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Dongguan Institute of
Technology City College

Book division
complete Industry
set up count

Graduation Project Topic:Structural

design of can recycling bin
Student Name: Zeng Yongyi

study Number: 201536010444

Tie Don't: Intelligent

Manufacturing College

Professional classes:Mechanical Design,

Manufacturing and Automation Class 4

Instructor's name and title: Lecturer Fang

Lin

Start and end time:2018Year10moon-

2019March

summary
With the improvement of the overall level of modern beverage
manufacturing industry, the use of aluminum cans is increasing year
by year. Aluminum cans can be recycled. The cost of aluminum from
ore to metal and then to finished products is extremely high and
consumes huge energy. Therefore, recycling and reusing waste
aluminum can save resources, improve the environment, and
shorten the production cycle.Currently, only a few cities in the
market have automatic can recycling devices, but the existing
recycling devices do not have a compression mechanism, which
greatly reduces the recycling capacity.Therefore, a can recycling
trash can is designed, which has weighing and compression
functions. This device greatly reduces the workload of sanitation
workers and also improves the space utilization rate of the trash
can. Therefore, this graduation project has practical significance.
Keywords;cans; recycling; compression; weighing
 Abstract
With the improvement of the overall level of modern beverage manufacturing
industry, the consumption of aluminum cans is increasing year by year. Aluminum can
be recycled and reused. Aluminum from ore to metal, then to finished products is
extremely expensive and energy-consuming. So recycling and reusing waste metal
aluminum can save resources, improve the environment and shorten the production
cycle. At present, only a few cities on the market have automatic recycling devices for
cans, but the existing recycling devices do not have a compressor mechanism, which
greatly reduces the recycling capacity. Therefore, a cans recycling bin is designed,
which has the functions of weighing and compressing. This device greatly reduces the
workload of sanitation workers, and also improves the space utilization rate of the
garbage bin. Therefore, this graduation project has practical significance.
Key words: Cans; Recovery; Compress; Weigh
 Table of contents
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Research Background..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Current status and development trend of can recycling at home and abroad......................2
1.3 Market Demand Analysis....................................................................................................2
1.4 Content and significance of the research project.................................................................2
2. Overall structural design of can recycling bin...............................................................................3
2.1 Manual can recycling process.............................................................................................3
2.2 Design of automatic can recycling process
scheme...................................................................4
2.3 Selection of overall structural design scheme for trash can.................................................4
2.3.1 Option 1....................................................................................................................4
2.3.2 Solution 2.................................................................................................................5
3. Structural design and mechanical verification of components of can recycling bins....................8
3.1 Design of the delivery port................................................................................................12
3.2 Design of weighing mechanism........................................................................................12
3.2.1 Structural design of weighing mechanism..............................................................12
3.2.2 Design and material selection of weighing mechanism components.....................12
3.3 Design of compression mechanism...................................................................................15
3.3.1 Structural design of compression mechanism........................................................15
3.3.2 Compression mechanism component design and material selection......................16
3.3.3 Mechanical calculation and verification of compression mechanism....................19
3.4 Design of loading mechanism...........................................................................................24
4. Selection of motor and reducer...................................................................................................25
4.1 Motor selection..................................................................................................................25
4.2 Selection of reducer...........................................................................................................27
4.3 Design of motor support....................................................................................................28
4.4 Mechanical verification of motor support.........................................................................28
5. Appearance design......................................................................................................................29
5.1 Upper cover design...........................................................................................................29
5.2 Overall shell design...........................................................................................................30
6. Physical production.....................................................................................................................32
7,Summarize...................................................................................................................................35
References.......................................................................................................................................37
Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................38
appendix..........................................................................................................................................39
1. introduction

1.1 Research Background

Can recycling plays an indispensable role in today's sustainable development

strategy. Designing an independent can recycling bin will also increase the recycling
rate of cans and make more substantial progress. Today's recyclable bins have the

following shortcomings:
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 Figure 1.1 Public non-recyclable/recyclable trash bins

1) When all recyclable garbage is in one bin, there is still a need to add a
garbage sorting process. During this process, the non-recyclable garbage that
is mistakenly thrown into the bin needs to be screened, and various types of
garbage need to be recycled and classified, which greatly increases the
workload of the staff.
2) The volumes of various types of garbage vary. For example, if recyclable
garbage such as cardboard or mineral water bottles, which are light in weight
but take up volume, are put into the same trash can at the same time, the
capacity of the trash can cannot be fully utilized.
In view of the above situation, a garbage bin that only recycles cans is designed,
which can realize the four functions of weighing cans, automatically compressing,
recycling counting, and detecting the capacity of cans in the device. The device can
recycle and compress cans, which has a complementary effect on improving the
awareness of garbage classification and recycling among the people and increasing
the recycling rate of cans.

1.2 Current status and development trend of can

recycling at home and abroad

At present, most of the can recycling in my country is still done

manually, which is very inefficient. However, foreign countries have
designed automatic recycling machines.Paid recycling device for
cans, the device is a recognizableColaAutomatic recycling machines
for beverage bottles and cans. These machines are playing an
irreplaceable role in garbage sorting and recycling. With the
continuous improvement of people's living standards and awareness
of garbage sorting and disposal, manufacturers of garbage cans will
continue to improve the functions and structures of various garbage
cans, and garbage cans will continue to develop towards
intelligence and diversification. At the same time, beverages or
supplies packaged in cans have become an indispensable part of
urban life. Considering the lack of automatic recycling of cans in my

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 country and the urgent need for garbage sorting and disposal, an
independent can recycling trash bin is set up and placed in major
public places to automatically recycle and compress cans, further
improving the recycling rate of cans.

1.3 Market Demand Analysis

At present, the main material for making cans is aluminum.

Aluminum cans can be recycled and reused. In the non-ferrous
metal industry, aluminum ranks first in terms of reserves, output,
and usage. In my country, at least 160,000 tons of waste cans are
produced every year. Recycling and reusing waste metal aluminum
cans can save resources, improve the environment, and shorten the
production cycle. Therefore, the recycling of waste metal aluminum
cans is of great significance. In order to improve the recycling
efficiency, a device for automatically recycling cans has been
designed abroad. This machine can automatically accept aluminum
cans and automatically pay the corresponding amount after
recycling. However, the current can recycling in my country is still in
a manual and inefficient mode, and the existing recycling devices on
the market do not have a compression mechanism, which greatly
reduces the recycling capacity. This project is based on this
domestic deficiency and designs the structure of the can recycling
trash can. The purpose of this project is to optimize the can
recycling mode, realize automatic recycling, and improve the
domestic can recycling efficiency to meet market demand.

1.4 Content and significance of the research project

This project mainly studies and designs the automatic can

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recycling solution. The trash can with automatic compression
function and recycling counting and billing function has many
characteristics compared with the current ordinary classified
recycling trash cans: the current garbage classification trash cans
cannot handle the garbage in the barrel by themselves due to their
single structure. After the garbage is put in, it still needs to be
sorted manually, which will consume a lot of manpower and
material resources. In addition, the existing recycling devices on the
market do not have a compression mechanism, which greatly
reduces the recycling capacity. The can recycling trash can with self-
compression function designed in this project can compress the
cans automatically after putting them in, and can count the recycled
cans after recycling them. It can be used in paid recycling in the
future market launch, which can arouse people's classification and
delivery of discarded cans to a greater extent, and can further
improve people's awareness of garbage classification and recycling.

2. Overall structural design of can recycling bin

2.1 Manual can recycling process

When designing an automatic recycling plan, we first analyze

the process of manual can recycling. At present, my country has not
yet established a comprehensive scientific recycling model. Only a
few cities have automatic recycling equipment. The recycling
process of cans is generally still a manual and inefficient recycling
method. Generally, it is manual decentralized collection and
centralized sorting and collection at garbage stations. The overall

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process is basically completed manually, which makes it inefficient
and time-consuming. After recycling, it still needs to be manually
compressed. After batch collection, it is sent to a special
compression station for compression. The overall recycling process
is costly and labor-intensive.

Figure 2.1 Can compression station

2.2 Design of automatic can recycling process

After analyzing the manual recycling method, this device is preliminarily

designed as an automatic can recycling trash can that improves the traditional manual
can recycling. The recycling device can automatically receive and compress
aluminum cans. It mainly includes a weighing mechanism, a cover opening
mechanism, a compression mechanism, a feeding mechanism, a loading mechanism,
etc. When a person puts a can into the recycling barrel, it is first placed in the feeding
mechanism. At this time, the weighing mechanism senses the weight and starts
working. The weighing mechanism determines whether it is qualified by weight.
When the weighing mechanism senses a qualified can, the rear cover door of the
feeding mechanism will open and send the can to the compression area. At this point,
the compression mechanism starts working. When the can is compressed into a
pancake shape, it falls from the compression mechanism into the loading mechanism.
At this time, the compression mechanism is reset, and the can recycling is completed.
The specific solution flow chart is as follows:

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 Figure 2.2 Flow chart of automatic can recycling program

2.3 Selection of overall structural design scheme

for trash can

2.3.1 Scheme 1 (recovery, weighing, rack and pinion transmission

compression)
According to the process and design ideas of the automatic recycling solution,
and after consulting relevant materials, the preliminary design plan 1 has the
following preliminary functions: recycling function, weighing function, and
compression function. The recycling mechanism is designed as a square feeding port,
which conforms to the shape of the cans and is convenient for people to put the cans
into the feeding port; the weighing function is located below the feeding port, and an
electronic weighing sensor is used. The weighing result is directly fed back to the
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system, which is conducive to weighing the cans in the feeding port directly and
judging whether the cans are qualified at the first time; the compression function
adopts a gear rack transmission mechanism.
The design diagram of Scheme 1 is shown in Figure 2.3.1:

Figure 2.3.1 Schematic diagram of compression structure of scheme 1

Option 1:The gear rack transmission mechanism performs compression. First, the
motor is used to drive the gear to rotate, and the gear drives the rack to move back and
forth to squeeze the can to achieve compression.

(1) Advantages of this solution: The shape of the feeding port designed in this
solution conforms to the shape of the cans, which makes it convenient for people
to put the cans into the feeding port; at the same time, the weighing mechanism is
located below the feeding port, which can determine whether the cans are
qualified at the first time; the use of gear rack transmission has higher stability.
(2) Disadvantages of this solution: The gear rack mechanism in this solution will take
up a lot of lateral space, and the transmission noise is loud and the vibration is
strong, making the recovery device unsuitable.Can be used in public
places such as parks, campuses, tourist attractions, etc.The back-
and-forth movement of the gear rack requires the motor to rotate back and forth,
which is not conducive to the control of the system and is prone to error
accumulation.

2.3.2 Scheme 2 (recovery, weighing, counting, and compression of the

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crank slider mechanism)
Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of
plan 1,Solution 2 retains the advantages of Solution 1 and improves its
disadvantages.improveThe functions of the second scheme are: recycling function,
weighing function, counting function, and crank slider mechanism compression
function. The recycling mechanism still uses a square feeding port for recycling; the
weighing mechanism is still located below the feeding port; when the weighing
mechanism senses a qualified can, the rear cover of the feeding port is designed to
control the door to open, and the rear cover door opens to send the can to the
compression area, a slide is designed between the feeding port and the compression
area, and a counting sensor is designed next to the slide, and the count is increased by
one for each can passing through; the compression mechanism is improved to crank
slider compression.
The design diagram of Scheme 2 is shown in Figure 2.3.2:

Figure 2.3.2 Schematic diagram of compression structure of Scheme 2

Option 2The compression mechanism is improved into a crank slider mechanism, in

which the motor controls the crank to rotate one circle, driving the slider to move
back and forth once. During the back and forth movement, the can is squeezed to
achieve compression.

(3) The advantages of this solution are as follows: a slideway is designed between
the feeding port and the compression zone, which is conducive to the unpowered
movement of the cans to the compression zone; the counting system is designed
to sense the arrival information of the cans, making it easier for the control
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 system to start the compression structure; the use of a crank slider mechanism for
compression can reduce transmission noise and vibration, and the mechanism
occupies a small space. The slider is compressed once the crank rotates one
circle, and automatically resets to the initial position, which is conducive to
control.
(4) Disadvantages of this solution: The crank compression mechanism in this
solution needs to withstand large torsional and extrusion forces, and requires high
material strength;There are still many shortcomings and loopholes
that need further improvement and perfection.

In summary, after comparing and analyzing the two schemes,

the improved scheme 2 can reduce transmission noise and
vibration, and the mechanism occupies less space. The slider is
compressed once the crank rotates one circle, and it automatically
resets to the initial position, which is conducive to control and
more in line with the design concept and requirements. Therefore,
scheme 2 is determined as the final scheme. The main features of
scheme 2 areLow noise, small vibration, small space occupied by the mechanism,
and easy to control.It is easy to operate, low cost, can be mass-
produced, has many application places, and has beautiful
appearance. Therefore, we choose option 2 for detailed design and
make a physical object.The overall three-dimensional diagram of the
final solution is shown in Figure 2.3.3:

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Figure 2.3.3 3D detailed drawing of the final solution

Figure 2.3.4 Front view

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The parts list of the final solution is shown in Figure 2.3.5:

Figure 2.3.5 Final solution parts list

Working principle:When a person puts a can into the delivery port (1), the
pressure sensor (7) in the weighing mechanism senses the weight and starts working,
judging whether the can contains water by the weight. When the weighing mechanism
senses a qualified can, the control system (6) sends a signal to the steering gear (5),
which drives the rear cover (16) to open. At this time, the can will roll into the
compression area (19) along the inclined slide (17) due to gravity. When passing
through the slide, the infrared obstacle avoidance sensor (8) senses that the can has
passed and sends a signal to the compressor. The mechanism starts to work, at which
time the stepper motor (11) starts to drive the driving crank (24) to rotate one circle,
and the crank drives the slider (20) to move back and forth once, and squeezes the
can. When the can is compressed into a pancake shape, it will fall into the trash can
(25) below along the designed gap due to its reduced volume. At this time, the
compression mechanism moves back and forth once to achieve automatic reset. At
this point, the can recycling is completed, and the ultrasonic sensor (10) is emitted to

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the trash can at the bottom to sense whether the trash can is full.

3. Structural design and mechanical verification

of components of can recycling bin

3.1 Design of the delivery port

According to the different heights of the people who put cans,

such as children, the elderly, adults, and teenagers, the can
delivery port is designed to be 830mm from the ground. The overall
design is a square shape, and it is connected and fixed to the outer
cover with four screw holes. The plane dimensions of the delivery
port entrance are:
L×h=130mm×90mm type (3.1)
(Where L is the length of the garbage inlet; h is the height of the
garbage inlet). The plane dimensions of the inlet entrance are
shown in Figure 3.1.1 and Figure 3.1.2:

Figure 3.1.1Planar dimensions of the inlet (front view)Figure 3.1.2Side view of

the inlet

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The three-dimensional diagram of the launch port is shown in
Figure 3.1.3:

Figure 3.1.33D image of the launch port

After the cans are weighed and qualified, the rear cover of the
feeding port is opened, and the cans slide into the compression area
along the slide. The whole sliding process is shown in the figure:

Figure 3.1.4 Schematic diagram of the sliding trajectory of the can

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The cans are first manually put into the delivery port and weighed in
the delivery port. After weighing, the servo drives the rear cover to
open. At this time, the cans slide into the compression area due to
their own gravity.

castMaterial selection for opening:

Considering the performance, process performance and economy of
the material, thecastThe material of the opening is AL60601
aluminum alloy, and the surface treatment is sandblasting
oxidation. This material has good processing performance and
excellent weldability, suitable forcastThe square shape of the outlet
is light in weight and has good corrosion resistance. The surface is
sandblasted and oxidized to improve the material's corrosion
resistance, which is suitable for environments where water may be
present at the outlet.

How to open the front and rear covers of the loading port:
The front cover is connected to the delivery port by hinges, which
makes it easy for people to put cans into the delivery port. The
connection of the front cover is shown in Figure 3.1.5:

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 Figure 3.1.5 Front cover connection method

The rear cover is opened by a steering gear, which is fixed on the

upper part of the loading port. When the pressure sensor senses
the can, the steering gear starts to work and drives the rear cover
to open, so that the can slides into the compression zone. The
three-dimensional model of the rear cover is shown in Figure 3.1.6:

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 Figure 3.1.6 Connection method of the back cover

3.2 Design of weighing mechanism

3.2.1 Structural design of weighing mechanism

The weighing principle is to use a pressure sensor for weighing.

First, the pressure sensor is designed below the delivery port. This
position is convenient for directly measuring cans. A pad is designed
above the sensor to match the delivery port. Then a circular
platform is designed below the sensor to place the sensor control
module (the sensor is fixed to the circular platform). Finally, a fixing
is designed below to fix the entire weighing mechanism to the
mainboard. (The weight measured by the pressure sensor = pad +
can)
The three-dimensional structural model is shown in Figure 3.2.1:

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 Figure 3.2.1 Three-dimensional diagram of weighing mechanism

The weighing mechanism is mainly composed of a pressure sensor,

a pad, a base plate, a connector, a control component, a support
component and a protective sheet metal. The pad is designed on
the sensor to support the cans and weigh them together; the
connector is used for connection and fixation, and provides space
for the placement of the control component; the control component
is used to sense the weighing result and send a signal to the next
action; the support component is used to support the entire
mechanism and is fixed on the main board.

3.2.2 Design and material selection of weighing

mechanism components

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(1) Design of weighing pad
The pad of the weighing mechanism is designed to be triangular in
shape, with the bottom plane fixed to the sensor and the upper part
designed to be connected to the slideway with an inclined surface,
in order to slide the cans to the compression area without power.
The three-dimensional model of the pad is shown in Figure 3.2.2:

Figure 3.2.2 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional diagrams of the pad

The selected materials are: White Sai Steel (pom

polyoxymethyleneplastic)
Reasons for choosing this material:
The material has excellent corrosion resistance, which can prevent
some cans from bringing in water and corroding the material; the
density is only 1.41g/cm3, and the weight is very light, which can
prevent the sensor from being crushed by excessive weight; the
material has good processing performance and is easy to process
into the shape of the pad.

(2) Design of weighing support block

The support block is used to support the pressure sensor. The upper
part is connected to the sensor base, and the lower part is
connected to the control module installation base plate to provide
installation space for the control module. The three-dimensional
model and plane diagram are shown in Figure 3.2.3:
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Figure 3.2.3 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional diagrams of the weighing

support block

The selected materials are: AL6061 aluminum alloy;Surface

treatment: sandblasting oxidation.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The material has good processing performance, light weight, high
toughness and is not easy to deform after processing. It has good
corrosion resistance and is suitable forMake support in this part;
The surface is sandblasted and oxidized to improve the corrosion
resistance of the material.

(3) Design of weighing fixtures

The fixing parts are used to support the entire weighing
mechanism and fix the weighing mechanism to the main board. The
three-dimensional model is shown in Figure 3.2.4:

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 Figure 3.2.4 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional diagrams of weighing

fixtures

The selected materials are: AL6061 aluminum alloy;Surface

treatment: sandblasting oxidation.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The material has good processing performance, light weight, high
toughness and is not easy to deform after processing. It has good
corrosion resistance and is suitable forMake support in this part;
The surface is sandblasted and oxidized to improve the corrosion
resistance of the material.

3.3 Design of compression mechanism

3.3.1 Structural design of compression mechanism

Compression principle:
After the can enters the compression area, it lies flat in the
compression slide (the compression slides to the support part
designed below to support the compression slide). At this time, the
compression mechanism starts to work. The compression
mechanism is designed as a crank slider mechanism (the crank is

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designed to be disc-shaped, and the diameter of the disc is the
crank diameter). At the same time, a block is designed at the
compression end. The motor drives the disc to rotate, thereby
driving the connecting rod to move. The connecting rod drags the
slider back and forth, and finally converts it into linear motion of the
slider. When the motor drives the disc to rotate one circle, the slider
moves back and forth once, compressing the can toward the block,
achieving one compression of the can and automatically resetting.
Size calculation:
The dimensions of the can are: diameter 60mm, length 115mm,
wall thickness 0.1mm
Diameter of compression zone:
The diameter of the compression zone = the diameter of the
can = 60mm
Compression stroke:
If the height of the can after compression is set to 10mm, then
the compression stroke = can height - 10 = 115 - 10 = 105mm
Crank diameter = compression stroke = 105mm
The final size of the compression mechanism is determined as:
Disc diameter: must be greater than 105mm, preferably 110mm.
Connecting rod length: must be greater than 110mm, preferably
170mm.
Slideway diameter: 60mm, slideway length:
Block size: 130mm×120mm×5mm
The overall three-dimensional diagram of the compression
mechanism is shown in Figure 3.3.1:

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 Figure 3.3.1 Overall three-dimensional diagram of the compression

mechanism

The compression mechanism is composed of a motor, a reducer, a crank

slider, a compression channel, a stopper, a protective sheet metal, a support,

etc. The can is compressed in the compression zone. The stepper motor drives

the crank to rotate one circle, so that the slider moves back and forth once

and resets to achieve compression. In this process, the reducer plays a role in

increasing the torque.

3.3.2 Compression mechanism component design and

material selection

1) Crank design
The crank is designed to be disc-shaped to balance the force, which
is conducive to bearing larger torque and reducing the vibration
during operation. The three-dimensional model of the crank is
shown in Figure 3.3.2:

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 Figure 3.3.2 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional diagrams of the crank

The selected materials are: S45C carbon steel;Surface treatment:

Chrome.
Reasons for choosing this material:
This material is a high-quality carbon steel with good mechanical
properties, high yield strength (greater than 490MP), and is not easy
to deform. It is suitable for cranks that withstand high
torque.surfaceThe chrome plating layer is used to increase the
hardness and wear resistance of the material.

2) Connecting rod design

The connecting rod is designed in a long strip shape, with
connection ports designed at both ends to connect the crank and
the slider. The three-dimensional model is shown in Figure 3.3.3:

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 Figure 3.3.3 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional graphs of a rod

The selected material is: S45C carbon steel; surface treatment:

chrome plating.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The connecting rod needs to transfer the force of the crank to the
slider, so a material with higher strength should be selected. S45C
has a high yield strength (greater than 490MP) and is not easy to
deform. This material is suitable for connecting rods; the surface
chrome plating layer is used to improve the hardness and wear
resistance of the material.

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3) Slider design
The slider is designed to be cylindrical, with the same diameter as
the can, which is convenient for direct compression. A ring is
designed at the top to fix it with a connecting rod. The three-
dimensional model is shown in Figure 3.3.4:

Figure 3.3.4 3D and 2D block diagrams

The selected materials are: S45C carbon steel;Surface treatment:

Chrome.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The slider needs to squeeze the cans frequently, so a material with
higher strength should be selected. S45C has high yield strength
(greater than 490MP) and is not easy to deform, so it is suitable for
the slider.surfaceThe chrome plating layer is used to increase the
hardness and wear resistance of the material.

4) Design of compression channel

The compression channel is used to place cans and complete
compression in this area. The shape and size are designed to match
the shape of the cans. The three-dimensional model is shown in
Figure 3.3.5:

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 Figure 3.3.5 Three-dimensional diagram of compression tract

The selected materials are: S45C carbon steel;Surface treatment:

Chrome.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The slider in the compression channel area will frequently move
back and forth, so a material with a smoother surface should be
selected. S45CsurfaceChrome plating has a smooth surface and is
highly wear-resistant.

3.3.3 Mechanical calculation and verification of

compression mechanism

(1) Calculation of compression strength

The material of the can is aluminum. The compression process
is essentially to overcome the extrusion stress of aluminum. The
allowable stress of aluminum is:
[σ]=3× 107 Pa Formula (3.1)
The wall thickness of the can is: 0.1 mm
Can outer wall radiusr1=60/2=30mm, inner wall radiusr2=30-
0.1=29.9mm.

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The cross-sectional area of the can is:
A=πr12-πr22=3.14× 0.032 - 3.14× 0.02992
=0.002826 - 0.002807
=1.9×10-5 m2 Formula
(3.2)

According to the stress formula σ= , the extrusion pressure on the

can is:
F = σA Formula (3.3)
To flatten the can, the extrusion force must be greater than the yield
strength of the can, that is:
F = σA > [σ] A Formula (3.3)That is, F >
3× 107×1.9×10-5 =570 N
Therefore, ignoring the friction of the slide, the compression force of
the slider should be greater than 570 N to flatten the can.
Next, we will analyze the changes in compression force when the
crank slider moves. The positions before and after compression are
shown in Figures 3.3.6 and 3.3.7:

Figure 3.3.6 Position diagram before compression Figure 3.3.7 Position

diagram after compression

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Analyzing the movement process of the crank slider, we can see
that when the crank moves to the upper right and just starts to
compress the can, the torque is the largest, that is, at this position,
the force that the crank needs to provide is the largest, which is the
position shown in Figure 3.3.8:

Figure 3.3.8 Crank maximum torque position diagram

Perform force analysis on this position, ignoring the friction of the

slideway and the weight of the parts themselves. The force analysis

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is shown in Figures 3.3.8 and 3.3.9:

Figure 3.3.8 Maximum force analysis diagram of crank slider

Figure 3.3.9 Schematic diagram of force analysis

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Where F1 is the compression force of the slider, from the previous
calculation we can know:
F1 = 570 N Formula
(3.4)
F2 is the force transmitted from the connecting rod to the slider. The
angle between F2 and F1 is A=15.460, so:

F2= = = 594 N Formula

(3.5)
F3 is the downward force:
F3=F2sinA = 594×sinA =158 N Formula
(3.6)
F4 is the force transmitted to the slider by the connecting rod:
F4 = F2 = 594 N Formula
(3.7)
F5 is the torque force provided by the crank (this force is provided to
the crank by the motor):

F5 = = = 1007 N Formula (3.8)

(2) Strength check of crank:

The crank mainly bears torque, the torque formula is T = F·h,
the maximum torque on the crank is:
T = F·h = F5·r = 1007×0.055=55.385 N·m Formula
(3.9)
The material of the crank is S45C, and the allowable shear
stress [τ] = 1.46× 108 Pa. To ensure the normal operation of the

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crank, the maximum shear stress must not exceed the allowable
stress, that is:
τmax = T/WP≦[τ] Formula
(3.10)
Where WP is the torsional section coefficient:
WP = IP/R =πD3/16Formula (3.11)
D is the crank diameter.
In summary, the following two formulas must be met:
τmax = T/WP = T/πD3/16≦[τ] Formula
(3.12)
That is, τmax = 55.385/3.14×0.1153/16=725 Pa≦[τ]
Based on the above calculations, the design of the crank meets the
requirements.

(3) Strength check of connecting rod

The connecting rod is mainly subjected to extrusion stress, the

extrusion pressure is F4=594 N, the connecting rod material is:
S45C, the allowable stress is: [σ]=1.9× 108 Pa. For the connecting
rod to work properly, the working stress of the connecting rod must
not exceed the allowable stress of the material, that is, it must meet

the following conditions: σ = ≦[σ],

The connecting rod section is 20mm in size×8mm rectangle, cross-

sectional area A connecting rod = 0.00016m2
Calculated:

σ connecting rod = = =594/0.00016

=3712500Pa≦[σ] Formula (3.13)

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Based on the above calculations, the design of the connecting rod
meets the requirements.

(4) Strength check of slider

The slider is mainly subjected to extrusion stress, which is equal

to the compression force of the can, that is, F slider = F1 = 570 N.
The slider material is S45C, and the allowable stress [σ] = 1.9× 108
Pa. In order for the slider to work normally without deformation, the
extrusion stress of the slider must not exceed the allowable stress of

the material, that is, it must meet the following conditions: σ =

≦[σ], the extrusion area is equal to the cross-sectional area of the

can:
A slider = 3.14× 0.032 =0.002826 m2
Formula (3.14)
The extrusion stress is:

σ slider = = =570/0.002826 =201699Pa≦[σ]

Formula (3.15)
Based on the above calculations, the design of the slider meets the
requirements.

(5) Strength check of compression channel

The compression channel mainly bears the downward pressure

of the slider F3 = 158N. The compression channel is supported by
two supporting parts. The three-dimensional diagram of the
supporting parts is shown in Figure 3.3.10:

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 Figure 3.3.10 3D and 2D images of compression channel support

The support and the compression channel are fixed by welding.

When checking, it is only necessary to check the extrusion stress of
the support. The material of the support is S45C, and the allowable
stress is: [σ]=1.9× 108 Pa, cross-sectional size 3mm×20mm, then
the cross-sectional area is A support = 0.0006m2,
The extrusion stress is:

σSupport = = =158/0.002826 =201699Pa≦[σ]

Formula (3.16)
Based on the above calculations, the design of the compression
channel meets the requirements.

(6) Strength check of stopper

When the block is compressed, it is mainly subjected to

extrusion stress, which is equal to the compression force of the can,
that is, Fblock = F1 = 570 N. The block material is S45C, and the
allowable stress [σ] = 1.9× 108 Pa. In order for the stopper to work
normally without deformation, the extrusion stress of the stopper
must not exceed the allowable stress of the material, that is, it must

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satisfy: σ= ≦[σ], the squeezed area is equal to the cross-sectional

area of the can, that is:

A stopper = 3.14× 0.032 =0.002826 m2Formula
(3.17)
The extrusion stress is:

σ slider = = =570/0.002826 =201699Pa≦[σ]

Formula (3.18)
The block is fixed to the mainboard with two M5 screws. The
shear stress of the screws needs to be checked. According to the
data, the shear bearing capacity of the M5 screws is2480N,
2480×2=4960N > F1=570N Formula
(3.19)
Based on the above calculations, the design of the stopper meets
the requirements.

3.4 Design of loading mechanism

The loading mechanism is located at the bottom of the entire

device. The outer frame is built with aluminum profiles, which plays
a supporting role. A trash can is placed inside the frame to collect
the compressed cans. A door that can be opened and closed is
made of sheet metal on the back of the frame, which is used to put
the trash can in and take it out.
Loading mechanismAs shown in Figures 3.4.1 and 3.4.2:

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 Figure 3.4.1 Appearance of the loading mechanism

Figure 3.4.2 Trash can appearance

After the compression is completed in the compression area, the

flattened can will fall into the trash can along the compression path
and the gap reserved on the mainboard, completing the recycling.
The overall dimensions of the entire frame are:
400mmX340mmX600mm.

4. Selection of motor and reducer

4.1 Motor selection

According to the usage requirements, the motor needs to drive the

crank to rotate one circle each time it is compressed, so the motor
type initially selected is: FL86BYG3A135 stepper motor.
When checking the load, we only need to consider the maximum
torque that has been calculated. The torque of the crank is:
F5=1007N, then the torque that the motor needs to provide is:
Mload=F·h=F5·r=1007×0.055=55.385 N·m
Formula (4.1)

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Checking the parameters of the stepper motor, the motor output
torque cannot directly drive the load, so the acceleration and
deceleration mechanism is used to increase the torque. The
reduction ratio is estimated using the following formula:
η=Tf/TdFormula (4.2)
(Where: Td is the minimum torque of the motor, Tf is the maximum
torque of the load)
According to the data, the stepper motor parameter Td=6.78, that
is, η=55.385/6.78=8.17. Ignoring gravity and friction, the reduction
ratio of the reducer can be greater than the η value. The initial
reduction ratio n=10 is selected.
According to the reduction ratio n=10, when the driving crank
rotates one circle, the stepper motor rotates 10 circles. The
compression round trip time is set to 5s, and the motor speed is:
nMotor=10/5×60=120 rpm;
Formula (4.3)
The rated power of the stepper motor is:
P rated =Ω·M=2πnM/60=2×3.14×120×6.78/60=85.17w
Formula (4.4)
The output efficiency is taken as η output = 0.98;
The motor output power is:
P output = P rated·ηOutput = 85.17×0.98=83.47
Formula (4.5)
The crank speed is:
n crank = 60/5 = 12 rpm;Formula
(4.6)
The output torque of the motor is:

M motor = 60·Pout/2πn crank = =66.46N·M;

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Formula (4.7)
Check that Mmotor>Mload, so choose FL86BYG3A135 stepper
motorCan meet the maximum torque required by the compression
device.FL86BYG3A135 stepper motorThe main parameters are
shown in Table 4.1:
Table 4.1 Main parameters of motor
model Phase Torque Rated length Shaft
(N﹒ m） current (mm) diamete
(A) r
(mm)
FL86BYG3 3 6.78 2.3 135 14
A135
The two-dimensional diagram of the 86 stepper motor is shown in
Figure 4.1.2:

Figure 4.1.2 2D diagram of 86 stepper motor

4.2 Selection of reducer

According to the use requirements and installation

requirements, the reducer type is initially selected as a planetary
reducer. According to the above calculations, the reducer should
meet the following requirements:
1. Speed ratio of reducer n=10;
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2. The rated output torque M reducer of the reducer should be
greater than the load torque M load, that is, M reducer > M load;
3. The allowable radial force should be greater than the compressive
force.
In summary, the PF120 series precision planetary reducer is
selected, with stage number L1 and speed ratio 10.
The reducer parameters are shown in Table 4.2:
Table 4.2 Main parameters of reducer
model Numbe Output Speed Allowable efficienc
r of torque Ratio radial y
segmen (N﹒ m） force
ts (N)
PF120 97%
Series L1 85 10 3100
Precision
Planetary
Reducer
The two-dimensional diagram of the PF120 series planetary reducer
is shown in Figure 4.2:

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 Figure 4.2 2D diagram of PF120 series planetary reducer

4.3 Design of motor support

The motor support is installed together with the motor and fixed on
the mainboard. It plays the role of fixing the motor and bearing the
reaction force when the motor is working. The three-dimensional
model is shown in Figure 4.3:

Figure 4.3 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional images of the motor

support

The selected materials are: S45C carbon steel;Surface treatment:

Chrome.
Reasons for choosing this material:
The motor support needs to bear the reaction force when the motor
is working. To prevent deformation, a material with higher strength
should be selected. S45C has a high yield strength (greater than
490MP) and is not easy to deform, so it is suitable for the motor
support.surfaceThe chrome plating layer is used to increase the
material's hardness and corrosion resistance.

4.4 Mechanical verification of motor support

The force on the motor support can be finally simplified to the

reaction force of the compression force, and the extrusion force is
equal to the compression force of the can, that is, F = F1 = 570 N.

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The support material is S45C, and the allowable stress [σ] = 1.9×
108 Pa. To prevent the bearing from deforming when the motor is
working, the bearing's extrusion stress must not exceed the

allowable stress of the material, that is, it must satisfy: σ = ≦[σ],

the extrusion area is equal to the cross-sectional area of the

support, and the support cross-section is 60mm×10mm rectangle,
so the cross-sectional area is:
A support = 0.06×0.01 =0.0006 m2Formula
(4.8)
The extrusion stress is:

σSupport = = =570/0.0006 =950000Pa≦[σ]

Formula (4.9)
The motor support is installed with four M4 screws. The shear stress
of the screws needs to be checked. According to the data, the shear
bearing capacity of the M4 screws is1206N,
1206×4=4824N > F1=570N Formula
(4.10)
Based on the above verification and calculation, the design of the
motor support meets the requirements.

5. Design

5.1 Upper cover design

The upper cover of the device is designed to be 400mm×The cubic

shell is used to cover the feeding mechanism, weighing mechanism and
compression mechanism, etc., isolating these mechanisms from the outside
world, enhancing safety and stability, and at the same time playing a
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waterproof and dustproof role, so that the recycling device can be placed
outdoors.The material of the outer cover is Q235, and the surface is
treated with white paint. The three-dimensional model of the outer
cover is shown in Figure 5.1:

Figure 5.1.1 Three-dimensional and two-dimensional diagrams of the

upper outer cover

The overall picture of the upper part after external installation is

shown in Figure 5.1.2 and Figure 5.1.3:

Figure 5.1.2 Overall view of the upper outer cover Figure 5.1.3
Overall view of the upper outer cover (transparent)

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5.2 Overall shell design

The device is essentially a trash can for recycling cans. Taking into
account the occasion of use and aesthetics, the overall appearance
is designed to be a rectangular trash can. The appearance material
is Q235 sheet metal, and the surface is painted. This material is
sheet metal material, the appearance is easy to process, and the
strength is high. The surface is painted to prevent corrosion and
enhance the aesthetics, so that it can be used in outdoor conditions.
The middle area is built with wooden boards to beautify the overall
appearance. A can recycling label is attached to the front of the
trash can for easy identification, and an "entrance" label is attached
to the feeding port for easy identification and delivery. The overall
dimensions are:
The overall three-dimensional model is shown in Figures 5.2.1 and
5.2.2:

Figure 5.2.1 Overall appearance 3D diagram (front) Figure 5.2.2 Overall

appearance 3D diagram (back)

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After the housing is installed, the final assembly diagram is shown in
Figure 5.2.3:

Figure 5.2.3 Final assembly diagram

The final assembly drawing includes the overall cover, upper cover,
trash can, rear door, and internal parts structure, with an overall
size of 410mm×355mm×980mm.

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6. Physical production

After all designs and mechanical checks are completed, the

production of the solid model begins. First, the aluminum profile of
the lower frame is selected. The selected aluminum profile is shown
in Figures 6.1 and 6.2:

Figure 6.1 Aluminum profile cross-section Figure 6.2 Aluminum profile

three-dimensional diagram

According to the design of the frame, four aluminum profiles with a

length of 592 mm, three with a length of 360 mm, two with a length
of 340 mm, and two with a length of 300 mm are selected. The
entity diagram is shown in Figure 6.3:

Figure 6.3 Aluminum profile solid image

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Considering that the motor may vibrate when working, in order to
strengthen the firmness of the frame, the aluminum profile frame is
fixed with triangular corner pieces. This type of fixing can improve
the stability of the frame. The three-dimensional shape and

assembly of the corner pieces are shown in Figure 6.4:

Figure 6.4 Three-dimensional diagram and assembly diagram of

corner fittings

After the aluminum profile is fixed, fix the mainboard to the upper
part of the frame. The material used for the mainboard is acrylic
board with a size of 400mm.×340mm, use M4 screws and nuts to fix
it to the frame. The mainboard is shown in Figures 6.5 and 6.6:

Figure 6.5 3D view of the motherboard Figure 6.6 Entity view

of the motherboard

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After fixing the mainboard, the overall frame model is basically
assembled, and the entity is shown in Figures 6.7 and 6.8:

Figure 6.7 3D frame diagram Figure 6.8 Entity frame

diagram

After the frame is installed, the production of various parts begins.

The various parts of the model are produced by 3D printing. The
printed product is shown in the figure below:

Figure 6.9 Compression stop Figure 6.10 Feeding port Figure 6.11 Motor

support

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 Figure 6.12 Weighing pad Figure 6.13 Compression channel Figure 6.14

Compression channel support

Figure 6.15 Pressure sensor top Figure 6.16 Weighing base Figure 6.17

Feeding port front cover

Figure 6.18 Pressure sensor base Figure 6.19 Cover fixing Figure 6.20

Crank slider mechanism

After all parts are made, start assembling the compression

mechanism first, install the compression mechanism and fix it on
the main board with screws, then install the motor, and install the
motor shaft key in the crankshaft hole, and then install the
protective sheet metal. The solid model after installation is shown in
Figure 6.21:

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 Figure 6.21 Compression mechanism solid model

After the compression mechanism is firmly installed, start installing

the weighing mechanism. First, assemble the weighing mechanism
as a whole, then install the weighing mechanism to the designated
hole position of the mainboard, and fix it with screws and nuts, and
then install the protective sheet metal.
After the weighing mechanism is installed, fix the right cover plate
to the main board with the connector, and then start to install the
feeding port, fix the feeding port to the right cover plate with
screws, and then install the slide.
After the above mechanisms are installed, sensors, control electrical
components, etc. are installed, and wiring is started after
installation. The electrical components are shown in the figure
below:

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 Figure 6.22 Arduino development board Figure 6.23 Servo Figure 6.24

Pressure sensor

Figure 6.25 Stepper Motor Figure 6.26 Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor

Figure 6.27 Ultrasonic Sensor

After the electrical components and wiring are completed, the

internal structure has been installed and the solid model is shown in
Figure 6.28:

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 Figure 6.28 Internal structure solid model
Finally, all the outer cover panels are installed, and then the exterior
is beautified and decorated. At this point, the overall solid model is
installed. The overall solid model is shown in Figure 6.29:

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 Figure 6.29 Overall solid model

7. Summarize

In October 2019, according to the school's teaching arrangement,

I started my graduation project and thesis writing. After several
months of design, the thesis is now completed. In this process, I
found that the writing of the thesis is a long process. It is necessary
to constantly revise according to my own design, and constantly
consult relevant materials. What is more indispensable is to
constantly ask the instructor for advice. In the process of designing
and writing the thesis for several months, I have summarized and
applied the knowledge I have learned in four years of university,
which has brought me great benefits.
At the beginning of October, the school started to select topics

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for graduation projects. At this time, I began to conceive my
graduation project. First of all, I had to figure out what I wanted to
design. After thinking about it, I decided to do a graduation project
with practical uses. After communicating with the teacher, the
teacher introduced a graduation project topic with practical uses
and significance, a device for automatically recycling cans, and
determined the graduation project topic.
In November, I started to design the preliminary plan. At the
beginning, I consulted a lot of relevant information about can
recycling on CNKI, and had a preliminary understanding of the
current situation of the domestic and international can recycling
market. At the same time, I also looked up various mechanism
principles on the Internet, discussed the structural design with my
instructor, and preliminarily decided to design a recycling device
with weighing, compression and other functions.
EnterAfter December, based on the preliminary plan, we refined
the plan, designed a detailed plan, drew a three-dimensional model,
and performed calculations and checks on each structure. During
this process, we encountered many design problems. By constantly
consulting relevant materials and consulting our instructors, we
solved the problems that arose in the design one by one.
By February, the basic design of the final 3D model was
completed, the relevant mechanical calculations and selection were
completed, and the problems encountered in the design were solved
accordingly. After the overall design was completed, the
manufacturing of the physical model began, first purchasing the raw
materials, and then assembling the entire object. After some hard
work, the overall model was completed.
In early March, after completing all the designs and physical

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production, I started writing the thesis, from design conception to
3D drawing, and then to the final physical production, and made a
detailed analysis and description, which is also a summary of my
entire graduation project. During the writing process, I also received
repeated guidance from my instructor, and finally completed the
writing and revision of the thesis.
During the whole graduation project, I gained a lot and received
help from many people, including my instructor and classmates. For
this graduation project, I personally feel that the structural design of
the can recycling device is complex and detailed, with detailed force
verification, and its practicality also meets market demand, which
fully applies the knowledge learned in four years of university.
However, there are still many areas for improvement in this design.
At the same time, due to time and material reasons, the physical
object is not made too well, it is just a physical model. In future
work, I will improve and perfect this design.

References

[1]Cheng Daxian, ed., Mechanical Design Manual, 5th edition,

Beijing: Chemical Technology Press, 2010.
[2] Cheng Jin, ed., Concise Theoretical Mechanics, 2nd edition,
Higher Education Press, 2013.
[3] Pu Lianggui and Ji Minggang, eds. Mechanical Design. 7th
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edition. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2001.
[4] Sun Heng, Chen Zuomo (eds.). Principles of Mechanics. 6th
edition. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002.
[5] Wang Boping, ed., Interchangeability and Technical Measurement
Technology Foundation, Beijing: Machinery Industry Press, 2008.
[6] Cai Chunyuan, ed., Mechanical Parts Design Manual (Second
Edition), Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1994.
[7] Jiang Yong, Wang Huihui, et al., eds., AutoCAD 2010 Mechanical
Drawing, Beijing: Posts and Telecommunications Press, 2011.
[8] Mingzhe, ed., Fundamentals of Engineering Materials and
Mechanical Manufacturing. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,
2012.
[9] Huang Jianqiu, ed., Fundamentals of Mechanical Manufacturing
Technology. Second edition. Machinery Industry Press, 2005.
[10] Min Hang, Liu Shujing, et al., eds., Mechanics of Materials,
Xi'an Jiaotong University Press, 2009.

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 Acknowledgements

Time flies and years are like songs. In a blink of an eye,

university has come to an end. Looking back on the four years of
study, I can't help but sigh in my heart. Here, I would like to express
my deep respect and gratitude to those who have helped and
inspired me. I also hope that everyone will get better and better in
the future life and work.
First of all, I would like to thank my graduation thesis advisor,
who was also my homeroom teacher for four years. Thank you for
your teaching and guidance on my graduation project over the past
four years. From the selection of the graduation project topic to the
finalization of the thesis, the teacher gave me careful guidance and
enthusiastic help, which was an important factor in the successful
completion of my graduation project. The teacher's seriousness and
responsibility in work and rigorous style of study are all worth
learning for my life.
Secondly, I would like to thank all the teachers and leaders of
the Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Their
careful guidance is indispensable in my process of learning
mechanical professional knowledge and mastering professional
skills. It is because of what I have learned in four years of university
that I can do well in my future work.
Finally, I would like to thank my classmates and friends for their
help and support over the past four years. I would also like to thank
my three roommates. We have been together day and night for four
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years and have made progress together. I really appreciate all your
care and help. The friendship of four years as classmates will be
unforgettable for a lifetime!
Graduation is approaching. In my future work and life, I will
remember those who have helped me, and also remember the
teachings of my teachers. I will work hard and pursue unremittingly
in my work, and constantly improve myself, in order to repay all
those who have supported and helped me!

appendix

Appendix includes 1 assembly drawing and 12 parts drawings.

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