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ExamB 2017 Answers

The document is an exam for ECEN 460, consisting of multiple problems related to power systems, including power flow analysis and economic dispatch. It includes sections for calculations, short answer questions, and true/false statements, covering topics such as generator limits, fuel-cost curves, and synchronous motors. The exam is closed book with specific allowances for note sheets and calculators.

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11 views6 pages

ExamB 2017 Answers

The document is an exam for ECEN 460, consisting of multiple problems related to power systems, including power flow analysis and economic dispatch. It includes sections for calculations, short answer questions, and true/false statements, covering topics such as generator limits, fuel-cost curves, and synchronous motors. The exam is closed book with specific allowances for note sheets and calculators.

Uploaded by

ecuevas06
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: _______Answers__________

ECEN 460

Exam #2

Tuesday, November 14, 2017


75 Minutes

Closed book, closed notes


Two 8.5 by 11 inch note sheets allowed (front and back for both)
Calculators allowed

1. ________ / 25

2. ________ / 25

3. ________ / 20

4. ________ / 30

Total ________ / 100


1. (25 points total)

A generator bus with a 1.0 per unit voltage supplies a constant power
load through a lossless transmission line with per unit (100 MVA base)
impedance of j0.05 and no line charging. Assume the per unit
constant power load is PL = 2.0 and QL = 1.0.

(18 pts) a) Starting with an initial voltage guess of 1.00, determine


the first iteration value of the load bus voltage (magnitude
and angle) using the Newton-Raphson power flow method.

(7 pts) b) Now assume that the generator’s per unit voltage is


increased to 1.05 per unit and assume that the constant
power load is replaced by a voltage dependent load of

PL = 2.0 + 1.0½VL½
QL = 1.0 + 1.0½VL½

where ½VL½is the load bus voltage magnitude. Repeat part


a) using this voltage dependent load with an initial
voltage guess of 1.050

Answer
2. (25 points total)

The fuel-cost curves for a three generator system with a load of 1000 MW are

2
C1(PG1) = 600 + 25 * PG1 + 0.01 * (PG1)
2
C2(PG2) = 500 + 30 * PG2 + 0.025 * (PG2)
2
C3(PG3) = 1500 + 40 * PG3 + 0.01 * (PG3)

Generator limits are: 0 £ PG1 £ 200


200 £ PG2 £ 800
200 £ PG3 £ 600

For this problem you can either 1) directly solve it to get the economic
dispatch, giving the values of all the variables, or 2) use the lambda
iteration method to determine the values of  , PG1( ), PG2( ), and
M M M

PG3( ), after two iterations. If you decide to use the lambda iteration
M

method show the values of all variables at each iteration and use
starting values of  = 40 and  = 60. Regardless of your method be
L H
sure to consider the generator limits; you may ignore any penalty
factors.

Answer: The incremental costs are IC1=25+0.02PG1, IC2=30+0.05PG2,


IC3=40+0.02PG3.

For solution option 1 the problem can be solved quickly if one


recognizes that PG1 will be at its max limit (since at 200 MW its
incremental cost is only 29). Then with the constraint that P G3=800-
PG2, solving for equal incremental costs gives
30+0.05PG2=40+0.02*(800-PG2), which gives PG2=26/0.07=371.4 MW,
PG3=428.6 MW, and  = $48.6/MWh.

For the second solution option, writing the power in terms of gives
3. (Short Answer: 20 points total – five points each)

A. Name at least two of the approximations that are used to develop the dc power
flow?

No line resistance so G terms are zero, small angle differences so cos() = 1,


sin() = , unity voltge magnitude, reactive power ignored

B. In two or three sentences explain how a three-phase synchronous motor works.

AC currents in stator windings setup a rotating magnetic field. On rotor


magnetic field is either created by the dc field current or a permanent
magnetic. Rotor operates at synchronous speed, with the magnetic poles on
the rotor following the opposite magnetic poles due to the stator rotating
magnetic field.

C. Assume the per unit losses on a small three generator system (with G1, G2 and G3)
can be approximated as 0.03(PG1)2 + 0.08(PG2)2 - 0.01 (PG1PG2). If the per unit
generator outputs are PG1 = 2, PG2 = 1, PG3 = 2.5, what are the penalty factor for
each generator?

D. Explain how you could use power flow analysis to approximate the penalty factor
for a generator

Solve the power flow to determine the initial losses,


change the real power output of generator i by a small
about, PGi, to get the new losses, and set PLosses as the
difference. Then
4. (30 points total)

True/False – Two points each. Circle T if statement is true, F if statement is False.

T F 1. Nonlinear equations (e.g., power flow) can have multiple


solutions.

T F 2. Because the transmission line reactance is almost always positive,


the power flow Jacobian matrix is guaranteed to never be singular.

T F 3. In the power flow the slack bus voltage angle does not change.

T F 4. The dc power flow solves for the per unit voltage magnitudes,
assuming that the voltage angles are constant at zero degrees.

T F 5. While perhaps interesting from a theoretical perspective, machine


magnetic saturation is seldom encountered in practice.

T F 6. In the ERCOT LMP markets generators can be paid more than


they offer into the market.

T F 7. As discussed in class, the high electricity prices around the country


are due to the historically high prices of natural gas.

T F 8. In economic dispatch the slack bus penalty factor is always zero.

T F 9. While ERCOT provides electricity to the vast majority of Texas,


its maximum electric load has never exceeded 5 GW.

T F 10. As proven in class, any system with less than four players is
guaranteed to have a single Nash equilibrium.

T F 11. The LMPs in the ERCOT real-time market can exceed


$500/MWh.

T F 12. Assuming it is coded correctly, the final operating cost from a


security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) solution will
always be less than the final operating cost from an Optimal Power
Flow (OPF) for the same system.

T F 13. In the power flow voltage dependent loads can modify the power
flow Jacobian.

T F 14. Texas has more installed wind power than any other state.

T F 15. The ballpark figure from class is one pound of coal can provide
about one MWh of electricity.

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