Reporter no.11: Ditma, Alysha Kate B.

Material

Classroom Environment Another thing to consider in planning instruction is the materials. Schoenfeldt and
Salsbury (2009) defined materials as any item tool, or piece of equipment used to
Students learn more when there is a positive classroom environment, the reason why support the lesson before, during, or after instruction
teachers should also take this into account in instructional planning.
This may come in the form of visual aids (maps, photos) media equipment (LCD
They have to ensure that they have a welcoming and stimulating classroom, one where projector, laptop) tools (compass, ruler) realia (artifacts, coins) print sources (song
students feel regarded and represented and at the same time excited to learn new things. lyrics, documents) and manipulative (puzzles, globe).
They should also foster a healthy social environment where students interact with each
other and no child is excluded. This could be done forming collaborative groups, Here are a number of practical considerations in the use of instructional materials:
devising seating arrangements, implementing a buddy system, and/or planning group
activities. 1. Materials should be ready to use and located nearby before beginning the instruction.

In establishing classroom rules and routines, Price and Nelson (2014) suggested the 2. Every student should have an equal chance to see and/or access the materials.
following guidelines
3. Anticipate misconceptions, answer queries, and make meaningful connections.
1. Develop and evaluate them with students
4. Materials should be age-appropriate, culturally responsive, and gender sensitive.
2. Keep rules few in number so everyone can remember them
Students
3. Post them
The student is the heart of the learning process. As such, they should be given utmost
4. Refer to them often consideration in instructional planning. In order to effectively facilitate learning,
teachers should take into account the following in the planning process.
5. Support students what each rule means
1. Student Readiness. This refers to the ability level of a students in relation to a given
6. Acknowledge students for following them; and topic and skill. This can be caused by differences in their learning rate and prior
experiences.
7. Enforce them consistently
2. Student Interest. This is considered as a powerful motivator to engage students in
the learning process. technological tools and associated resources. This includes knowing how to use
technology such as accessing information, and being able to adapt to new technologies.
3. Intelligence Preference or Learning Style This refers to the different cognitive
Given that the learners today are considered digital natives, it is also important for
inclinations that a person has for learning.
teachers to possess a considerable degree of technological knowledge.
Teacher
The intersection of these three knowledge components, as shown in the figure below,
Finally, it is important for teachers to take into account their own knowledge for produces an emergent component, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge,
instruction to become more effective. According to Misha and Koehler (2006), a also known as TPACK. Simply stated, this means the effective teaching of a given
teacher’s knowledge is comprised of three components: content knowledge, subject with the use of technology. Teachers with a high level of TPACK know how
pedagogical knowledge, and technological knowledge. and when technology can be used to assist instruction and when technology should not
be used because impede learning. They acknowledge that concepts can be represented
Content knowledge refers to the teacher’s knowledge about the subject matter that through technology and that pedagogical techniques also be communicated with the
will be taught. This includes knowledge of concepts, theories, ideas frameworks, and use of technology. In social studies, teachers can demonstrate TPACK through the use
established practices and approaches in the development of such knowledge. In social of Google Maps to teach location and direction or the employment of web games in
studies, examples of this are knowledge of the concepts and frameworks in the social presenting important events in Philippine history. Taking into account the teacher’s
sciences such as anthropology, economics, sociology, and skills in geography and knowledge is important not only in assessing one’s state of current knowledge and
historical thinking. Such knowledge is critical since low content knowledge may skills but also in ensuring the effective delivery of instruction to students.
contribute to the teaching of the wrong information and the development of
misconceptions among students.

Pedagogical knowledge refers to the teacher’s knowledge about the process of

teaching and learning. This includes the understanding of the principles of learning,
classroom management, instructional approaches and strategies, and assessment
practices. Some teachers may be experts in their discipline but may lack knowledge
and skills on how to successfully communicate the information to their students. Thus,
it is important that a teacher develops his/her pedagogical knowledge because this
greatly contributes to effective teaching and learning.

Technological knowledge is the teacher’s knowledge of and ability to use