CHAPTER - 4

ARRAY & STRING

Prepared By:
Subject : PPS
Asst. Prof. Rupali Patel
Code : 3110003 (CSE Department, ACET)
 Concept of Array
• Arrays a kind of data structure that can store a fixed-size sequential
collection of elements of the same type.
• An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same
type.
• All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest
address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to
the last element.
 Concept of Array (cont..)
Declaring Arrays
To declare an array in C, a programmer specifies the type of the elements
and the number of elements required by an array as follows

Datatype arrayName[arraySize];
Example: double balance[10];

Initializing Arrays
You can initialize an array in C either one by one or using a single
statement as follows
double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 7.0, 50.0};
 Concept of Array (cont..)
Accessing Array Elements
An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by
placing the index of the element within square brackets after the name of
the array.

For example :
double salary = balance[3];
 Array Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int values[5];
printf("Enter 5 integers: ");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
scanf("%d", &values[i]);
}
printf("Displaying integers: ");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
{
printf("%d\n", values[i]);
} return 0;
}
 Two-dimensional Arrays
The simplest form of multidimensional array is the two-dimensional
array. To declare a two-dimensional integer array of size [x][y], you
would write something as follows −
datatype arrayName [ 3][ 4 ];

Where type can be any valid C data type and arrayName will be a valid
C identifier. A two-dimensional array can be considered as a table which
will have x number of rows and y number of columns.
 Two-dimensional Arrays (cont..)
Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays
Multidimensional arrays may be initialized by specifying bracketed
values for each row. Following is an array with 3 rows and each row has
4 columns.

int a[3][4] = { {0, 1, 2, 3} , {4, 5, 6, 7} , {8, 9, 10, 11} };

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements

An element in a two-dimensional array is accessed by using the
subscripts, i.e., row index and column index of the array. For example −

int val = a[2][3];

 Two-dimensional Arrays Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i=0,j=0;
int arr[4][3]={{1,2,3},{2,3,4},{3,4,5},{4,5,6}};
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("arr[%d] [%d] = %d \n",i,j,arr[i][j]);
}
}
return 0;
}
 Strings In C
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character
array and a string is the string is terminated with a special character ‘\0’.

Declaration of strings:
Declaring a string is as simple as declaring a one dimensional array. Below is the
basic syntax for declaring a string
char str_name[size];

Initializing a String:
A string can be initialized in different ways. We will explain this with the help of
an example.
char c[] = "abcd";
char c[50] = "abcd";
char c[] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', '\0'};
char c[5] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', '\0'};
 Built-in String Functions
STRLEN():
strlen(s1) calculates the length of string s1.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
Void main()
{
char name[ ]= "Hello";
int len1, len2;
len1 = strlen(name);
len2 = strlen("Hello World");
printf("length of %s = %d\n", name, len1);
printf("length of %s = %d\n", "Hello World", len2);
}
 Built-in String Functions (cont..)
STRCAT():
strcat(s1, s2) concatenates(joins) the second string s2 to the first string
s1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s2[ ]= "World";
char s1[20]= "Hello";
strcat(s1, s2);
printf("Source string = %s\n", s2);
printf("Target string = %s\n", s1);
return 0;
}
 Built-in String Functions (cont..)
STRCPY():
strcpy(s1, s2) copies the second string s2 to the first string s1.
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char s2[ ]= "Hello";
char s1[];
strcpy(s1, s2);
printf("Source string = %s\n", s2);
printf("Target string = %s\n", s1);
return 0;
}
 Built-in String Functions (cont..)
STRCMP():
strcmp(s1, s2) compares two strings and finds out whether they are
same or different.

It compares the two strings character by character till there is a

mismatch.

If the two strings are identical, it returns a 0.

If not, then it returns the difference between the ASCII values of the first
non-matching pair of characters.
 Built-in String Functions (cont..)
Example of strcmp():

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char s1[ ]= "Hello";
char s2[ ]= "World";
int i, j;
i = strcmp(s1, "Hello");
j = strcmp(s1, s2);
printf("%d \n %d\n", i, j);
return 0;
}