0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views33 pages

Integral Calculus

The document provides a comprehensive overview of integral calculus, defining the concept of anti-derivatives and presenting various integration formulas. It includes fundamental integration rules for different functions, such as polynomials, logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric functions. The document serves as a reference for understanding and applying integration techniques in calculus.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views33 pages

Integral Calculus

The document provides a comprehensive overview of integral calculus, defining the concept of anti-derivatives and presenting various integration formulas. It includes fundamental integration rules for different functions, such as polynomials, logarithmic, exponential, and trigonometric functions. The document serves as a reference for understanding and applying integration techniques in calculus.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Integral Calculus

Anurag Dutta
E-Mail: [email protected]
1 Definition
Let 𝜑(𝑥) and 𝜓(𝑥) be two functions involving x, such that
𝑑
(𝜓(𝑥)) = 𝜑(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
then 𝜓(𝑥) is the anti – derivative of 𝜑(𝑥) with respect to x.
Symbolically,
𝑑
(𝜓(𝑥)) = 𝜑(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑑(𝜓(𝑥)) = 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⇒ ∫ 𝑑(𝜓(𝑥)) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝜓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

⇒ ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜓(𝑥) + 𝜆 ∋ 𝜆 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2 Fundamentals
2.1 Formulas
Since,
𝑑
(𝜓(𝑥)) = 𝜑(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

⇒ ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜓(𝑥) + 𝜆 ∋ 𝜆 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Now, we will be looking at some basic integration formulas.


𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1
• ( ) = 𝑛+1 × 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 ⇒ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝜆∀𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝑑 1
• (𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥|) = = 𝑥 −1 ⇒ ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛 + 𝜆∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑅 − {−1}
An Exerpt: ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑛+1
𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑥| + 𝜆∀𝑛 = −1
𝑑
• (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
• ( ) = 𝑎 𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑
• (𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• (−𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) + 𝜆
𝑑
• (𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)|) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)| + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔|−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)|) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)| + 𝜆
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)|) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥)| + 𝜆
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥)|) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) ⇒ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥)| + 𝜆
𝑑 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎)) = 2 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
√𝑎 −𝑥 √𝑎 −𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑥 −1 −1 𝑥
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎
)) = 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
√𝑎 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 −𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥
• ( × 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎)) = 𝑎2 +𝑥2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑥 −1 −1 1 𝑥
• ( × 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎)) = 𝑎2 +𝑥2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑥 1 1 1 𝑥
• ( × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )) = 2 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = × 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑥 −1 −1 1 𝑥
• ( × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑎)) = 2 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 √𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥 √𝑥 −𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑥−𝑎 1 1 1 𝑥−𝑎
• ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥+𝑎|) = 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥+𝑎| + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
𝑑 1 𝑎+𝑥 1 1 1 𝑎+𝑥
• ( 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑎−𝑥|) = 𝑎2 −𝑥2 ⇒ ∫ 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑎−𝑥| + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
𝑑 1 1
• (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |) = 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 +𝑎 √𝑥 +𝑎
𝑑 1 1
• 𝑑𝑥
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |) = 2 2 ⇒ ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝜆
√𝑥 −𝑎 √𝑥 −𝑎
𝑑 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
• ( √𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑥2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎)) = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑎) + 𝜆
𝑑 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎2
• ( √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2
+ 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 |) = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ⇒ ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 +
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝜆
𝑑 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑎2
• ( √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 |) = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ⇒ ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑥 +
2 2
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝜆

2.2 Some Important Points

• ∫ 𝜇 × 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜇 × ∫ 𝜑(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∋ 𝜇 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡


• ∫ 𝜑1 (𝑥) ± 𝜑2 (𝑥) ± 𝜑3 (𝑥) + ⋯ ± 𝜑𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜑1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝜑2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ⋯ + ∫ 𝜑𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• ∫ 𝜑1 (𝑥) × 𝜑2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜑1 (𝑥) ∫ 𝜑2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 (𝜑1 (𝑥))(∫ 𝜑2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥, the first and the second functions

I
are chosen as nverse Logarithmic Algebraic Trigonometric Exponential.
AID TO MEMORY
First function as it is
into
integration of the second
minus
integration of differential coefficient of the first function
into
integration of the second
𝛽
• When there are bounds in an Integration, it is said to be definite in nature. It is denoted as ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. It is
evaluated as 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∫ 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ∫ 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→𝛽 𝑥→𝛼
𝛽 𝑎
• ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝛽 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝛽 𝛾 𝛽
• ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝛾 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, where 𝛼 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 𝛽
𝛽 𝛽
• ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝛼 𝜑(𝛼 + 𝛽 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝛼
𝛼 2 × ∫0 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝜑(−𝑥) = 𝜑(𝑥)
• ∫−𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝜑(−𝑥) = −𝜑(𝑥)
𝑑
• 𝑑𝑥
(∫ 𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥) = 𝜑(𝑥)
𝑑 𝛽(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑑
• (∫
𝑑𝑥 𝛼(𝑥)
𝜑(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥) = {𝜑(𝛽(𝑥)) × 𝑑𝑥 (𝛽(𝑥))} − {𝜑(𝛼(𝑥)) × 𝑑𝑥 (𝛼(𝑥))}

2.3 Geometrical Interpretation


Let we have a curve,

𝜑(𝑥)

𝑥=𝛼 𝑥=𝛽

𝛽
∫𝛼 𝜑(𝑥) is the area under the curve, 𝜑(𝑥) bounded by the lines.

• 𝑥=𝛼
• 𝑥=𝛽
• 𝑦=0
2.4 Some Daily Life Applications

Displacement(x) Velocity(v) 𝑑𝑥 Velocity(v) Displacement(x)


𝑣= 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Velocity(v) Acceleration(a) 𝑑𝑣 Acceleration(a) Velocity(v)
𝑎= 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Mass(m) Linear Density(𝜌) 𝑑𝑚 Linear Density(𝜌) Mass(m) 𝑚
𝜌=
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑥
Population(P) Instantaneous 𝑑𝑃 Instantaneous Population(P)
𝛾= 𝑃 = ∫ 𝛾𝑑𝑡
Growth(𝛾) 𝑑𝑡 Growth(𝛾)
Cost(C) Marginal Cost(𝜇) 𝑑𝐶 Marginal Cost(𝜇) Cost(C)
𝜇= 𝐶 = ∫ 𝜇𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
Revenue(R) Marginal 𝑑𝑅 Marginal Revenue(R)
𝛺= 𝑅 = ∫ 𝛺𝑑𝑡
Revenue(𝛺) 𝑑𝑡 Revenue(𝛺)
Question 1: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

We know, 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

So, 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝜆
𝑑𝑥
Question 2: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥)

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
We know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝜆
(𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠6 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Question 3: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥)

Solution:
(𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)

We know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 and (𝛼 + 𝛽)3 = 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 + 3𝛼 2 𝛽 + 3𝛼𝛽 2 = 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 + 3(𝛼𝛽)(𝛼 + 𝛽)

Let 𝛼 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 and 𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)3 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)3
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)3 − 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
1 − 3(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ − ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ − ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝜆
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
Question 4: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
We know, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 1
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝜆

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 −1)−𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 2 −1)


Question 5: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 −1)+𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥 ∀𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 + 1, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

Solution:

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 − 1) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 2 − 1)
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 2 − 1)

We know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 − 1) − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 − 1)


𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 2 − 1) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 − 1)

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 − 1)
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 − 1)

Let 𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 2𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)
𝐼 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑡
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)

Multiplying Numerator and Denominator by 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)

2
1 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡))
𝐼 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑡
2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑡)

1 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑡) − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)


𝐼 = ∫√ 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑡)

1
𝐼 = ∫ √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 (𝑡) − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡) × 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2
1 2
𝐼 = ∫ √(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
2
According to Question

𝑥 2 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 + 1

⇒ 𝑥 2 − 1 ≠ 𝑛𝜋
⇒ 𝑡 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1
𝐼 = ∫|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡)|𝑑𝑡
2
𝑥
We know, 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2

1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫| | 𝑑𝑡
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
𝑡
1 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫| | 𝑑𝑡
2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
2 2
1 𝑡 1 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ |𝑡𝑎𝑛 | 𝑑𝑡 = × 2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 | + 𝜆
2 2 2 2
𝑥2 − 1
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( )| + 𝜆
2
𝑥4
Question 6: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑥4
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2
Let 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃𝑑𝜃
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫((𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1) × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 − ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

Let 𝐼1 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 and 𝐼2 = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

Let 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜃) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡

𝑡3 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = + 𝜆1 = + 𝜆1
3 3

⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫(𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝜆2

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
⇒𝐼= + 𝜆1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝜆2
3
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)
⇒𝐼= + 𝜆1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) − (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) + 𝜆2
3
𝑥3
⇒𝐼= + 𝜆1 + 𝑥 − (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) + 𝜆2
3
𝑥3
⇒𝐼= + 𝑥 − (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) + 𝜆
3
2𝑥 12 +5𝑥 9
Question 7: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑥 5 +𝑥 3 +1)3 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

2𝑥 12 + 5𝑥 9
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 1)3
2𝑥 12 + 5𝑥 9
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 1)3
2𝑥 12 + 5𝑥 9
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 15 (1 + 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −5 )3
2𝑥 −3 + 5𝑥 −6
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −5 )3

Let 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 −5
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥

𝑑𝑡 = (−2𝑥 −3 −5𝑥 −6 )𝑑𝑥


−1
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡3
𝑡 −2
⇒𝐼=− +𝜆
−2
1 1
⇒𝐼= 2
+𝜆= +𝜆
2𝑡 2(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 −5 )2
−2

1
Question 8: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 +1)4

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 + 1)4
1
⇒𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 4 + 1)4
1
⇒𝐼=∫ 3 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥 4×4 (1 + 𝑥 −4 )4
𝑥 −5
⇒𝐼=∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
(1 + −4
𝑥 )4
Let 𝑡 = 1 + 𝑥 −4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥

𝑑𝑡 = −4𝑥 −5 𝑑𝑥
−1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 3 𝑑𝑡
4
(𝑡)4
−1 3
⇒𝐼= ∫(𝑡)−4 𝑑𝑡
4
3
−1 𝑡 −4+1
⇒𝐼= +𝜆
4 −3 + 1
4
3
⇒ 𝐼 = −𝑡 −4+1 + 𝜆
1
⇒ 𝐼 = −𝑡 4 + 𝜆
1
⇒ 𝐼 = −(1 + 𝑥 −4 )4 + 𝜆
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
Question 9: Evaluate 𝐼 = √2 ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥− )
4

Solution:

2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝐼 = √2 ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 4 )
𝜋
Let 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 4

Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥


𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 + 4 )
⇒ 𝐼 = √2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) × 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) × 2
2
⇒ 𝐼 = √2 ∫ √2 √2 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑡 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)| + 𝜆′


𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − )| + 𝜆
4
Question 10: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫|𝑥 𝑛 |𝑑𝑥 ∀𝑛 = 2𝑘 + 1&𝑘 ∈ ℤ

Solution:

𝐼 = ∫|𝑥 𝑛 |𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫|𝑥|𝑛 𝑑𝑥

+𝑥∀𝑥 ≥ 0
Now, |𝑥| = {
−𝑥∀𝑥 < 0
Case 1: 𝑥 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫|𝑥|𝑛 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝜆
𝑛+1
Case 2: 𝑥 < 0

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫|𝑥|𝑛 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑛+1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(−𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝜆
𝑛+1
0 𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2
Question 11: Given 𝜑(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0 1 − 2𝑥 |. Evaluate∭ ∭ ∭ … ∞ ∭ 𝜑(𝑥)
2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 0
Solution:
0 𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2
𝜑(𝑥) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 0 1 − 2𝑥 |
2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2𝑥 − 1 0
⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = 0(0 − (1 − 2𝑥)(2𝑥 − 1)) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(0 − (1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥))
+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2)((𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 − 1))

⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = 0 − (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(0 − (1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2)((𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 − 1))

⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )(2𝑥 − 1)

⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) + (−(𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥))(−(1 − 2𝑥))(−(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥))
⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 2𝑥)(2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)
⇒ 𝜑(𝑥) = 0

∭ ∭ ∭ … ∞ ∭ 𝜑(𝑥) = 0

𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑒 5𝑥
Question 12: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥

𝑒 3𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥+𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 6𝑥
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑡 = 4𝑥
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 = 4𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒𝑡
4
1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
4
1
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒𝑡 + 𝜆
4
1
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝜆
4

Question 13: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∭ (𝑑𝑥⁄ 2 2 )


(√𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 )

Solution:

𝐼 = ∭ (𝑑𝑥⁄ 2 2 )
(√𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 )

𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝐼 = ∭( 2 2
)
(√𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 )
22
(√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 )
⇒ 𝐼 = ∭( 2 2 2 2
𝑑𝑥)
(√𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 ) × (√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 )
2 2
(√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 )
⇒ 𝐼 = ∭( 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥+1−𝑥
2 2
(√𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 )
⇒ 𝐼 = ∭( 𝑑𝑥)
1

2
⇒ 𝐼 = ∭ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∭ 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2 2
Let 𝐼1 = ∭ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = ∭ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∭ √𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∭ √𝑡 𝑑𝑡

3
𝑡 ⁄2
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∬ ( + 𝜆′′) 𝑑𝑡
3⁄
2
5
2 𝑡 ⁄2
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ ( × + 𝜆′′ 𝑡 + 𝜆′) 𝑑𝑡
3 5⁄
2
7
2 2 𝑡 ⁄2 𝑡2
⇒ 𝐼1 = × × + 𝜆′′ + 𝜆′ 𝑡 + 𝜆
3 5 7⁄ 2
2
7⁄
2 2 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
⇒ 𝐼1 = × × + 𝜆′′ + 𝜆′ (𝑥 + 1) + 𝜆
3 5 7⁄ 2
2
and

2
𝐼2 = ∭ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥

7
2 2 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑥2
⇒ 𝐼2 = × × + 𝜇′′ + 𝜇′ 𝑥 + 𝜇
3 5 7⁄ 2
2
7⁄ 7
2 2 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
′′ ′ (𝑥
2 2 𝑥 ⁄2 ′′
𝑥2
⇒𝐼= × × +𝜆 + 𝜆 + 1) + 𝜆 + × × +𝜇 + 𝜇′ 𝑥 + 𝜇
3 5 7⁄ 2 3 5 7⁄ 2
2 2
7⁄ 7
2 2 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 + 1)2
′′
2 2 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑥2
⇒𝐼= × × +𝜆 + 𝜆′ (𝑥 + 1) + × × + 𝜇′′ + 𝜇′ 𝑥 + 𝜓
3 5 7⁄ 2 3 5 7⁄ 2
2 2
1
Question 14: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥−𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥−𝛽) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
We know,
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽)
Now,
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝑥 − 𝛽) − (𝑥 − 𝛼)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) + 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
Let 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼−𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼−𝛽)

1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛽) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)| + 𝜆′
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝛽)| + 𝜆 ′
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)| + 𝜆′′
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)| + 𝜆′ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)| + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 | |+𝜆
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1
Question 15: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥−𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥−𝛽)

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
We know,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽)
Now,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛((𝑥 − 𝛽) − (𝑥 − 𝛼)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
Let 𝐼1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼−𝛽) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼−𝛽) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥

1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛽) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑡)| + 𝜆′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 − 𝛽)| + 𝜆 ′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)| + 𝜆′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)| − 𝜆′ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼)
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 | |+𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1
Question 16: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥−𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥−𝛽) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)
We know,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽)
Now,
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛((𝑥 − 𝛽) − (𝑥 − 𝛼)) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛼) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝛽)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)
1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛽) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼)𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
Let 𝐼1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼−𝛽) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼−𝛽) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥

1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛽) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑡)| + 𝜆′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝛽)| + 𝜆 ′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥 − 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
Let (𝑥 − 𝛼) = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)| + 𝜆′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)| − 𝜆′ + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆 ′′
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 1
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)| + 𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽)
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛽)
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 | | +𝜆
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 − 𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)
Question 17: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑠𝑖𝑛(4𝑥)
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 × 2𝑥)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
2𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)cos (2𝑥)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥)
⇒ 𝐼 = 2∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2𝑥)
⇒ 𝐼 = 4∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥)

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥


⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝜆

Question 18: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾

Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾

Here, 𝛾 is the variable but 𝛿 is the constant.


𝛿
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫𝛾 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾
I II

⇒ 𝐼 = 𝛾 𝛿 ∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾 − ∫(𝛿𝛾 𝛿−1 ) (∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾) 𝑑𝛾

𝛿𝛾 𝛿𝛾
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝛾𝛿 ( ) − ∫(𝛿𝛾 𝛿−1 ) ( ) 𝑑𝛾
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

𝛿𝛾 𝛿
⇒ 𝐼 = 𝛾𝛿 ( )− ∫(𝛾 𝛿−1 )(𝛿 𝛾 )𝑑𝛾
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿
𝛿−1
Let 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾
I II

𝐼1 = 𝛾 𝛿−1 ∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾 − ∫ ((𝛿 − 1)(𝛾 𝛿−2 )) (∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾) 𝑑𝛾

𝛿𝛾 𝛿𝛾
𝐼1 = 𝛾 𝛿−1 ( ) − ∫ ((𝛿 − 1)(𝛾 𝛿−2
)) ( ) 𝑑𝛾
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

𝛿𝛾 𝛿−1
𝐼1 = 𝛾 𝛿−1 ( )− ∫(𝛾 𝛿−2 )(𝛿 𝛾 )𝑑𝛾 + 𝜆1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿
𝛿−2
Let 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾
I II

𝐼2 = 𝛾 𝛿−2 ∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾 − ∫ ((𝛿 − 2)(𝛾 𝛿−3 )) (∫ 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾) 𝑑𝛾

𝛿𝛾 𝛿𝛾
𝐼2 = 𝛾 𝛿−2 ( ) − ∫ ((𝛿 − 2)(𝛾 𝛿−3 )) ( ) 𝑑𝛾
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

𝛿𝛾 𝛿−2
𝐼2 = 𝛾 𝛿−2 ( )− ∫(𝛾 𝛿−3 )(𝛿 𝛾 )𝑑𝛾 + 𝜆2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

.
.
.
𝛿−𝑛
So, 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = 𝛾 𝛿−𝑛 ( 𝛿 𝛾 ) − 𝛿−𝑛 ∫(𝛾 𝛿−𝑛−1 )(𝛿 𝛾 )𝑑𝛾 + 𝜆
𝑛
I II 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

This is continued till 𝑛 = 𝛿


𝛿−𝛿
So, 𝐼𝛿 = ∫ 𝛾 𝛿 𝛾 𝑑𝛾 = 𝛾 𝛿−𝛿 ( 𝛿 𝛾 ) − 𝛿−𝛿 ∫(𝛾 𝛿−𝛿−1 )(𝛿 𝛾 )𝑑𝛾 = 𝛿 𝛾 + 𝜆
𝛿
I II 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

𝛿𝛾
𝛿
𝛿 𝛿−1
𝛿𝛾 𝛿 − 1 𝛿−2 𝛿𝛾 𝛿−2
⇒𝐼=𝛾 ( )− (𝛾 ( )− (𝛾 ( )− (… ) + 𝜆2 ) + 𝜆1 )
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝛿

Question 19: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
We know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) = 2 {𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥}

1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ {𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫{𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
Let 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

Let (𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥
(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
2(𝑚 − 𝑛)

−𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)
⇒ 𝐼1 = + 𝜆′
2(𝑚 − 𝑛)

−𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)
⇒ 𝐼2 = + 𝜆′′
2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥
⇒𝐼= − +𝜆
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)
Question 20: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
We know, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) = 2 {𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥}

1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ {𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫{𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑥
⇒𝐼= + +𝜆
2(𝑚 + 𝑛) 2(𝑚 − 𝑛)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑥
⇒𝐼= − +𝜆
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)

Question 21: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
We know, 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝑥) = {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥}
2

1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫{𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑥
⇒𝐼= − +𝜆
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)

Question 22: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
We know, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) = 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥}

1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫{𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛) 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑥
⇒𝐼= + +𝜆
2(𝑚 − 𝑛) 2(𝑚 + 𝑛)

Question 23: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
We know, 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥) = 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥}

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥) = [ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥}] × 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥)
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥) = [ {𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝑚 − 𝑛)𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠((𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥)}]
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥)
1 1 1
= [ {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥} + {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥}]
2 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑜𝑥)
1
= 2 [{𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥} + {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥}]
2
1
⇒𝐼=∫ [{𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥} + {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥
22
1
⇒𝐼= ∫[{𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥} + {𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥
22
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜)𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)𝑥
⇒𝐼= 2 ( )+ 2( )+ 2( )+ 2( )+𝜆
2 (𝑚 − 𝑛 − 𝑜) 2 (𝑚 − 𝑛 + 𝑜) 2 (𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑜) 2 (𝑚 + 𝑛 + 𝑜)
1
Question 24: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ) = 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) − ( ) + )
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
2
𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
= 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

1
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
1
⇒𝐼=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
𝑎 ((𝑥 + 2𝑎) + (√𝑎 − 2 ) )
4𝑎

𝑏
Let 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 𝑡

Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥


𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒𝐼=∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑐 𝑏2
𝑎 ((𝑡)2 + (√𝑎 − 2 ) )
4𝑎

1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏2
((𝑡)2 + (√𝑎 − 2 ) )
4𝑎

1 1 𝑡
⇒𝐼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝜆
𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
𝑏
1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
−1
⇒𝐼= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝜆
𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
1
Question 25: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

Solution:
1
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ) = 𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ) = 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) − ( ) + )
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
2
𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
= 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

1
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
1
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
√𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) + (√ − ) )
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎2

1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2
𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
√((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏
Let 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 𝑡

Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥


𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1 1
⇒𝐼= ∫ 𝑑𝑡
√𝑎 2
𝑐 𝑏2
√((𝑡)2 + (√ − ) )
𝑎 4𝑎2

2
1 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||𝑡 + √𝑡 2 + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
√𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

2
1 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒𝐼= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
√𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

Question 26: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑏 𝑐 2 2
𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + ) = 𝑎 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 ( ) + ( ) − ( ) + ) = 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) − ( ) + )
𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎
2
2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
= 𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

2
2
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎 ((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

2
𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = √𝑎 ∫ √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

𝑏
Let 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 𝑡

Differentiating both sides w.r.t to 𝑥


𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2
𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = √𝑎 ∫ √((𝑡)2 + (√ − 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 4𝑎

2
2 𝑐 𝑏2 2
( √𝑎 − 2 )
𝑡 𝑐 𝑏2 4𝑎 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = √𝑎 √((𝑡)2 + (√ − 2 ) ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||𝑡 + √𝑡 2 + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2 𝑎 4𝑎 2 𝑎 4𝑎
( )

2
𝑏
(𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
(
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 ) 2
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
Question 27: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Let
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 2𝛼𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
Comparing, we get
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝛼 = 2𝑎 and 𝛽 = 𝑞 − 𝑏 (2𝑎)

Further, on solving by substituting the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽, we can get the


𝛼(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝
( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )
⇒𝐼=∫ 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝
(2𝑎) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑞 − 𝑏 (2𝑎)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑝 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ( )∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

We know,

𝑏
1 1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝜆
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )

𝑏
𝑝 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑝 1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
−1
⇒ 𝐼 = ( )∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2𝑎 𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( ( 𝑎 4𝑎 ))

𝑏
𝑝 𝑝 1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) × 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐| + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) × 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
+𝜆
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( ( 𝑎 4𝑎 ) )
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
Question 28: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

Solution:
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Let
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 2𝛼𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
Comparing, we get
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝛼 = 2𝑎 and 𝛽 = 𝑞 − 𝑏 (2𝑎)

Further, on solving by substituting the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽, we can get the


𝛼(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝
( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )
⇒𝐼=∫ 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝
(2𝑎) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑞 − 𝑏 (2𝑎)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 𝑝
( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑞−𝑏( )
⇒𝐼=∫ 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑎 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑝 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ( )∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2𝑎 2
√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
We know,
2
1 1 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

2
2
𝑝 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑝 1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = ( )∫ 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) ||
2𝑎 2
√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2𝑎 √𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
( )

2
2
𝑝 𝑝 1 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) (2√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2𝑎 2𝑎 √𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
( )
Question 29: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝐼 = ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Let
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 𝛼(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 2𝛼𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
Comparing, we get
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑝 = 2𝛼𝑎 and 𝑞 = 𝑏𝛼 + 𝛽
𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝛼 = 2𝑎 and 𝛽 = 𝑞 − 𝑏 (2𝑎)

Further, on solving by substituting the values of 𝛼 and 𝛽, we can get the

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ (( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ (( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 2𝑎

𝑝 𝑝
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ∫(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑞 − 𝑏 ( )) ∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 2𝑎

We know,

∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

2
𝑏
(𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2
𝑐 𝑏2
= √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
(
2
√ 𝑐 𝑏2 2
( 𝑎 − 2) 2
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)
𝑝 2 3
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ( (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 )
2𝑎 3
+ (𝑞

2
𝑏
𝑝 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
− 𝑏 ( )) √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

( (
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 )
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || +𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
))

Question 30: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥√1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥


Solution:

𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥 √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Let,
𝑑
𝑥=𝛼 (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + 𝛽
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼(1 − 2𝑥) + 𝛽
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝛼 − 𝛼2𝑥 + 𝛽
Comparing, we get
𝑥 = −𝛼2𝑥 and 0 = 𝛼 + 𝛽
1 1
⇒ 𝛼 = − 2 and 𝛽 = −𝛼 = 2

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝛼(1 − 2𝑥) + 𝛽)√1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ ((− ) (1 − 2𝑥) + ) √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ ((− ) (1 − 2𝑥)) √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
⇒ 𝐼 = (− ) ∫(1 − 2𝑥)√1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
Let 𝐼1 = (− 2) ∫(1 − 2𝑥)√1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝐼2 = 2 ∫ √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

1
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) ∫(1 − 2𝑥)√1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
Let 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑡
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥
(1 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) ∫ √𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
3
1 𝑡2
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) ( ) + 𝜆1
2 3
2
3
1 𝑡2
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) ( ) + 𝜆1
2 3
2
3
1 (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) ( ) + 𝜆1
2 3
2
1 3
⇒ 𝐼1 = (− ) (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝜆1
3
1
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ √1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 5
1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = −(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1) = − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ( ) + ( ) − ( ) − 1) = − ((𝑥 − ) − (√ ) )
2 2 2 2 4
2
5 1 2
= ((√ ) − (𝑥 − ) )
4 2
2
1 5 1 2

⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ √(( ) − (𝑥 − ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2

1
Let (𝑥 − ) = 𝑡
2

Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥


𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2
1 5
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ √((√ ) − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡
2 4

2
2 5
( √4 )
1 𝑡 5 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼2 = √((√ ) − 𝑡 2 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝜆2
2 2 4 2
√5
( 4)
( )
2
2 5
(√4)
1 3 1 𝑡 5 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = (− ) (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + 𝜆1 + √((√ ) − 𝑡 2 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝜆2
3 2 2 4 2
√5
( 4)
( )
2
2 5
( √4 )
1 3 1 𝑡 5 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼 = (− ) (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )2 + √((√ ) − 𝑡 2 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +𝜆
3 2 2 4 2
√5
( 4)
( )
2
1 2 5
(𝑥 − 2) 2 ( √4 ) 1
(𝑥 − 2)
1 3 1 5 1
2
⇒ 𝐼 = (− ) (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 )2 + √((√ ) − (𝑥 − ) ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
+𝜆
3 2 2 4 2 2 5

( 4 )
( )
𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟
Question 31: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ (𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
Let,
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛾
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾
Comparing, we get

⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 = 𝛼𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑞𝑥 = 𝛼𝑏𝑥 + 2𝛽𝑎𝑥, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾


⇒ 𝑝 = 𝛼𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝛼𝑏 + 2𝛽𝑎, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏 𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
⇒𝛼= (𝑎), 𝛽= 2𝑎
, and 𝛾 = 𝑟 − ((𝑎) 𝑐 +( 2𝑎
) 𝑏)

𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
2
(𝑎) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 2𝑎
(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + (
2𝑎 ) 𝑏)
𝑎

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑝 𝑝
𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
𝑟 − ((𝑎) 𝑐 + (
𝑝 (
2𝑎 )
(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2𝑎 ) 𝑏)
(𝑎) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 1
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ( )∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑎 2𝑎 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
( )
We know,

𝑏
1 1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
−1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝜆
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
⇒ 𝐼 = ( )𝑥 + ( ) (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐|)
𝑎 2𝑎

𝑝 𝑏
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 1 1 𝑥 + 2𝑎
−1
+ 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝜆
𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 2 2
√𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √𝑐 − 𝑏 2
( 𝑎 4𝑎 )
( )( ( 𝑎 4𝑎 ) )
𝑝𝑥 2 +𝑞𝑥+𝑟
Question 32: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

Solution:

𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Let,
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛾
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾
Comparing, we get
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 = 𝛼𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑞𝑥 = 𝛼𝑏𝑥 + 2𝛽𝑎𝑥, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝛼𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝛼𝑏 + 2𝛽𝑎, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏 𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
⇒𝛼= (𝑎), 𝛽= 2𝑎
, and 𝛾 = 𝑟 − ((𝑎) 𝑐 +( 2𝑎
) 𝑏)

𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
(𝑎) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 2𝑎
(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + (
2𝑎 ) 𝑏)
𝑎

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫( ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑝 𝑝
𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
𝑟 − ((𝑎) 𝑐 + (
𝑝 (
2𝑎
) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 2𝑎 ) 𝑏)
(𝑎) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
⇒𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑝 𝑝
𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + (
( 2𝑎 ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 2𝑎 ) 𝑏)
𝑝
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ ( ) √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ∫ √𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + (
2 )∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎 √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 1
+ 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎 2
√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
( )
We know,
2
1 1 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 √𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

2
𝑏
(𝑥 + ) 2 2
= √𝑎 2𝑎 √((𝑥 + 𝑏 ) + (√ 𝑐 − 𝑏 ) )
2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎2
(
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 )
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
+ | √
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |(𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)
2
𝑏
𝑝 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎

( (
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 ) 2
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) ||
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
))
𝑝
𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
+( ) (2 (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐))
2𝑎

2
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 1 𝑏 𝑏 2
𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
𝑎 2𝑎 √𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
( )( )
Question 33: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫(𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

𝐼 = ∫(𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟)√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

Let,
𝑑
𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛾
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾
Comparing, we get
⇒ 𝑝𝑥 2 = 𝛼𝑎𝑥 2 , 𝑞𝑥 = 𝛼𝑏𝑥 + 2𝛽𝑎𝑥, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾
⇒ 𝑝 = 𝛼𝑎, 𝑞 = 𝛼𝑏 + 2𝛽𝑎, and 𝑟 = 𝛼𝑐 + 𝛽𝑏 + 𝛾
𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏 𝑝 𝑞−( )𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
⇒ 𝛼 = (𝑎), 𝛽 = 2𝑎
, and 𝛾 = 𝑟 − ((𝑎) 𝑐 + ( 2𝑎
) 𝑏)

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫(𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝛾) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝛾 (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝛼(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝛽(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝛾 (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥

𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ ( ) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( ) (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎

𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 −( )𝑏
+ ∫ 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( 𝑎 ) 𝑏) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎
( )
𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 2 3
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ∫(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥 + ( ) ( (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 )
𝑎 2𝑎 3

𝑝
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏
+ 𝑟 − (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) ∫ (√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2𝑎
( )
We know,

∫ √𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥

2
𝑏
(𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
= √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
(
2
𝑐 𝑏 2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 )
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || + 𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)
𝑝
𝑝 3 𝑞 − ( )𝑏 2
⇒ 𝐼 = ( ) ∫(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 𝑑𝑥 + ( 𝑎 ) ( (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)32 )
𝑎 2𝑎 3

+ 𝑟

(
2
𝑝 𝑏
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
− (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
𝑎 2𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)( (
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 )
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
+ | √
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |(𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) ||
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
))
3
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 𝑑𝑥

3
2 2 2
2 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ ((√𝑎𝑥) + 2(√𝑎𝑥) ( )+( ) −( ) + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑎 2√𝑎 2√𝑎
3
2 2 2
𝑏 𝑏
⇒ 𝐼1 = ∫ ((√𝑎𝑥 + ) −( ) + 𝑐) 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑎 2√𝑎
1 3
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫((2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)2 + 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2 𝑑𝑥
8𝑎2
Let 𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑥
1 2
3
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫((𝑡) + 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2 𝑑𝑡
8𝑎2
Let 𝑡 = √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)
𝑡
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑥

𝑑𝑡 = √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢))𝑑𝑢

1 3
2 2 2 2 √ 2 2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫((4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 )𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑢) + 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 ) ( 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢))) 𝑑𝑢
8𝑎2
1 3
2 2 2 √ 2 2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫((4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 )(𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑢) + 1)) ( 4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢))) 𝑑𝑢
8𝑎2
3
1 2 )(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢)))2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫ ((4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏 (√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢))) 𝑑𝑢
8𝑎2
7
(4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
8𝑎2
Let
3 2
⇒ 𝐼2 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 𝐼𝐼

𝑑
⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (( (𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢))) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) − ∫ ((3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢)𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥))(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢))) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) − 1) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) − 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) − 3𝐼2 + 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 4𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) + 3 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

Let
2
⇒ 𝐼3 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 𝐼𝐼

⇒ 𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) − ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) 𝑑𝑢
⇒ 𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) − 𝐼3 + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 2𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

⇒ 2𝐼3 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)|


𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)|
⇒ 𝐼3 = + 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
So,
3
⇒ 4𝐼2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)|)
2
3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) + (𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)|)
⇒ 𝐼2 = 2 + 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4
So,
7 3 3
(4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑢)(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢)) + 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑢) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝑢)|)
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 ( ) + 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4
8𝑎2

As
𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2

𝑡 𝑡
7 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
(4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 4
8𝑎2
(
𝑡 𝑡
3𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+
8

𝑡 𝑡
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))|
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+ + 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4

As
𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
7 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
(4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 )2 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝐼1 = 3 4
8𝑎2
(
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
3𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+
8
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))|
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+ + 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4
)
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
7
2 )2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
𝑝 (4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
⇒𝐼=( ) 3
𝑎 4
8𝑎2
(
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
3𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+
8
2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 |𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ))|
√4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 √4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
+
4
)
𝑝
𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 2 3
+( ) ( (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)2 )
2𝑎 3

+ 𝑟

(
2
𝑝 𝑏
𝑝 𝑞 − (𝑎) 𝑏 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) 𝑏 2 𝑐 𝑏2
− (( ) 𝑐 + ( ) 𝑏) √𝑎 √((𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) )
𝑎 2𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
)( (
2
𝑐 𝑏2 2
(√𝑎 − 2 ) 2
4𝑎 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 ||(𝑥 + ) + √(𝑥 + ) + (√ − 2 ) || +𝜆
2 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 4𝑎
))
4𝜋
Question 34: Evaluate 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
4𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
4𝜋
⇒ 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)]4𝜋
0 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋) − (−𝑐𝑜𝑠(0)) = −1 + 1 = 0
0

You might also like