INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Introduction
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Data communications refers to the
transmission of this digital data between two
or more computers and a computer network
or data network is a telecommunications
network that allows computers to exchange
data.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
…The physical connection between
networked computing devices is established
using either cable media or wireless media.
The best-known computer network is the
Internet.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
This module should teach you basics of Data
Communication and Computer Network
(DCN) and will also take you through
various advanced concepts related to Data
Communication and Computer Network.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Data communication refers to the exchange of
data between two or more devices via a
transmission medium.
Networking involves connecting multiple devices
to facilitate communication and resource sharing.
The purpose of data communication and
networking is to enable the efficient transfer of
information.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Data communication is the process of
transmitting data or information from one
point to another through a communication
medium.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…In the modern digital era, data
communication has become an integral part
of our daily lives and is crucial for
businesses, organizations, and individuals to
exchange information, collaborate, and
access resources over networks.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Key Concepts of Data Communication:
Data: Data refers to the raw and unprocessed
facts, figures, or symbols that represent
information.
Communication: Communication is the
exchange of data or information between
devices or entities using a common set of rules
or protocols.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Data Transmission: Data transmission
involves sending data from the source to the
destination over a communication channel
or medium.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Communication Medium: The
communication medium is the physical path
or channel through which data is
transmitted, such as wired cables, fiber
optics, or wireless radio waves.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Components of Data Communication:
Sender: The device that initiates the data
communication process and generates the
data to be transmitted.
Receiver: The device that receives the data
sent by the sender and processes it.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Transmission Medium: The physical path
through which data is transmitted, such as copper
wires, fiber optics, or wireless channels.
Message: The information or data being
transmitted from the sender to the receiver.
Protocol: The set of rules and procedures governing
the format and transmission of the message.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Characteristics of Data Communication:
Speed: The rate at which data is
transmitted, usually measured in bits per
second (bps) or megabits per second (Mbps).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Accuracy: The extent to which the
transmitted data remains uncorrupted and
error-free.
Reliability: The degree to which data
transmission is consistent and free from
failures or disruptions.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Security: Measures taken to protect data
from unauthorized access or tampering
during transmission.
Scalability: The ability of a communication
system to accommodate an increasing
number of users or devices.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Compatibility: The ability of different
devices and systems to work together and
exchange data seamlessly.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Standards
Standards are established guidelines,
specifications, or criteria that serve as a
basis for ensuring uniformity,
interoperability, safety, and efficiency in
various industries, products, systems, and
processes.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…They play a crucial role in promoting
innovation, supporting global trade, and
enhancing quality and safety standards.
Standards can be classified into different
types based on their application and scope.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
International Standards Organisation (ISO)
ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
ISO is an international standard-setting body that
develops and publishes standards covering various
aspects of technology, industry, and commerce.
It is a non-governmental organization with a
membership of national standards bodies from more
than 160 countries.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
ISO standards are developed through a
consensus-based process involving experts
from different industries and countries.
ISO standards aim to promote global
interoperability, quality, safety, and
efficiency in products, services, and systems
across various sectors.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
ISO standards are developed through a
consensus-based process involving experts
from different industries and countries.
ISO standards aim to promote global
interoperability, quality, safety, and
efficiency in products, services, and systems
across various sectors.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Some well-known ISO standards include
ISO 9001 for quality management systems,
ISO 14001 for environmental management
systems, ISO 27001 for information security
management, and ISO 3166 for country
codes, among many others.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Communication standards are established sets of rules,
protocols, and specifications that ensure interoperability,
consistency, and seamless communication between various
devices, systems, and networks. These standards are
critical for enabling reliable data exchange and efficient
communication in both wired and wireless environments.
There are numerous communication standards developed
by various standardization organizations, industry
consortia, and governing bodies.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model:
The OSI model is a conceptual framework that
standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or
computing system into seven distinct layers.
It was developed by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in the late 1970s and
published in 1984 as ISO 7498-1.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…The OSI model aims to promote
interoperability between different network
protocols and technologies by defining clear
interfaces and responsibilities for each layer.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Each layer of the OSI model performs specific
functions, and communication between devices
relies on standardized protocols and data
formats.
The seven layers of the OSI model, from the
bottom to the top, are: Physical, Data Link,
Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and
Application.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model
is a conceptual framework used to understand
and describe how different networking protocols
and technologies interact and communicate
within a network. It consists of seven layers, each
with specific responsibilities and functions. The
OSI model helps in the development of network
protocols, ensuring interoperability and modular
design.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Layer 7: Application Layer:
The Application Layer is the topmost layer
and provides network services directly to
end-users or applications.
It enables communication between different
software applications and interacts with
users.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
…Examples of application layer protocols
include HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), and
DNS (Domain Name System).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Layer 6: Presentation Layer:
The Presentation Layer is responsible for data
representation, encryption, and compression.
It ensures that data is properly formatted and
compatible between different systems.
Examples of presentation layer functions include
data encryption/decryption, character encoding, and
compression/decompression.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
Layer 5: Session Layer:
The Session Layer establishes, maintains,
and terminates sessions between
applications on different devices.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
…It manages communication sessions,
synchronization, and data exchange between
applications.
Examples of session layer functions are
session establishment, data synchronization,
and dialogue control.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Layer 4: Transport Layer:
The Transport Layer provides end-to-end
communication between devices and ensures
reliable and error-free data transfer.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
…It segments data into smaller packets,
adds sequence numbers, and handles flow
control and error recovery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer
include TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
Layer 3: Network Layer:
The Network Layer deals with logical
addressing and routing of data packets from
the source to the destination across multiple
networks.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
…It uses IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to
identify devices on the network and
determines the best path for data delivery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer
include IP (IPv4 and IPv6), ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol), and OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Layer 3: Network Layer:
The Network Layer deals with logical
addressing and routing of data packets from
the source to the destination across multiple
networks.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…It uses IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to
identify devices on the network and
determines the best path for data delivery.
Examples of protocols used at this layer
include IP (IPv4 and IPv6), ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol), and OSPF
(Open Shortest Path First).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Layer 2: Data Link Layer:
The Data Link Layer provides reliable data
transfer between two directly connected
devices over a physical link.
It is responsible for framing data into frames,
adding MAC (Media Access Control)
addresses, and performing error detection and
correction.
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Divided into two sub-layers: Logical Link
Control (LLC) and Media Access Control
(MAC).
Examples of protocols used at this layer
include Ethernet (802.3), Wi-Fi (802.11), and
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
Layer 1: Physical Layer:
The Physical Layer is the lowest layer and
deals with the physical transmission of data
bits over the network medium.
It defines the characteristics of the
hardware, such as cables, switches, and
network interface cards (NICs).
 INTRODUCTION TO DATA
COMMUNICATION
…Functions include data encoding,
modulation, and error detection at the bit
level.
Examples of technologies used at this layer
include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and fiber-optic
cables.