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Pollack-Cap1 1

The document contains a series of mathematical exercises related to smooth functions, manifolds, and parameterizations. It discusses the properties of smooth maps, compositions of functions, and the implications of these properties in various contexts, including hyperboloids and projections. The exercises also explore the smoothness of specific functions and their inverses, along with examples and parameterizations in R^n.

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8 views2 pages

Pollack-Cap1 1

The document contains a series of mathematical exercises related to smooth functions, manifolds, and parameterizations. It discusses the properties of smooth maps, compositions of functions, and the implications of these properties in various contexts, including hyperboloids and projections. The exercises also explore the smoothness of specific functions and their inverses, along with examples and parameterizations in R^n.

Uploaded by

Kaus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MTH 532 Homework 1

Roy Howie

January 30, 2017

Exercise 1

Let k < l and let f be a smooth function on Rk . Let F be a function on Rl such that F (a1 , · · · , ak , 0, · · · , 0) =
f (a1 , · · · , ak ). Consider π : Rk → Rk defined by x 7→ x and note that F = f ◦π. Hence, F is the composition
of smooth functions and is therefore smooth itself.
On the other hand, suppose F is smooth on {(a1 , · · · , ak , 0, · · · , 0)}. Let i : Rk → Rl be the smooth map
defined by (a1 , · · · , ak ) 7→ (a1 , · · · , ak , 0, · · · , 0) and let f be a function on Rk such that f (a1 , · · · , ak ) =
F (a1 , · · · , ak , 0, · · · , 0). Then F is smooth, as it is the composition of the smooth maps f and i.

Exercise 2

Let f be smooth on X ⊂ RN . As f is smooth on X, for every p ∈ X, there is an open neighborhood


O(p) ⊂ RN such that F : O(p) → R is smooth on O(p) and F (p) = f (p) for all p ∈ O(p) ∩ X.
Now consider Z ⊂ X and, for every p ∈ Z, take O(p) and F as before. Then F (p) = f (p) for all p ∈ O(p) ∩ Z
and f is thus smooth on Z.

Exercise 4

a Let f −1 : Rk → Ba be the smooth map defined by


ay
f −1 (y) = p
a2 + ||y||2

Note that f −1 (0) = 0 and limy→∞ f −1 (y) = a. That is, f −1 maps [0, ∞)k to [0, a)k , which makes
intuitive sense as f did the opposite.
b Since X is a manifold, for every x ∈ X, there is a parameterization p : U → O(x) where U ⊂ Rk
and O(x) is an open neighborhood of x. But U can be the ball Ba of radius a, as there is always one
small enough inside of U such that x ∈ p(Ba ) ⊂ V . So consider f −1 ◦ p restricted to Ba , which is a
parameterization of an open neighborhood of x with all of Rk as its domain.

Exercise 6

Let h(x) = x1/3 . Note that f ◦ h = h ◦ f = id and that h0 (x) = 31 x−2/3 . However limx→0 h(x) does not exist,
so h is not smooth and f is not a diffeomorphism.

1
Exercise 8

Let a > 0 and let H be the hyperboloid {(x, y, z) | x2 + y 2 − z 2 = a}. Let Ba be the ball of radius a centered
at theporigin. The upper half of H can then be parameterized via φ : R2 − Ba → R3 defined p by (x, y) 7→
(x, y, x2 + y 2 − a). Similarly, the lower half of H can be parameterized by (x, y) 7→ (x, y, − x2 + y 2 − a).
Intuitively speaking, this involves lifting the plane minus Ba so that it “covers” the given half of H.
When a = 0, the point (0, 0, 0) becomes a problem. Removing the origin from R2 leaves one component,
whereas removing the origin from H leaves two components, so H is not a manifold.

Exercise 12

Let N = (0, 0, 1) and let p be a point on S 2 . The line through points N and p then has the equation
l(t) = (0 + t(x − 0), 0 + t(y − 0), 1 + t(z − 1))
= (tx, ty, 1 + t(z − 1))
1
This line hits the xy-plane when z = 0, or when 1 + t(z − 1) = 0, implying t = 1−z . Hence,
x y
π(x, y, z) = ( , )
1−z 1−z
To find π −1 , note that
π −1 (0, 0) = −N
π −1 (1, 0) = (1, 0, 0)
π −1 (0, 1) = (0, 1, 0)

and ||(x, y)|| = 1 ⇐⇒ z = 0. I couldn’t think of a function z = f (x, y) which satisfied these conditions, but
2 2
−1
google gave me z = xx2 +y
+y 2 +1 , which definitely works. This makes finding π
−1
easy:

2x 2y x2 + y 2 − 1
π −1 (x, y) = ( , , )
1 + x + y 1 + x + y 1 + x2 + y 2
2 2 2 2

Exercise 14

Let (x, y) ∈ X × Y and let U × V be an open neighborhood of (x, y) such that F is smooth on U , G is smooth
on V , F restricted to U ∩ X equals f , and G restricted to V ∩ Y equals g. Note that (U × V ) ∩ (X × Y ) =
(U ∩X)×(V ∩Y ). Hence, since F ×G is smooth on (U ∩X)×(V ∩Y ), it is also smooth on (U ×V )∩(X ×Y ),
so f × g is too.

Exercise 18
2
a From class, we had that f (n) (x) = Pn e−1/x , where Pn is a polynomial of order n or less. Thus
limx→0 f (n) (x) = 0 for all n ∈ N, so f is smooth.
b Subtraction and (x, y) 7→ xy are smooth functions, so g, the composition
R ∞of smooth functions, is too.
Since g is smooth and positive function on (a, b), we have that c = −∞ g dx is nonzero. Hence,
Rx
h(x) = 1c −∞ g dx = 1c G(x) by the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. As G0 = g and g was
smooth, h must be too, with h(n) = 1c G(n) for all n ∈ N.
c Consider the function r(x) = 1 − h(||x||).

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