Science G9

Principles & Applications of Electricity

Class 10

Agenda
1. Quiz 10
2. Take up Class 9 HW
3. Lesson 10
• Current electricity
• Electric circuits
• Types of electrical sources
• Electric current
• Electric potential difference
• Electrical resistance
• Ohm’s Law

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 Current Electricity
• Current Electricity is the controlled flow of electrons
through a conductor
Direct Current (DC) is the flow Alternating Current (AC) is the
of electrons in one direction flow of electrons that alternates
through an electric circuit direction in an electric circuit

Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

Uses Description

• Current is switched periodically by

• Current flows in one direction
switching the positive and negative
• Current is smooth but it is not
ends
capable of traveling long distances
• Current can travel long distances
• Portable devices • Electrical outlet
• Solar cells • Large household appliances

Alternating current is like water

flowing back and forth within the
pipes many times. As long as the
electrons are flowing, there is
current electricity.

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Electric Circuits
• Electric circuit is a continuous path in which
electrons can flow
Feature Description
Provides electrical energy or causes the electrons to flow in the circuit
Source
(i.e. battery, electric generating stations)
Device that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy (i.e.
Load
motor, lightbulb, appliance, etc.)
Switch Device that opens or closes the circuit
Wire Joins the parts of the electric circuit together

Switch

Load

Wire

Source

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Types of Electrical Sources
• Electric cell is a device that
converts chemical energy
into electrical energy;
consists of two electrodes
in a conducting solution
called an electrolyte
• Once the electrodes are
joined to conducting wires,
electrons begin to flow
from the anode(-) to the
cathode (+)

• Primary cell is an
electric cell that cannot
be recharged
• Secondary cell is an
electric cell that can be
recharged
• Fuel cell is an electric
cell in which chemicals
are continuously
supplied during
operation

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 • Fuel Cell Vehicles
(FCVs) use electric
motors that obtain
energy from fuel cells
• Waste product is H2O
• A disadvantage is that
hydrogen gas is
extracted from fossil
fuels which
contributes to carbon
emissions

Circuit Diagrams
Description Symbol Description Symbol

Electric Cell Resistor

Three-cell
Open switch
Battery

Wire Closed switch

Ammeter
Lamp or
(in series)
Voltmeter
Motor
(in parallel)

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Types of circuits:
• Series circuit is when • Parallel circuit is a circuit
the loads are connected in which the loads are
connected by branches
end to end and there is so that there are two or
only one path for the more paths for electrons
electrons to flow to flow

Checkpoint
Draw a circuit diagram showing an electric cell, a
closed switch, and three lamps connected in series.

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 Checkpoint
Draw a circuit diagram showing a two-cell battery
with three lamps connected in parallel. Include an
open switch for controlling each lamp.

Electric Current (I)

• Electric current (I) is the
measure of the rate of electron Current is measured by an
ammeter. An ammeter is connected
flow past a given point in a in series with the circuit.
circuit; the amount of charge
over time
• Unit is amperes (A)

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• A circuit breaker is an electrical
switch that protects appliances
against overcurrent or a short
circuit; circuit breakers can be
reset
• Short circuits occur when the
electrical current flows through
an unintended shorter circuit
such as through a fluid or
through your body leading to an Wall outlets with “RESET”
electrical shock or burn buttons are ground fault
• A wall outlet can deliver 15A of circuit interrupter outlets

current
that are designed to
prevent electrical shock in
• 0.001A causes a tingling areas with high moisture
sensation such as kitchens and
• 1.0-4.3A will stop the heart bathrooms.

Electric Potential Difference (V)

• Electric potential difference (V) Electric potential difference is
or Voltage is the difference in measured by a voltmeter. A

electric potential energy per

voltmeter must be connected in
parallel to the load or energy source.
unit of charge measured at
two different points
• Unit is volts (V)
Work
Electrical potential difference =
Charge

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 A water pump provides potential energy to A battery provides the potential energy to
the water which can turn the wheel. the electrons, which can operate the motor.

Electrical Resistance (R)

• Electrical resistance (R) is the Electrical resistance is measured by
ability of a material to oppose an ohmmeter. An ohmmeter must be
the flow of electrons connected in parallel to the load or
energy source.
• Unit is ohm (Ω)

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Factors that Affect Resistance
Type of Cross-
Length Temperature
Material sectional Area
• Insulators have • Thinner wires • Longer wires • Higher
high resistance have more have more temperatures
• Conductors resistance resistance causes more
have low • Thicker wires • Shorter wires resistance
resistance have less have less • Lower
resistance resistance temperature
causes less
resistance

Ohm’s Law

Where:
V = Potential Difference (V)
I = Current (A)
R = Resistance (Ω)

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 Checkpoint
A toaster oven has a 24.0Ω resistor that has a 5.00A
of current going through it when the toaster is on.
Calculate the potential difference across the
resistor.

Checkpoint
A load has a 1.2A of current flowing through it. The
voltage across the load is 6.0V. Calculate the
resistance of the load.

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 Checkpoint
A 110Ω resistor is connected to a power supply set
at 12V. Calculate the current going through the
resistor.

Graphing Ohm’s Law

rise
slope =
run
∆𝑽
𝑹=
∆𝑰

slope = resistance

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 Checkpoint
Plot the data below and calculate the resistance.
Potential
Current (A)
Difference (V)
2.5 0.002
6.0 0.005
8.7 0.007
11.6 0.009
14.5 0.012

Connecting Loads in Series

• The current is the 𝐼=
𝑉

same throughout any 𝑅

component in a series 𝐼=
9𝑉

circuit 3Ω
𝑰 = 𝟑𝑨
• For circuits with
multiple resistors, the 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
total resistance needs 𝑅𝑇 = 5 + 3 + 10
to be found before 𝑹𝑻 = 𝟏𝟖𝜴
calculating the total
current through the 𝐼𝑇 =
𝑉𝑇
=
9𝑉
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝑨
circuit 𝑅𝑇 18Ω

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• The voltage drops across each resistor in a series circuit
and can be individually determined using Ohm’s Law
• The sum of the voltage drops across each resistor equals to
the total voltage of the electrical source

R3 = 10 Ω Summary of Series Circuits

I3 = 0.5 A
V3 = 5 V
R2 = 3 Ω 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛
I2 = 0.5 A
V2 = 1.5 V 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑛
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = ⋯ 𝐼𝑛
R1 = 5 Ω
I1 = 0.5 A
V1 = 2.5 V

Checkpoint
Find the current and voltage drop across each
resistor for the series circuit below.

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 Checkpoint
If you add a lamp to a series circuit, what would
happen to the overall brightness of each bulb?
Explain your reasoning.

Connecting Loads in Parallel

• The voltage is the
same between any
two components in
a parallel circuit
• Current on each
resistor in a parallel
circuit can be R1 = 10 Ω R2 = 2 Ω R3 = 1 Ω

individually V1 = 9 V V2 = 9 V V3 = 9 V

determined using
I1 = 0.9 A I2 = 4.5 A I3 = 9 A

Ohm’s Law IT= 0.9 + 4.5 + 9 = 14.4 A

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• The total resistance in a parallel circuit is the
reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual resistors

Summary of Parallel Circuits

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +⋯
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛
1 1 1 1 𝑉𝑇
= + + 𝐼𝑇 = 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = ⋯ 𝑉𝑛
𝑅𝑇 10 2 1 𝑅𝑇
1 16 9𝑉
= 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + ⋯ 𝐼𝑛
𝑅𝑇 10 0.625Ω
𝑹𝑻 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝜴 𝑰𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝑨

Checkpoint
Find the current and voltage drop across each
resistor for the series circuit below. Calculate the RT
for this parallel circuit.

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 Checkpoint
If you add a lamp to a parallel circuit, what would
happen to the overall brightness of each bulb?
Explain your reasoning.

What I Learned Today:

❑ Alternating and Direct Current
❑ Types of Electrical Sources
❑ Drawing Circuit Diagrams
❑ Electric Current
❑ Electric Potential Difference
❑ Electrical Resistance
❑ Ohm’s Law
Due next class: Class 10 Homework

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