBAω = εo, then ε = εosinωt
The direction of the induced emf or the current in the coil is determined by the Fleming’s right
hand rule.

Achiever I:
1. Magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance 20  is changed from 20 Wb to 40 Wb in 5 ms.
Charge passed through the circuit during this time is:
(1) 1 C
(2) 2 C
(3) Zero
(4) 0.5 C

2. Select correct statement about Lenz’s law:

(1) It explains the physical significance of the negative sign in Faraday’s law.
(2) It is a consequence of conservation of energy.
(3) It speaks about the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
(4) All of these
3. A magnet N – S is suspended from a spring and when it oscillates, the magnet moves in and
out of the coil C. The coil is connected to galvanometer G. Then, as the magnet oscillates, G
shows

(1) No deflection
(2) Deflection to the left and right but the amplitude steadily decreases
(3) Deflection to the left and right with constant amplitude
(4) Deflection on one side

4. There are two loops A and B placed coaxially along vertical line. Loop A is allowed to fall freely
towards loop B. If constant current flowing in loop A is as shown in the figure, then find the
direction of flow of induced current in loop B as seen from the bottom of loop B:

(1) Clockwise
(2) Anticlockwise
(3) No current will induce
(4) Can’t be determined

5. The current carrying wire and the rod AB are in same plane. The rod moves parallel to the wire
with a velocity v. Which one of the following statement is true about induced emf in the rod?

(1) End A will be at lower potential with respect to B.

(2) A and B will be at same potential
(3) There will be no induced emf in the rod
(4) Potential at A will be higher than that at B

6. A rod AB slides on a V shaped wire with speed v as shown, such that at any time OA = OB = l.
Magnetic field in the region is perpendicular downwards and has strength B, induced emf in
the rod is:
 (1) Zero
(2) Bvl
(3) (√3/2)Bvl
(4) Bvl/2

7. A semi-circular loop of radius R is rotated with an angular velocity  perpendicular to the

plane of a magnetic field B as shown in the figure. Emf induced in the loop is:

(1) BR2
(2) 1/2BR2
(3) 3/2BR2
(4) 1/4 BR2

8. A flexible wire bent in the form of a circle is placed in a uniform magnetic field perpendicular
to the plane of the circle. The radius r of circle changes with time t as shown in the figure. The
graph of magnitude of induced emf |e| versus time in the circle is represented by:

1.
 2. (Correct answer)

3.

4.

9. The length of thin wire required to manufacture a solenoid of inductance L and length l, (if the
cross-sectional diameter is considered less than its length) is:

(Correct answer)

10. In what form is the energy stored in an inductor?

(1) Electrical
(2) Heat
(3) Magnetic
(4) Both electrical and magnetic
Achiever II:
1. Which of the following pairs of coils has zero coupling constant?

(Correct answer)

(4) All of these

2. In an A.C. sub-circuit as shown in figure, the resistance R = 0.2 . At a certain instant VA – VB

= 0.5 V, I = 0.5 A, and current is increasing at the rate of I/t 8A/s. The inductance of the
coil is:

(1) 0.01 H
(2) 0.02 H
(3) 0.05 H
(4) 0.5 H

3. An inductance coil have the time constant 4 sec, if it is cut into two equal parts and connected
parallel then new time constant of the circuit :-
(1) 4 sec
(2) 2 sec
(3) 1 sec
 (4) 0.5 sec

4. The length of a solenoid is 20 cm. Its area of cross section is 10 cm 2, and the number of turns
is 1000. Another coil of 500 turns is wound in the middle. Their coefficient of mutual induction
will be nearest to:
(1)  x 10-4H
(2) 10104H
(3) 2104H
(4) 2 104H

5. After the time equal to the time constant, on closing the RC circuit, the charge grows to (q 0 =
peak charge):
(1) 0.37 q0
(2) 0.63 q0
(3) 2 q0
(4) q0/2

6. A circular loop of radius r is placed in a region where magnetic field increases with respect to
time as “B(t) = at” then induced emf in coil :-
(1) r2a
(2) 3r2a
(3) 2r2a
(4) 4r2a

7. An LR circuit with a battery is connected at t = 0. Which of the following quantities is not zero
just after the connection?
(a) Current in circuit
(b) Magnetic potential energy in the inductor
(c) Power delivered by the battery
(d) Emf induced in the inductor

8. The armature of a DC motor has 20  resistance. It draws a current of 1.5 A when run by a
220 V DC supply. The value of back emf induced in it, is:
(1) 150 V
(2) 170 V
(3) 180 V
(4) 190 V

9. The inductance between A and D in the circuit shown is:

(1) 3.66 H
(2) 9 H
(3) 0.66 H
(4) 1 H
10. A cylindrical iron core supports N turns. If a current I produces a magnetic flux ϕ across the
core's cross section, then the magnetic energy is :-
(1) Iϕ
(2) 1/2 I𝛟
(3) I2ϕ/2
(4) I2ϕ