Title L2 Spring-mass oscillator

Aim :- Suspend a light pan from the lower end

of the spring suspended vertically from a rigid
support.Set the system consisting of suitable
mass in the pan into oscillation and determine
the time taken to complete a suitable number
of oscillations. Vary the mass in the pan and
find time of oscillations for five different
values of mass M. Find periodic time for each
mass assumingwhole mass (m + M) of the
system concentrated at a single point. (Mass
of spring is m )Plot the graph of T2 again st M.
Hence find the mass of the spring.

1.Diagram

Rigid support

o Metre scole
I
3
Spring
4
s
6
--------······· s
t ~ 8
Weights t=;;-.=........
7
x!
9 •-·•·-•-~r SD
10 -------- --- -·· S

2. Setting of apparatus is done.

3.Formula :-

Mass of spring m = 3 x ( x- intercept)

4.0 bs er va tion:-

PART• ■ ~ -- -... _ _,. ,.,, ..,,

Mca.,.. ._ ,.. , ..,,U 8
2,
I.
i.- _. ,.. ..,_ h• ..l... 1

5.Result :-
(x-intercept)
Ma ss of spring is equal to 3x

M=3x 50

M= 15 0 gm

6.Graph:-

I I/ I : I '

' '· ')( I I I I

1 / ,/ 1 7 I .i. 1
• I
,.,'j; l
.,_i_ ,_F__.._....,
7 J ...._....
7
·-- ,.- --+ --- .-_.....j,
i--- +--4 --l ---1-- l l __.._ T-.
--..; ._., ...e --..- ---+ ---l ---l
- ·· -4---- '-~;/' -'-l ---+ -'--J ---l
_J,....;.'"..,J.....-4-. .:.
/I ,: ' I .r. l----1----1--1
:
~·:· :-I_,-~
C ••

1-. J. ---L.~/~11~
~ -1- .J_.J.. ._ ,~L
l-- - ,~
~ ~~~- t- 1~ •~l m_;r~--!-~- ',--4--.J·~\u~~, )
' rl)'! .. ,crt. ' ' - - 1--- -1-- -1--,--i---4
.
-,--+ ~
--+- -1- --- 1,-
..__ _ ... - i--.. .l... ..-l-- 4•- -l- I;
'
... -l-ii¥.l
f I,
I L '. I,

•., , Tr.• I;JL.. i ,

'
L8 Sonometer: Law of length

Aim:- You are given five tuning forks of

known frequencies. Keeping tension constant
determine the length of the wire vibrating in
unison with each tuningfork. Hence verify the
lawof length (nl= constant)
1.Diagram:

B
P
W

H
Wooden box with holes H-H

Slotted weights
on hanger
(a) sonometer

2.Setting of apparatus is done

Formula:- nl= constant
Formula :

n:
20Vm
frequency of vibrations of the wire.
T tension applied to the wire.
m
mass per unit length of the wire
vibrating length of the wire
4nm
i. e. Ta when nand m are kept constant
3.0bservation table:

1) mass of the hanger Mo= 500 hm

2) Total Mass M =2500

3) Tension applied to the wire T= 2500x 980

To measure vibrating length:

n&
Obs. No. Frequency oftuning fork Vibrating length of the wire Hz-cm
a Hz

, Mean cm
1 14'9 14414
512. 6so0682 7504o
2
4 26 |0'0549|7||"0
380 205 22·32|4 0'0467 &l92"o
4
38'S44 398s o02526056&

4.Calculation:
Ob. No 1 2 3 4

| Log n a
|2Fo93 |2.:6234 2-592 |2-1818
Log b
a+c
660 2577|·3304 | 6004
3 8753 3B871 33l02 37322
Antilog c ne
75040 771:08I 32-o 6056-0

5.Result:

nl is equal to constant
nl =7350.73
When T and m are kept constant then law of
length is verified.
L9Sonometer: Law of length
Aim:- You are given four tuning forks of
known frequencies. Keeping tension constant
determine length of wire vibrating in unison
with each tuning fork.Also determine the
vibrating length of same wire for the same
tension for unknown frequency of tuning fork.
Hence determine the unknown frequency.
1.Diagram:

B
B

HC
Wooden box with holes H-H

Slotted weights
on hanger
(a) sonometer

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:

requen cy : Mean nt
Unknown frequeny
 4.0bservation:
Tension applied to the wire T= 2500x 980
To measure vibrating length:

1 nt
Obs. No. Frequency oftuningfork Vibrating length of the wire Hz-cm
a Hz

Mean cm

512 149 144 146so0682 7504 0

2
426 |005497||0
3
380 20s 22-32| 4 00 467 819g2"
4
38S44 398s o02s26o56 &
unkwon n'= ..3[24 |e=.A3:S |735074

5.Calculation:
To find n

Ob. No 2 4

Log na
27093 |2:6294 2-5792 2. I818
Log b
1660 2577|3304: 6004
a+bc
3"8753 3887139102 37322
Antilog e= ne
75040 791o 81 32-o 60 56-0
Mean (n) -..Z.3505 735075 751
Umknown frequency n' - - Hz n)mean3124H.
235

6.Result :

The unknown frequency of tunning fork is

312.8Hz
L 10Sonometer: Law of tension

You are given five tuning forks of known

frequencies. Keeping tension constant
determine the length of wire vibrating in
unison with each tuning fork. Plot a graph
of reciprocal of vibrating length against
frequency. Draw your conclusion from the
graph.

1.Diagram:

B
B

W
H H

Wooden box with holes H-H

Slotted weights
on hanger
(a) sonometer

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula

nl= constant

Observation table:

To measure vibrating length:

Obs. No. FrequencyaofHztuning fork Vibroting length of the wire

Mean cm
1
512. 149 44 14 6soo682
2
426 00549
380 20s 22·32| 4 00467
IS2 38s44 39 8s 0022
Result:- The graph of resiprocal of vibrating
length against frequency of vibration of wire
is straight.

Graph:

Scole.
#GraphG x-axis

-04D2

H00 600 800

L 12Sonometer law of Tension
Atuning fork of known frequency is given
to you. Using the sononmeter determine the
length (L) of the wire vibrating in unison with
a given tuning fork for four different known
tensions (T) and one unknown tension.Plot
graph ofL square against T. Hence determine
unknown tension. Also draw the conclusion
from the graph.
1.Diagram :

B,
W
H H
Wooden box with holes H-H

Slotted weights
on banger
(a) sonometer

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:

Theory:
The frequency ofstatinary transverse vibrations of astretched string is directly proportional
to the square root of the tension in the wire, when lengh of vibrating string and mass per unit
length of the wire are kept constant.
..n avT constant

for verification tav+ or I - constant

4.0bservation Table :

Observation : g=980cm/ Frequency of tuning fork n.323.Hz

Obs. Mass attoched Tension Vibrating length of wire T
No, to the wire T=Mg Cm? dyne / em
including hange dyne
Mgm
(,cm ,cm Mean

490xI6 40 60
980 X103 62 665 A4'L222 160-o
4 2000
8'S72"25|2030O
1960x1o388 |0 2 9S 33 252 720-0
5Unknown e.7:7.
5.Calculation :

Caleulations :
Ob. No. 3

log T =a S"6902 S 39 | 261674 62923

log -b |:9554
a-b=c h" 2923 4345 430D85 43369
Antilog c= 1960 0"0 22160·0 20350o 217200
TI

6.Result :

Result :

1. As constant, when n and mare kept constant. The law of tension is verified.
2. The graph of against T is straight line .. Tal? Hence law of tension is verified.

7.Graph :

Scale :
v=2cm =25(m

50

Tx

-Tidgnes}
L 15 Resonance tube

Aim:- You are given four tuning forks of

known frequencies and one of unknown
frequency, Determine correct length (L) of air
column vibrating in unison with each tuning
fork. Plot a graph of frequency (n) against
reciprocal of correct length of air column (VL).
Hence find the velocity of sound in air at room
temperature

1.Diagram

Stand

Metal/glass tube

-Glass jar

Water
m-Rubber pad

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:

Formula

(i) End correction e0.3d

where dis the inner diumeter of resonance tube
(ii) V4 (nlL)_ I- frequency of tuning fork
-4n(ete) L= correct resonating length of air column
- An (+0.3d) (- observed resonating length of air column

4.0bservation Table :

apita tallipey.
veraier cop
1. Leas+ count 6 Scale of yernier
8malest division on the maún
)
the
divisions on the yernier scole of
6) Total number of
Nernier colliper,y10 diy.
) least Count (L.c.) of vevnier calliper /y 0.0oj cm
Wzero error (e') cm
observation tab)e :
) For inner diameter of resonance tube. C6rYecte d
Nsp VSR ojameteY /
lObe MSR /Ca) CA)cmc2 bXL.cjtotal readina) reading
No. (ate =d') cn (d d'-e') cm
3. 4 3.44 3.44

3.5S 8.55

3 8. 3 o.lD 34
 Date: 1 I2023
Mean 4) 3.4 cm
£nd coTrelatñom ea.8d
:.03 cm
Jor resonaling length:
obsFrequen Lenqth of cçr Corrected
No n(Hz) Columo Mengh
1a4é cm Cm-) H 2 -Cn

| Mean
S 12 1S 16 o.862 8132
2 4 8616.06.2 I6.2 I7.2 o.0Sb 256
3 4 26 18.3 18.3 18,3l 18.3 19.3 O.0S2 8221

3 84 20.s2o,s26.20.s 21.S o.0 4462s6

Mean Cn) 892s

5.Calculation:

cal clation;
logn log L Aotiloga)
obs, n
Ca)
No. 8132
1.204) 3.9134
2,1093
8. 916T 82S6
I. 235S
2 2.68)2
3.9)So 8221
1.2856
2.6294 82S6
3.916
1.3324
42-s 843

D spee d o eound = N 2 4cnL) mean

82946 H2-c
8p9-4 H2-m he
as6dL
-32 9- 44 )s

6.Result:

Speed of sound in air by calculation

V= 329.4 m/s
L. 16 Resonance tube

Aim:- You are given four tuning forks of

known frequencies and one of unknown
frequency. Determine correct length (L) of air
column vibrating in unison with each tuning
fork. Plot a graph of frequency(n) against
reciprocal of correct length of air column (/
L). Hence find the unknown frequency of the
tuning fork.

1.Diagram:

Stand

-Metal/glass tube

-Glass jar

Woter

-Rubber pod

2.Setting of Apparatus is done

3.Formula :

Unknown frequency
mean (nL)
n'
Corrected length corresponding to the unknown frequency (L,)

4.0bservation Table:

1. Least count of vernier calliper

0) Smallest division on the main scole of vernier calliper, x cm
(ü) Total number of divisions on the venier scale of the
vermier calliper, y-...2...
y diy.
(iiüi) Least count (L.C) of vernier calliper, xy.9cm =
(iv) Zero error (c) 0!.D cm Ool cm
Observation table :
1) For inner diameter of resonance tube

Obs.MSR/ (a)cm
No.
VSD VSR Diameter/ Corrected
b)em (ebxLC) (total reading) reading
(ate= d) cm
cm
(d--e)cm
24 4 0'04 2 44 2"44-0
2*4 5 24s
2r4 0"03 2"43 2"45-0
Mean d-24fm
End correction e=03 d=07em 03% 244 = 0732 Cm
 2) For resonating length:
Obs. Frequency Length of air column Corrected (em-1) BL
No. n (Hz) length L Hz- cm
L=(+e cm
, cm , cm l, cm Mcan
cm

1
512 49||?4 16*1S1 1622 00s928¬4.
173 19 s
3
380 19424) 2024 2098 b047: 7$3
4
So2 SD9300196 74
Unknown
(a)-260 L-.33:33

5.Result:

Unknown frequency of tunning fork by graph

n= 260 Hz

6.Graph -

|Scale :

n Hz) 500
460
z00
h
200
L 23 Kelvin's method

Aim:- determine the resistance of the

galvanometer (G) by Kelvin's method. Take

three sets of independent reading. Repeat the
experiment by interchanging the positions of
the galvanometer &the resistance box.

1.Diagram:

lr
A

D(cm) Metre scale 100

E K
ww
R

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:
Formula :
G-R where , length of the bridge wire corresponding to G
e, - length of the bridge wirc corresponding to R
G resistance of Galvanometer
R= resistance introduced in R.B

4.0bservation Table
in lePt gap
) Golvan omeker
GR ohm ean &
obs.
dg cm
R ohm le cm
NO
60
88.84

48
75.84 113.45
70 S2
1s
31

) Calvahb Meler in right g4P aolabtEbculataggh

G=R chm 1ean G

obs No Aohm ARcm
d hm
40 33.34 l i l
113.7S
70 2 48 75.84
61 p39 3,1Sl
5.Calculation:
Calcul ohions!
log calcul atíon fable GRa12f a
Gadvanome ter in let qap
obs.No, 3
log R eQ 1. 8451 1. 9542
log lo b 1. 6021 L 18S3
3.8o1 3. SG{ 3. 739s
do g le 2 d
C- d ze |: S229
16812
1.8799 2.7484
anti log e= G 38,34 1S. 844 13, TS

a
Galvan ometey in riqht gop
obs. NO 3
log R 2a |. 699o
|:84S -9542
1. Go2|
1.1S 3
3.801| 3.561| 3.139 S
1.7982 I6812
C-d z e .STA 9 |. 8T99 2.1484
antiloe=G 89.34 7S.84 I8.1S

. the resist ane o he golvano me ter

G = mean G& Co le7t gap) t mean G(o ight gap)
2

H3.7S t|3.7S
G
2

6.Result:

The resistance of the galvanometer is 113.75

ohm..
L 23 Kelvin's method

Aim:- determine the resistance of the

galvanometer (G) by Kelvin's method. Take

three sets of independent reading. Repeat the
experiment by interchanging the positions of
the galvanometer &the resistance box.

1.Diagram:

lr
A

D(cm) Metre scale 100

E K
ww
R

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:
Formula :
G-R where , length of the bridge wire corresponding to G
e, - length of the bridge wirc corresponding to R
G resistance of Galvanometer
R= resistance introduced in R.B

4.0bservation Table
in lePt gap
) Golvan omeker
GR ohm ean &
obs.
dg cm
R ohm le cm
NO
60
88.84

48
75.84 113.45
70 S2
1s
31

) Calvahb Meler in right g4P aolabtEbculataggh

G=R chm 1ean G

obs No Aohm ARcm
d hm
40 33.34 l i l
113.7S
70 2 48 75.84
61 p39 3,1Sl
5.Calculation:
Calcul ohions!
log calcul atíon fable GRa12f a
Gadvanome ter in let qap
obs.No, 3
log R eQ 1. 8451 1. 9542
log lo b 1. 6021 L 18S3
3.8o1 3. SG{ 3. 739s
do g le 2 d
C- d ze |: S229
16812
1.8799 2.7484
anti log e= G 38,34 1S. 844 13, TS

a
Galvan ometey in riqht gop
obs. NO 3
log R 2a |. 699o
|:84S -9542
1. Go2|
1.1S 3
3.801| 3.561| 3.139 S
1.7982 I6812
C-d z e .STA 9 |. 8T99 2.1484
antiloe=G 89.34 7S.84 I8.1S

. the resist ane o he golvano me ter

G = mean G& Co le7t gap) t mean G(o ight gap)
2

H3.7S t|3.7S
G
2

6.Result:

The resistance of the galvanometer is 113.75

ohm..
L 28 Potentiometer (Internal resistance of
cell)
Aim:- Determine the internal resistance () of
the given cell by using potentiometer.

1.Diagram

K,
400[ P
B

2.Settingof apparatus is done

3.Formula:

Formula:
r4-4)sL

4.0bservation Table:

Observation:
Balancing length when K, is open L, ...32.R.. cm

Observation Table:
Resistance ii fesistance Balancing length Internal resistance
Obs. No. box ofa cell
R, () s h t L (cm) r (0)
2 219 0941
2 222
3
I:3s1
4.
23| |S76
243 |625
Mean 373
5.Calculation :
(322- 29) 2 = 094)
L2 219
(322-222)3
222
3s)
(322-23D4= s s
- (322- 243)S 625
243

6.Result:

Internal resistance of the given cell is r= 1.37

ohm
L 30 Zener diode

Aim:- Plot the characteristics of zener diode

when the diode is used in reversed bias mode.

Hence find the breakdown voltage of the

zener diode.

1.Diagram:
Cireuit diogram:
V,- Variable input
R voltoge
Variable D.c R Resistance
Power Supply ( ) mA milliamneter
Z-Zener Diode
R,Lood Resistance

2.Setting of apparatus is done

3.Formula:
Intercept on x axis gives break down voltage
of zener diode

4.0bservation table:

In put Vltage turrent Through

ob He (vi) Velts Zener Lztma)

2 2

3 3

6
o6

l:9
9 38

6 8

12
5.Result:- Breakdown voltage of zener diode
is = 6.8V.

6.Graph:
Scale :
K 20M=ly

cher
L31 Logic gates
Aim:- You are given three TTL IC, for OR,
AND, NAND gates Drawsymbolic diagrams to
illustrate functions of the above gates. Write
the truth tables for all these gates. Determine
the output for all possible values of input for
each and verify the truth tables.

1.Setting of apparatus is done

2.0R logic gate

Formula:-Y = A + B

Observation table:

The truth table of a two-input OR basic gate is

given as

A B

3.AND logic gate

Input Y
Output

Formula:-Y =A.B
Observation table:

The truth table of a two-input AND basic gate is

given as

0 0

1 0
 4.NAND logic gate

A Y
Input
B Output

Formula:

Y= A.B
Observation table:
The truth table of a NAND gate is given as

A B Y

1 0

5.Result:

Allgiven logic's gates are verified

L32 Logic gates
Aim :- ou are given three TTL IC, for NOT,
NOR, NAND gates Draw symbolic diagrams to
illustrate functions of the above gates. Write
the truth tables for all these gutes. Determine
the output for all possible values of input for
each and verify the truth tables.

1.Setting of apparatus is done

2.NOT logic gate

A
Input Output

Formula:

Y=A
Observation table:
The truth table of NOT gate is as follows

3.NOR logic gate

Formula:

Y=A+B

Observation table:
The truth table of a NOR gate is as follows

A B

0 1
4.NAND logic gate

A
Input
B4 Output

Formula:

Y=A.B
Observation table:
The truth table ofa NANDgate is given as

A B

1 1

1 1

Result :

Allgiven logic's gates are verified