Sharjah Indian school

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

TOPIC :- RATE OF EVAPORATION

NAME :- ANAND SHYMA BAIJU
CLASS :- XII-D
ROLL NO :- 10
 SHARJAH INDIAN SCHOOL
(AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION,NEW DELHI)

CERTIFICATE
Roll No:- 10

Certified that the work entered in this journal on the Project ‘Rate of Evaporation’
is the bona fide work of Master Anand Shyma Baiju of Grade XII-D submitted for
the All India Senior School Certificate Examination conducted by CBSE, New
Delhi for the Academic Year 2020-2021.

Date:-…………………. ...……………………
Teacher in Charge

………………………... ……………………...
Internal Examiner External Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my Chemistry teacher, Mrs Asha who
gave me the opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic ‘ Rate of Evaporation’. This really
helped me in doing a lot of research about the topic
and was able to come across new things and learn
them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents for

providing me with the appropriate study materials
and tools to complete this project.

I also thank my friends and classmates who cleared

my doubts and helped me finish this project within
the limited timeframe.
CONTENTS

1.Introduction
2.Factors Influencing Rate of Evaporation
3.Applications
4.Theory
5.Experiment 1
4.Experiment 2
5.Experiment 3
6.Experiment 4
7.Bibliography
Introduction
When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes
into gaseous phase ventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation.
Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the terms of
kinetic molecular model although there are strong
molecular attractive forces which hold molecules together.
The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can escape
into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come near
the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not
have same kinetic energy. There is a small fraction of
molecules which have enough kinetic energy to overcome
the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous phase.
Evaporation causes cooling. This is due to the reason that
the molecules which undergo evaporation have high
kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules
which are left behind is less.
Since the remaining molecules which are left have lower
average kinetic energy. Therefore temperature is kept
constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution
of the molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy
will kept one escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of
the liquid is taken in an open vessel evaporation will
continue until whole of the liquid evaporates.
Factors influencing rate of Evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air
If the air already has a high concentration of the
substance evaporating, then the given substance will
evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it
can have a lower capacity forth substance
evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be
faster.

4. Flow rate of air

This is in part related to the concentration points
above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all
the time, then the concentration of the substance in
the air is less likely to go up with time, thus
encouraging faster evaporation. In addition,
molecules in motion have more energy than those at
rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater
the evaporating power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in
the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input
in order to evaporate them.

6. Surface area and temperature

The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with
temperature. With the increase in the temperature,
fraction of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
to escape out from the surface also increases. Thus
with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation
also increases. Molecules that escape the surface of
the liquids constitute the evaporation. Therefore
larger surface area contributes accelerating
evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction
in liquid determines the speed of evaporation.
Weaker the inter-molecular forces of attraction larger
are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of
evaporation is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

8. Composition of Environment
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the
flow of air currents above the surface of the liquid.
 Air current flowing over the surface of the liquid
took away the molecules of the substance in vapour
state thereby preventing condensation.

9. Density
The higher the density, the slower a liquid
evaporates. In the US, the National Weather Service
measures the actual rate of evaporation from a
standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at
various locations nationwide. Others do likewise
around the world. The US data is collected and
compiled into an annual evaporation map. The
measurements range from under 30 to over the120
inches (3,000 mm) per year.

10. Pressure
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens
faster because there is less exertion on the surface
keeping the molecules from launching themselves
 Applications:
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even
though the ambient temperature is below the
boiling point of water, water evaporates. This is
accelerated by factors such as low humidity,
heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer
hot air is blown through the clothes, allowing
water to evaporate very rapidly.
Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be
located near the surface, be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome liquid -phase intermolecular forces. Only
a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since
the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its
temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules
escape, the remaining molecules have lower average
kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus
decreases. This phenomenon is also called
evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat
cools the human body. Evaporation also tends to
proceed more quickly with higher flow rates
between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids
with higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry
on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more
rapidly on a windy day than on a still day. Three key
parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air
movement.
Experiment no. 1
Aim:
To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene
and chloroform.
Requirement:
Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10 cm, 10 ml.
pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and chloroform.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B
and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with
stopper similarly pipette out 10 ml of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start
the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now
cover each of the Petri dish and note the volume of
remaining material in them.
Results:
1. Rate of evaporation of Acetone is ml/s.
2. Rate of evaporation of Benzene is ml/s.
3. Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is ml/s.
Conclusion:
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and
chloroform are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
Experiment no. 2
Aim:
To study the effect of surface area on the rate of
evaporation of diethyl ether.
Requirement:
Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with
cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B
and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri
dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization
of diethyl ether from each Petri dish.
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in three Petri dishes
as
Conclusion:
Larger the surface area more is evaporation.
Experiment no. 3
Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of
evaporation of acetone.
Requirement:
Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10
ml. pipette, thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1. Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as
A, B.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes
A and B and cover them.
3. Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other
heat for same time.
4. Note the reading.
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as
given
Room Temperature ----- Heating
Conclusion:
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases
with temperature.
Experiment no. 4
Aim:
To study the effect of air current on the rate of
evaporation of acetone.
Requirement:
Two Petri dishes acetone.
Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and
B.
2. Keep one dish where no air current and other under a
fast air current.
3. Note the reading.
Results:
The order of evaporation of acetone in two Petri dishes as
given
With fan ------ Without Fan.
Conclusion:
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the
increase in rate of flow of air current.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.allprojectreports.com
4. www.chemistryprojects.com
5. Comprehensive practical book