STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Ms. Mary Grace Jane Rose R. Grafil
Statistics and Probability Teacher
ILLUSTRATE AND
DISTINGUISH RANDOM
VARIABLE
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
SECOND SEMESTER
LESSON OBJECTIVES.
The learners are expected to:

 Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous).

[M11/12SP-IIIa-1]
 Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random
variable. [M11/2SP-IIIa-2]
 Find the possible values of a random variable. [M11/12SP-IIIa-
3]
 Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random
variable and its properties. [M11/12SP-IIIa-4]
INSTRUCTION FOR ANSWERING.
You will need to read and/or answer the attached file. You may handwrite
your answer in your activity notebook (if available for this subject) and send
a picture of your answers, or you can type them in MS Word. Regardless of
the medium you use to answer, your answers need to be uploaded here on
Google Classroom. While answering, have someone take a picture of you and
attach it along with your files to be sent.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
EXPERIMENT
 Is any movement that should
be more than once under
comparative condition.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
EXPERIMENT
 Is any movement that should be
more than once under comparative
condition.

Example: tossing of a coin

UNLOCKING TERMS.
SAMPLE SPACE
 the arrangement of every
possible outcomes of an
experiment.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
SAMPLE SPACE
 the arrangement of every possible
outcomes of an experiment.

Example: {head, tail}

UNLOCKING TERMS.
RANDOM
 chosen, done without a
particular plan or pattern.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
RANDOM
 chosen, done without a particular
plan or pattern.
Example: Tossing a coin
Drawing raffle tickets or names from a
bowl.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
VARIABLE
 A quantity that can have any
one of a set of values or a
symbol that represents such
quantity.
UNLOCKING TERMS.
VARIABLE
 A quantity that can have any one of a
set of values or a symbol that
represents such quantity.

Example: Age, civil status, X, Y, Z

UNLOCKING TERMS.
RANDOM VARIABLE
 Value depends on the outcome of a random
process.
 A variable whose value is a numerical
outcome of a random phenomenon.
 Denoted with a capital letter.
 Discrete or Continuous
UNLOCKING TERMS.
RANDOM VARIABLE
 Value depends on the outcome of a random process.
 A variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a
random phenomenon.
 Denoted with a capital letter.
 Discrete or Continuous

Example: Number of heads, number of tails, number of boys in

the family
UNLOCKING TERMS.
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
 A variable that can take on a
finite number of distinct values.
 FINITE – limited (countable)
- it has certain values
UNLOCKING TERMS.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
 A random variable that take an
interminably unaccountable number
of potential values, regularly
measurable amounts.
Example 1:
Toss your one-peso coin three times
and record in your notebook the
results of the three tosses. In order
to write the result easily, use H for
the heads and letter T for the tail.
Steps to Draw a Tree Diagram and Find the Sample Space.
Identify the Events:
Break down the problem into separate events (e.g., flipping a coin, drawing a card, rolling a die, etc.).
Draw the First Event:
Start with a point (or "node") that represents the start of the experiment. Draw branches from this point to
represent all possible outcomes of the first event. Label each branch with the possible outcome(s) and assign
probabilities to them if known.
Draw Subsequent Events:
For each branch, consider the next event that follows the first one. From each outcome of the first event, draw
branches that represent the outcomes of the second event. Continue this process for all events in the sequence.
Label the Outcomes:
At the end of each branch (leaf node), label the final outcome (a complete list of events). The set of these final
outcomes forms the sample space.
Assign Probabilities (if required):
If you are calculating probabilities, assign probabilities to each branch according to the likelihood of each event
occurring. The total probability for each path from start to finish should add up to 1.
List the Sample Space:
After drawing the tree diagram, list the possible outcomes represented by the final branches (the leaves). These
outcomes together make up the sample space.
Example 1:
H
H T Sample Space:
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH,HTT,
H T
H THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
T
H
H T
Remember that the tree diagram
T T
H will continue to
depending on the problem
expand
provided or the experiment being
T conducted.
Tossing a Coin
Experiment Sample Space
Tossing a coin 3 times {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
1. Determine the number of heads
that appear.
2. What is the random variable?
Tossing a Coin
Experiment Sample Space
Tossing a coin 3 times {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
So, the possible values of random
variable X are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
To determine the possible values of a random variable, count the number
of heads per sample space.
Example 2:
Suppose two cell phones are tested at
random. We want to find out the number of
defective cell phones that occur. In order to
write the result easily, use letter D for the
defective cell phone and letter N for the
non-defective.
Defective Cell phones
Experiment Sample Space
Occurrence of defective {DD, DN, ND, NN}
cell phones.

1. Find out the number of defective

cell phones that occur.
2. What is the random variable?
Defective Cell phones
Experiment Sample Space
Occurrence of defective {DD, DN, ND, NN}
cell phones.

So, the possible values of random

variable X are 0, 1, and 2.
Discrete Random Variable
 Is a variable which can only view
a countable amount of values.
 Thus, a discrete random variable
X has possible values X1, X2, X3 . . .
 It is express as whole number.
Discrete Random Variable
EXAMPLE

 Number of heads in 3 coin flips

 Number of students in a classroom
 Number of cars passing in an hour
 Number of children in a family
Continuous Random Variables
 It is a value that is being acquired
by measuring.
 Thus, a continuous random
variable X can take possible
values on a continuous scale and
can take values between X1, X2,
X3 . . .
Continuous Random Variables
EXAMPLE

 Height of Grade 11 HUMSS learners.

 Weight of 20 Statistics books.
 Time it takes to get to school.
 Distance travelled from Calbayog
City to Catbalogan City.
REMEMBER THIS!
A random variable is a variable whose value is a
numerical outcome of a phenomenon. It is a
capacity that connects a real number with every
component in the sample space. It is a variable
whose qualities are controlled by chance. In this
manner, a random variable is a numerical
amount that is derived from the results of an
arbitrary trial or experiment.
REMEMBER THIS!
Discrete Random Variables are variables that
can take a finite number of distinct values.
Examples are number of heads acquired while
flipping a coin three times, a number of relatives
an individual has, the number of students
present in a study hall at a given time, etc.
REMEMBER THIS!
Continuous Random Variables are random
variables that take an interminably uncountable
number of potential values, regularly
measurable amounts. Examples are the height
or weight of an individual, the time an individual
takes for an individual to wash, time,
temperature, item thickness, length, etc.
Activity 3.
Complete the table below by filling the required
information. Note: Number of X or random
variable X will depend on you.
 Experiment Number X or the Random Variable Types of Random Variable
X
Student present in a classroom on a given Number of students present in a classroom Discrete Random Variable
day. on a given day.

Record of babies in a hospital. 1. Number of babies born in a hospital on a 1. Discrete Random Variable
specific day. 2. Continuous Random Variable
2. The weight/height of babies born in a
hospital.
1. Record the number of hours a specific
student use their mobile from 8:00-5:00 PM
for the past three nights.
2. Buying two trays of eggs in the market.

3. Recording of the gender of family

members with three children
4. Students will prepare for a quiz in
Mathematics.

5. Rolling a pair of dice.

Activity 4.
Classify the following random variable as discrete or
continuous. Write Discrete Random Variable or Continuous
Random Variable for each given.
Activity 4.
1. The number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer.
2. The weight of new born each year in a hospital.
3. The number of siblings in a family of a region.
4. The amount of paint utilized in a building project.
5. The number of dropout in a school district for a period of 10 years.
6. The speed of a car.
7. The number of female athletes.
8. The time needed to finish the rest.
9. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
10. The number of accidents per year at an intersection.
11. The average amount of electricity consumed per household per
month.
12. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
13. The recorded wind speed in a barometer.
14. The number of voters favoring a candidate.
15. The number of people who are playing LOTTO each day.