fORMULA:

(altx)2
ohere 8 - te magne'e eld mtenstty at the Cente
ctrular cofl:
n- umber ot tuns A the TCG Cofl.
Yadvus ot
X- distance btoeen the Cetre ot the tonl Qd
potnter gn the cempass box.
lo- pMEabtlthy of tre Space =4s X\67 Hm
I - te utent though the cotl.
B

LJhee Bu - hortontal tempenent ot eor th's ragtekeld and

Mean deHetion n TG
ETRCUIT DIAGRAM - 2.

3.

4.

S.
 Expernet No.3
Magnekc hela ot any Potnt along the anis of acutar cot
AIM:-To dedeunme the magnchte dld sntenstky alorg
the az19 ot a Csulan cs casutng Cunaent and
taTh'shoxteontol magnttc Aield by dellecon
Ymethod.

ARPA RATUS :- Delecion magnetomeder, spztt leve, Cenmut

ator, ammntder, Nortab e. pouerSuply and Cenoackng
u)4res.

toRMULi
PROCEDURE -

The Cen nedioms ane made as shown n the c u t

dagram
Arange thedetlecon of the magictemdeg tn the mag
-netc metdan of the earth.

Now altgn the planeof the col wth respect to S6- 96

ltne ot the magnetoneter.

Feup the magnetometer Qxactus at the Centre ot the Col

tos this case x -o).

fass the col

and the Conespendtng maynetometer dettect ons o, ad
aste noted
 TABULAR CotUMN -
|Averay
Deleckon n dyrees n dgoe-TBn
^l-No CurTnt I X
n m 9,
68
29 S2 | S3 46 428
9
3 23 24 2S23.5 |14S%1T
(2

020

CALCVLATIO N

al

XSX18X .2116)2

Aane
6-89%15T 4:22 165T
Aan(5s)

81

tan( 46)
 TeUerSId. by usm tiee
6.The drecdion of the CurTet
and the CoTTesponding magnetom ttr
detlections ea and
Calculattd.

magneke ld at the cetre ot the coil

8 Calaslate the magnete eld 8e B onI a2
by using the gvn formula Ca'ts/2

experment tor drlfenent Values of x(sau

9 Repat he
)by slhdtng the magnetndeu alog +the

Fnd the
 a2
3) B, = AonI (attzyl
X10x*|- x(.ex16)2
= 4x342
9 [(3:2x 16) (
B3
tane 4an23.5)

(at+a92
=43.42 X16XSXL8 X2x16)
2

’ By o. 604 X16 T
By 0.4604X 10
tan( lo.*)
y006 X10T

a 2

(atz)
b8 X&.2x16)
= 4X344ex16Xx

B= 0-346 x165 T
+ano
D. 346 X

3.43 X1oST
RESULTi

The Magnetic qield ntosthy aleng the given

CArwlan col calculated and s as chown n
the tobular coloumn.

At the Center (*=0)H 1S found to be B=6-89x1 T.

and the anth's hen tzontal maanetieield ntnStty 1s

tound to be

an
 CIRUIT. DIAGRAM:- ne voHage deteumnabon

Tnpd Peak reod ng

LED Undey
S1ne
Wave

Tabutar co tumn: Knee Votage for diefeent olor LED USmg peak ac
9
CaloxWavelength (nm)Kaee oltsge
2.22
Yellouw
Green |:95
Blue 3So 3.s6 1246 X10
Red 620 200

Average Av = 208 X10

Nature ot graph -
Wavelegth

1
300 900

Movelugth (nm)
 (+)
EXPERIMENT No.9
PLANCK's cONSTANT USTING LEDS

Atm i- Dnnoon of plonck's edant LEDS

Apgaraus :- Planct's (en stnt expertmestal setup Con s1ghng

at o-io V pak to peak sine Jave qenenator,dgtal
qeak read ng Voltmeks and different tnown wavlesgth
LED lghts

.
.Th cTutt 1 TIged as sShouon in fiqure -2. The mput to the
ED 9S an a C eutput appears across
a
undtrecltonal pulsating Hene, a peak reads
uged to ead voHage. aerOSS the LED.
2.Usng a dgtal peak readg voltner the vo Hage across the LED
SUTed and TeCOTde tn Tabular Colum 4 yo7 gtven Colog
LED \ght
3Trial 1s Tpated by changng the lEp 4; the coeSpondirg Ere
Colum.
4 r o dutt of wavelength and tnee valtage 9s dettmtned
and ts avenage value 1s Caleulated.
S. Planck's (astant %
Calulated usng quahon.
6.A gaph 1s drawn tatng J0ve length alerg x- ax1S
and tnee Voltage
 CALLVLAT ION
h= eV.
6
h= 1-6 x1615 x 1-208 X16
3Xo
h l:9328
3

h== 0"6443 X163

Resulti- The planc¢k's Censtart caleul ated experimetally

h =6.44 Xo J\sec
Y4X12CihIONm
 Fomula'

LN2m
28
uute, n = No. Denstty ot eledens 8.464 xlok mal
m =
chge
mas o on ededkon =9.Il x6
A -de XT (Ae = Mean fre path n Gaypel

A 04x lo"m
m2

L= L- Lngh a te bpper EmÜiTe (m)= 3-6m

AR0T =T dlepe ot he staght tre sttained by ploting
ASistane f. the Mta against absolute
mtal (n). 13
ev
ATJ

Circut DBagiam :
DCM

cusnert +

So-200 A
DVM

Dey-Diaital Cuxrent met and

DVM - - Digtal voltmeter
 (9
E XPERIMENT No.
FERMI ENERGY

A-To Dmine the fomi eny a gven metal

sstudying the on
aniai ot te es; shance
coppex) by
wOtth empeatne

Agpanatusi- (ogpex oNTe, Dqrtal votmees,Digtal Amter,

upplyThesmomet, Biaken,Heaten 2

Ciut Comnecions ae made as shown in the

ohandand CBpper wtTe is taken In the tm of corl
3)l Tke Coil is immeTsed n the wate tath and a thomomete
immensed to read the tempnatne
v)Timpeakene is mcoreased iL 95& and alleotd to Co
douon to soc
SAt an mtvt of s'c dhoence the Values t cOrt
and voage ane eLedod n te tabula Column.
4)
Asane 1s Cempudtd uing the salgion Re v|I.
HA gaph ot eistone Ns us
tempunatune 18 ploked
lepe af the graph 1s meauned. Ths Awes ty value
AR AT.
3) 1 yalit is eNeMed in olecten vo lts, fiem the
Naue ot ferm
joule
 ) Natoreot t e Graph
Pesistonelokmy

044
AT
042
0.4

920 30D 320 340 360 380

-Tenpuatune Dyi k
Tabular Column i -
RA
Tingssatune voHage Cusert Resi stance
( (mt)
95 368 46.9 0. S343
363 46.9 oS3K
9o
8S 3S8 94.9 46.9
46.9
348 24.3 46.9
46.9 9.5114
343
338 93.6 46.9 o.503 2

Go 333 46.9 0.4968

46.9 O. 4904
928 99.0
N 4 a z 1 4 i t s tel
vin

X
 Caleulationi
AT
= 2.2
I 4.9 I 46.9

AT =t-t| =35o.s- 34.=8

slepe : DT

-6

X6.24 2X

Ee = 6"0SiS ev

k ·38X 1623
= 438 X10Cx

to.1 k
Rus ut -

found to be 6 oS1S ev
 te "Thichoes
o
2-00X16'm (s=) obes betoeen Distane
observaton:
Hmeter n;llivo MUM-
Pottiomdei - PM
havanemeter -GM
ammte Milli - MA
I
PROBES
Diret
MyM MA
GM
=S89 is up St given
echioCoveck
n en The, appled plaeet te to has
dstance
a pole the Cenpaned
to
voy as alCryt the
thickness
of bes pro
een the Sine
distance - ands u1ent - I
makotal, the sesishviy
t the 3- whne
(1xs9)
Usedifomalae
 FxPERIMENT NO-3
Fous Probe Method

Aimi- Deemination ot edechrcal saesistvit:

Anp amatusReyuredi- fun prnbes asnangumut fanple (qe
tystal tn the Aosm
tosm of
of aa
chp, eoux proba

Put the anple on te base plade ot the toun pobe

asnangemt Unsrw te
nd et theour obes
pipe holding
Test in the middle o the
Snple ply a Vey gute preunt on the pro bus and
Pipe in this goston Check the Contna

2 Cennet the out pair ot pobes leads to -the certant

Hhe nnes pato to the pro
-bes voHaye desmimals.
9Sortehon te maims sugply of four probet Stt-up and
mocle t
selector Stch. Th th is
po sition facing mA would
Cwnt to dusined Vaue 2 mA).
Say
 TABLE -
Sl-No Cunent No Hage. Resistan
(mA) (mw)
2X10=20 18xto =130
9 4x\0=O 92x l0-920
3 98X\0= 25o
8 x to =&o 26X\0=260 3-2 6.92n103
loxi0-Ion 3.5

Mesn Res tstvity (3) = 10.322x16nm

calulatien :
X 2-13 xXt6 R= = |l0 = 9

’ , > 9x 213 x10°= 19-44 x16 m

Ry Ve
I
I
-3
m

Ry = Vy= 260 = 3.217

Iy 80
’ 3.2S x 2-13 x16-3 6.92 Y16m

+&-26x10°+ 632XI6+4.ySXL6
 (93)

mod A this po9iHen LED Wbuld

and t meta obeld. Tead the Voltage behÏeun

ARpeat the erpenimet by Ancoiasing the nt nsteo

Ls of 2 mA uto o mA and
-(endg yale ot
ot votegs
Acalculate the
value o TeJistivity in each Can by
wing te gwen omula and fnd the qerage

RESULT -
Resishity Specimen
 formula:
Re spensiuity ot the photo diode., R= Sope of the gia
Ciscut Diatami
photo A

SourE
Gulb
|0-ISV
Stute

va2e in volts

20

36
20

fnoto diode revense

aa cteistia inves
prato dtode spensity
 xPERIMENT No-4 (24)

Photo- Diode. Charactenisthies

the photdiode
topa atuy i- Photodiode, Bulb_,pouser Queolien and Ammee,

prtncsple t phetodiode. 151s a tuoo terminal un ion dicde

Tevese Satotion Cicnert
ooet changy
when it's veNse blased iunction s 1luwna ted by Sutablk
Bnal amout of Tevse satna
ton unut is due to tomally ynenated eludton
hee patrs-The
- umber ot th eye mnoT;ty change Cas
Brn the Antensty of iglct aneidun on the
qunctten when the diode is a
glass package, Igkt
tan Tea ch the junct en and thus hangs te ravere

study te wense bias chanacenstes ot the phefedtode

Ihe eleteicat Conwetions ane mace as shown in tae Circ
-uit diagtam
4 pho to diode is moved -tow and te bulb and Hhe dstan

pouwen Rupphe ae. Sutehed en and the NoHage

 9.8 w 5.42 440 0. V13
20 40. V12
6
0.400
W 3.8 3.8
w710 -24 3 4
3.24 0-360 9v
3-2 268 3
w 10
2.19|X
VininA0313
photodiode en
hotodiode tang uwen po
Sl-No
|*m
16 =
cm photodode
1 =d tobulb 4lamet
ot them Didane
st=? dio photo
de Radiotw
-3
1.3 o.8
3 |3 08
2 2 (
3
1 14 |.0
in () vos voHag in(1) voHs
nsity \nVottag
BasiMlgdnh g Cuot
Blautng Cuut
intensty Moduxake, 1nnsity Lou)
bulh the rntnsty
ot Variow for Sl·No
chaaedeiste
-t s biau Ravense
 ncread e the distane btien the
bub and the dlde is aditd t1l the miero
ammte
Juads photoeuurt o gut.
fes this ntred intnsty of te bub the reveHse blas
votage aToH the photodi ode yaied as l, 2,3 -4 y6tks
and the Cepending micro amnete 2ading is eCEAded.
tabula Lelumn.
5)e
o hoto
NASyng
wuts.
tntasty of butb
6) The giaph is ploted beto een Cunn ert Vesuy VobHage to
bulb n Hhe tiTd quadanta
eVse bias
chanatlstics phetaiode. 1n 1tvease bias
tenditien aoeoHatn ed Shoon in the Specmen