CERTIFICATE

This is hereby to certify that this Informatics

Practices Project on Airline Reservation
System(ARS) is an original and genuine
investigation work carried out to investigate
about the subject matter and the related data
collection and investigation has been
completed solely,sincerely by Sunny Sankhla
of class XII under the guidance of Mrs. Vinita
Jangid, lecturer of Informatics Practices
Department,Vidyasthali Public School.This
project is carried as per requirement for the
CBSE Board Of Examination for the year
2024-25

Mrs. Vinita Jangid,

I.P. Department
Vidyasthali Public School
Jaipur(Raj.)

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 DECLARATION

I,hereby declare that the project work,entitled

Airline Reservation System(ARS)submitted to
“The Department of Computer Science”, is
prepared by me.

Sunny Sankhla
(XII Commerce IP)

Sunny Sankhla

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 PROJECT ON CREATING AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

This program helps the users to add a data of flyer of all those who fly to different
destinations.
Today’s world is full of competitions and the only winner of this race is the one who
challenges everybody in that specific field.

This program is one example of how one shop can be different in function from the
other.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The objective of this project is to let us apply the programming knowledge into

a real- world situation/problem and exposed the students how programming skills

helps in developing a good software.

1. Write programs utilizing modern software tools.

2. Applying object-oriented programming principles effectively when developing

small to medium sized projects.

3. Write effective procedural code to solve small to medium sized problems.

4. Students will demonstrate a breadth of knowledge in IT space, as exemplified

in the areas of systems, theory and software development.

5. Students will demonstrate ability to conduct a research or applied Informatics

Practices project, requiring writing and presentation skills which exemplify

scholarly style in Informatics Practices.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human beings, who really wants

to stand against today’s merciless competition where “Human Error” is no longer

valid, it’s out-dated to rationalize your mistake. So, to keep pace with time, people

bring about the best result without malfunctioning and greater efficiency so as to

replace the never-ending heaps of flies with a much-sophisticated hard disk of the

computer.

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 One has to use the data management software. Software has played a vital

role in automating various organisations. Many software products working are now in

markets, which have helped in making the organizations work easily and efficiently.

Data management initially had to maintain a lot of ledgers and a lot of paperwork has

to be done but now software production this organization has made their work faster

and easier. Now only this software has to be loaded on the computer and work can

be done.

This prevents a lot of time and money to be wasted. The work becomes fully

automated and any information regarding the organization can be obtained by

clicking the button. Moreover, now it’s an age of computers of automating

organisations.

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that

divides complex projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or phases.
Segmenting projects allows managers to verify the successful completion of project
phases before allocating resources to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning, design,
development, testing, implementation, and maintenance phases. However, the
phases may be divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request,
requirements-definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development,
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and planning phases. End users of the system under development should be
involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the system is being built to
deliver the needed functionality.

PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an

opportunity.

The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

❖ Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of

the organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
❖ Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
❖ Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy
the need including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in
the business process offer a solution?

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 ❖ Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor
designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a
Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the
business process and the relationship to the Agency/Organization.
❖ Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in
a Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project
manager to begin the project.

Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business

objectives and resources are effectively implemented into an organization's
enterprise architecture. The initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add,
improve, or correct a system is identified and formally requested through the
presentation of a business case. The business case should, at a minimum, describe
a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and explain how the proposed
system supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The business case
should also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational, functional,
and network requirements as possible.

SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or

opportunity is validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the
Agency/Organization CIO.

The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

❖ Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

❖ Identify system interfaces.
❖ Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
❖ Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success
factors, and performance measures.
❖ Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic
functional requirements
❖ Assess project risks

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 ❖ Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, and Develop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This
phase explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business
need.
❖ It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS
software products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing
software components, or the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a
complete, onetime deployment.
❖ Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology
to support the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as
an important reference document to support the Information Technology
Project Request (ITPR) process.
❖ The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move
forward.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC: PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition,
and maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early stages of a
project, is necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively.
The depth and formality of project plans should be commensurate with the
characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine the information
gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and
resources required to complete a project.

A critical part of a project manager’s job is to coordinate discussions between

user, audit, security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and
document as many functional, security, and network requirements as possible.
During this phase, a plan is developed that documents the approach to be used and
includes a discussion of methods, tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and
user input. Personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, and target dates are
established.

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 A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept
of operations, system security, verification and validation, and systems engineering
management planning.

REQUIREMENTS: ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using
high-level requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning
phases. It also delineates the requirements in terms of data, system performance,
security, and maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are
defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed.
They need to be measurable, testable, and relate to the business need or
opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to
determine acceptance of the system are captured in the Test and Evaluation
Masterplan.

The purposes of this phase are to:

❖ Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document
them in the Requirements Document,
❖ Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported
(i.e., verify what information drives the business process, what information is
generated, who generates it, where does the information go, and who
processes it),
❖ Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the
process.
❖ Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

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DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and

network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified
design specifications that developers use to script programs during the development
phase. Program designs are constructed in various ways. Using a top-down
approach, designers first identify and link major program components and interfaces,
then expand design layouts as they identify and link smaller subsystems and
connections. Using a bottom-up approach, designers first identify and link minor
program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify
and link larger systems and connections. Contemporary design techniques often use
prototyping tools that build mock-up designs of items such as application screens,
database layouts, and system architectures. End users, designers, developers,
database managers, and network administrators should review and refine the
prototyped designs in an iterative process until they agree on an acceptable design.
Audit, security, and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review
and approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the
functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the
design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software
development, a variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk.
These include:

❖ Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

❖ Performing a security risk assessment.
❖ Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
❖ Determining the operating environment.
❖ Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
❖ Allocating processes to resources.
❖ Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is
a draft System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for
the system.
❖ Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by
the user. Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and
Business Sponsor, the final System Design Document is created to serve as
the Critical/Detailed Design for the system.

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 ❖ This document receives a rigorous review by Agency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements.
Concurrent with the development of the system design, the Agency Project
Manager begins development of the Implementation Plan, Operations and
Maintenance Manual, and the Training Plan.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The development phase involves converting design specifications into

executable programs. Effective development standards include requirements that
programmers and other project participants discuss design specifications before
programming begins. The procedures help ensure programmers clearly
understand program designs and functional requirements. Programmers use
various techniques to develop computer programs. The large transaction-oriented
programs associated with financial institutions have traditionally been developed
using procedural programming techniques. Procedural programming involves the
line-by-line scripting of logical instructions that are combined to form a program.
Effective completion of the previous stages is a key factor in the success of the
Development phase. The Development phase consists of:

❖ Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.

❖ Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
❖ Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

❖ Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is

conducted during the integration and test phase. The user, with those
responsible for quality assurance, validates that the functional requirements,
as defined in the functional requirements document, are satisfied by the
developed or modified system. OIT Security staff assesses the system
security and issue a security certification and accreditation prior to
installation/implementation.

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Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:

❖ Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported

by end users

❖ Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract
personnel

❖ Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions.

Requirements are traced throughout testing, a final Independent Verification &
Validation evaluation is performed and all documentation is reviewed and
accepted prior to acceptance of the system.

IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the
user. In this phase, the system is installed to support the intended business
functions. System performance is compared to performance objectives established
during the planning phase. Implementation includes user notification, user training,
installation of hardware, installation of software onto production computers, and
integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues until the
system is operating in production in accordance with the defined user requirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is on-going. The system is monitored for continued

performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system
modifications are incorporated. Operations continue as long as the system can be
effectively adapted to respond to the organization’s needs. When modifications or
changes are identified, the system may re-enter the planning phase.

The purpose of this phase is to:

❖ Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.

❖ Certify that the system can process sensitive information.

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 ❖ Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional
requirements continue to be satisfied.
❖ Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.

INTRODUCTION TO AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM

In today’s airline industry users or customers can reserve seat or book flight
from any place in the world as long as they are connected to internet. The
Innovation of technology has made traveling in the air easier for customers
with airline reservation or booking just a click away.
The fastest means of transportation today is by air. Thousands of people flock
the airline industry these days so that they can arrive their destination within a
short period of time. Vehicles, train etc. cannot drive across the Atlantic Ocean
or the Pacific Ocean, so customers tend to travel to other state, countries, and
continents using air.
Because of the assessment of the Travel to agent to make reservation directly
the Airline industry provided an Airline deregulation rule, this Airline
deregulation occurred in the year 1978, it deals with the magnifying the
importance of the computerized airline reservation systems and their
accessibility.

The main purpose of the 1978 Airline Deregulation Act in the U.S was to
eliminate government control over commercial aviation and ensure
competitive behaviour and fair business practices in the Airline Industry.

The flight reservation system is the way to the modern, scalable and robust
architecture of reserving a flight. The most dominant issue that an airline face is the
pressure of cost-cutting which slows down the entire growth of the airline industry.
The success of the airline depends on two factors, one is the traveller’s and second
is the technology used to book a flight.

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As a part of the travel company, you must hire professionals that can help you build
a competitive application for flight. A credible development firm for a travel software
that helps you create a well-organized software for flight booking. A proper FRS
(flight reservation system) is the reason for a sustained travel business. This helps
customers to reserve flights in a matter of a few minutes hence, it becomes an
important aspect of travel.

Here are a few elements to consider when constructing your travel agency software.
Offer online payment features with options: Let your users pay as per their comfort,
not yours. All airline systems usually give payment, but some may be very restricted.
As a travel company, you need to ensure the safety of customer’s information and
make sure that the software supports all kinds of payment gateways.

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VIDYASTHALI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SESSION 2024-25

A
Project on
AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM(ARS)
CLASS:XII COMMERCE

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Sunny Sankhla Mrs. Vinita Jangid

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