Based on Updated

the Board’s as per the

new textbooks portions omitted
and paper from the syllabus
pattern
for the year
2020-21

 Physics  Chemistry  Biology

 Mathematics & Statistics +  English
Salient features :
 An examination-oriented book based on Board’s new textbooks.
 All Question Papers/Activity Sheets prepared as per the Board’s new paper pattern.
 One Model Activity Sheet for English and One Model Question Paper each for all other
subjects with complete solution and detailed marking scheme.
 5 Question Papers in each subject for practice.
 Neat, labelled and authentic diagrams.
 Helps the student to get full exposure to the new question paper pattern and build
confidence to secure the highest marks in the forthcoming Board examination.

Scan this QR code for correct

answers and compare your self-
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By
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Price :
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D0685
 PHYSICS
EVALUATION PLAN
1. (a) Theory / Written examination ( 3 hours )  :   70 marks
(b) Practical examination ( 3 hours )  :   30 marks
              Total : 100 marks

2. Question paper pattern for the theory / written examination :

Marks
Sec- Internal Total
Question Type Question No. with
tion Choice Marks
Option
Multiple Choice Questions ( MCQ ) Q. 1. [(i) to (x)] – 10 10
A
Very Short Answer Questions (VSA) Q. 2. [(i) to (viii)] – 8 8
B Short Answer Questions (SA) – I Q. 3. to Q. 14. 8 out of 16 24
12 Qs.
C Short Answer Questions (SA) – II Q. 15. to Q. 26. 8 out of 24 36
12 Qs.
D Long Answer Questions (LA) Q. 27. to Q. 31. 3 out of 12 20
5 Qs.
70 98
3. Chapterwise distribution of marks in the question paper :
Chapter Marks with
Name of the Chapter Marks
No. Option
1 Rotational Dynamics 5 7
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 5 7
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 5 7
4 Thermodynamics 5 7
5 Oscillations 4 5
6 Superposition of Waves 4 6
7 Wave Optics 5 7
8 Electrostatics 4 6
9 Current Electricity 4 6
10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 4 6
11 Magnetic Materials 4 5
12 Electromagnetic Induction 5 7
13 AC Circuits 4 6
14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 4 5
15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 4 6
16 Semiconductor Devices 4 5
Total 70 98

104
1
NON-EVALUATIVE PORTION FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21
AS DECLARED ON 22-07-2020
Chapter No. & Name Non-evaluative portion

1. Rotational Dynamics 1.4.2 : Sphere of Death

1.4.3 : Vehicle at the Top of a Convex Over Bridge

1.11 : Rolling Motion

2. Mechanical Properties of 2.3 : Pressure

Fluids
2.8 : Equation of Continuity

2.9 : Bernoulli Equation

3. Kinetic Theory of Gases and 3.2 : Behaviour of a Gas

Radiation
3.3 : Ideal Gas and Real Gas

3.4 : Mean Free Path

3.8 : Law of Equipartition of Energy

4. Thermodynamics 4.8 : Heat Engines

4.9 : Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

4.10 : Second Law of Thermodynamics

4.11 : Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine

4.12 : Sterling Cycle

5. Oscillations 5.7 : Reference Circle Method

5.9 : Graphical Representation of S.H.M.

5.14 : Damped Oscillations

5.15 : Free Oscillations, Forced Oscillations and Resonance

6. Superposition of Waves 6.3 : Reflection of Waves

6.10 : Characteristics of Sound

6.11 : Musical Instruments

7. Wave Optics 7.2.1 : Corpuscular Nature

7.6 : Refraction of a Light at a Plane Boundary Between Two Media

7.7 : Polarization

7.10 : Resolving Power

8. Electrostatics 8.5 : Equipotential Surfaces

8.7 : Conductors and Insulators, Free Charges and Bound Charges

8.11 : Displacement Current

8.13 : Van de Graaff Generator

105
2
10. Magnetic Fields due to 10.3 : Cyclotron Motion
Electric Current
10.4 : Helical Motion

11. Magnetic Materials 11.2 : Torque Acting on a Magnetic Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field

11.5 : Magnetic Properties of Materials

11.6 : Hysteresis

11.7 : Permanent Magnet and Electromagnet

11.8 : Magnetic Shielding

12. Electromagnetic Induction 12.6 : Induced emf in a Stationary Coil in a Changing Magnetic Field

12.7 : Generator

12.8 : Back emf and Back Torque

12.13 : Energy Density of a Magnetic Field

13. AC Circuits 13.2 : AC Generator

13.6 : Power in AC Circuits

13.9 : Sharpness of Resonance : Q Factor

13.10 : Choke Coil

14. Dual Nature of Radiation and Table 14.2 : Summary of Analysis of Observations from Experiments on
Matter Photoelectric Effect

14.4 : Photo Cell

14.6 : Davisson and Germer Experiment

15. Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 15.3 : Geiger Marsden Experiment

15.7 : Atomic Nucleus

15.8 : Nuclear Binding Energy

15.9 : Radioactive Decays

15.11 : Nuclear Energy

16. Semiconductor Devices 16.3.1 : Zener Diode



3
106
 PHYSICS

PART MODEL QUESTION PAPER

1 (WITH SOLUTION AND MARKING SCHEME)

PHYSICS
Time : 3 Hours ] [ Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions :
1. The question paper is divided into four sections :
(1) Section A : Q. No. 1 contains 10 multiple choice type questions carrying one mark each.
Q. No. 2 contains 8 very short answer type questions carrying one mark each.
(2) Section B : Q. No. 3 to Q. No. 14 are 12 short answer – I type questions carrying two marks
each. Attempt any eight questions.
(3) Section C : Q. No. 15 to Q. No. 26 are 12 short answer – II type questions carrying three
marks each. Attempt any eight questions.
(4) Section D : Q. No. 27 to Q. No. 31 are 5 long answer type questions carrying four marks
each. Attempt any three questions.
2. Start each section on a new page.
3. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
4. For each MCQ, correct answer must be written along with its alphabet : 
e.g., (a) ...... / (b) ...... / (c) ...... / (d) ...... .
5. Evaluation of each MCQ would be done for the first attempt only.
6. Use of Logarithm Tables is allowed. Use of a calculator is not allowed.

Physical constants :
(1)   3.142 (2) g  10 m/s2 (3) h  6.63  10  34 J.s (4) c  3  108 m/s
(5) e  1.6  10  19 C (6) e 0  8.85  10  12 C2/N. m2 (7)   5.67  10  8 W/m2.K4
(8) me  9.1  10  31 kg

SECTION – A
Q. 1. Select and write the correct answers to the following questions :  [10]
(i) The adiabatic constant for polyatomic molecules having f vibrational modes is
f5 f3 f9 f4
(a)   (b)   (c)     (d)   . (1)
f3 f4 f7 f3
(ii) The equation E  pc is valid for
(a) all sub-atomic particles (b) an electron but not for a photon
(c) a photon but not for an electron (d) both an electron and a photon. (1)

PHYSICS 107
 (iii) A body of mass 2 kg performs linear SHM. The restoring force acting on it is
3 N when it is 0.06 m from the mean position.
The differential equation of its motion is
2 2
(a) d 2x  100 x  0  (b) d x2  25 x  0
dt dt
2 2
(c) 50 d x2  x  0 (d) 2 d x2  3 x  0. (1)
dt dt
(iv) 
An ideal inductor is connected to an ac source. The driving voltage is
V  V0 sin  t. The current through the inductor is
V sin (  t  90°)
(a) zero (b) 0

L
V0 sin (  t  90°) V0 sin (  t  180°)
(c) (d) . (1)
L L
(v) When two waves superimpose at a point, the amplitude of the resultant wave
depends upon
(a) the amplitude of each wave
(b) the phase difference between the waves
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) neither (a) nor (b). (1)
(vi) What is the energy required to build up a current of 1 A in an inductor of
20 mH ?
(a) 10 mJ  (b) 20 mJ  (c) 20 J  (d) 10 J (1)
(vii) As wavefronts pass normally from one medium to another in which the speed
of propagation is altered, the wavelength
(a) remains unchanged (b) increases
(c) decreases (d) may increase or decrease. (1)
(viii) If  0 is the permeability of free space and m is the magnetic susceptibility of
a medium, the relative permeability of the medium is
0 0
(a) 1   m  (b)   (c) 
 m   (d)  0 (1  m). (1)
1 m
(ix) A parallel plate capacitor is charged and then isolated. On decreasing the plate
separation, the potential difference and capacitance respectively
(a) increases, increases (b) increases, decreases
(c) decreases, increases (d) decreases, decreases. (1)
(x) The energy stored in a soap bubble of diameter 6 cm and surface tension
0.04 N/m, is nearly
(a) 0.9  10 3 J (b) 0.4  10 3 J
(c) 0.7  10 3 J (d) 0.5  10 3 J. (1)
108 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)
Q. 2.  Answer the following questions :  [8]
(i) What is the resonance condition in a cyclotron ? (1)
(ii) Obtain the dimensions of surface tension. (1)
(iii) Find the maximum speed with which a car can be safely driven along a curve of
radius 100 m, if the coefficient of friction between its tyres and the road is 0.2. (1)
(iv) What is the effect of the intensity of incident radiation on the stopping potential
in photoelectric emission ? (1)
(v) State Wien’s displacement law. (1)
(vi) The cross-sectional area of a bar magnet 10 cm long is 1.2 cm2. If the magnetic
moment of the magnet is 2.4 A.m2, find its magnetization. (1)
(vii) On what factors does the potential gradient of a potentiometer wire depend ? (1)
(viii) What is nuclear fusion ?  (1)

SECTION – B
Attempt any eight of the following questions :  [16]
Q. 3.  Starting from rest, a body rolls down along an incline that rises by 2 in every 3
3
along the plane. The body attains a speed of 2e3 m/s as it travels a distance of m
2
along the incline. What could be the possible shape(s) of the body ? (2)
Q. 4.  A solar cooker and a pressure cooker both are used to cook food. Treating them as
thermodynamic systems, discuss the similarities and differences between them. (2)
Q. 5.  Draw a neat labelled schematic diagram of the structure of a planar photodiode. (2)
t x
Q. 6.  The amplitude of a wave is represented by y  0.2 sin 4  
0.08 0.8 
in SI units.

Find the (a) wavelength (b) frequency and (c) amplitude of the wave. (2)
Q. 7. State the drawbacks of Rutherford’s atomic model. (2)
Q. 8.  If the difference in speeds of light in glass and water is 2.505  107 m / s, find
the speed of light in air. [ Refractive index of glass  1.5, refractive index of
water  1.333 ] (2)
Q. 9.   A resistor with resistance R carries a sinusoidally varying AC. Obtain an expres-
sion for the heat produced in the resistor in one complete cycle. (2)
Q. 10. Explain why the magnetic force on a charged particle cannot change the linear
speed and the kinetic energy of the particle. (2)
Q. 11. A 2000 turns search coil, each of area 1.5 cm2, is rapidly moved out of a magnetic
field of 0.60 T in 0.3 s. Calculate the emf induced in the search coil. (2)
Q. 12. Draw a neat labelled diagram of a Carnot cycle. (2)
Q. 13. State the factors on which the total energy of a particle executing SHM
depends. (2)
Q. 14. Three capacitors of capacities 8 F, 8  F and 4 F are connected in series and a
potential difference of 120 V is maintained across the combination. Calculate the
charge on the 4 F capacitor. (2)

PHYSICS 109
 SECTION – C
Attempt any eight of the following questions :  [24]
Q. 15. A sample of fossilized wood has a carbon-14 decay rate of 6.00 disintegrations
per minute per gram. Detemine the age of the sample. The decay rate of carbon-14
in fresh wood today is 13.6 counts per minute per gram and the decay constant of
carbon-14 is 3.84  10  12 per second. (3)
Q. 16. Derive an expression for capillary rise for a liquid having a concave meniscus.  (3)
Q. 17. Define an AND gate. Give the logic symbol, Boolean expression and truth table for
an AND gate. (3)
Q. 18. A small blackened solid copper sphere of radius 2.5 cm and absorption coefficient
0.9 is placed in an evacuated chamber. The temperature of the chamber is main-
tained at 27 °C. At what rate must energy be supplied to the copper sphere to main-
tain its temperature at 127 °C ? (3)

Q. 19. A device Y is connected across an AC source of emf e  e0 sin t. The current
through Y is given as i  i0 sin (t  /2).
(a) Identify the device Y and write the expression for its reactance. (1)
(b) Draw graphs showing variation of emf and current with time over one cycle of
AC for Y. (1)
(c) Draw the phasor diagram for the device Y. (1)
Q. 20. An ideal monatomic gas is adiabatically compressed so that its final temperature
is twice its initial temperature. What is the ratio of the final pressure to its initial
pressure ? (3)
Q. 21. Discuss analytically the formation of beats and show that the beat frequency equals
the difference in frequencies of two interfering waves. (3)
Q. 22. Obtain an expression for the electric field intensity at a point outside an infinitely
long charged cylindrical conductor. (3)
Q. 23. Calculate the momentum of an electron and the associated wavelength when its
kinetic energy is 150 eV. (3)
Q. 24. A
 magnetic dipole of moment 0.025 J/T is free to rotate in a uniform
magnetic field of induction 50 mT. When released from rest in the magnetic field,
the dipole rotates to align with the field. At the instant the dipole moment is
parallel to the field, its kinetic energy is 625 J. What was the initial angle between
the dipole moment and the magnetic field ? (3)
Q. 25. Explain with a neat circuit diagram, how you will determine the unknown
resistance using a metre bridge. (3)

Q. 26. Explain the origin of paramagnetism on the basis of atomic structure. (3)

110 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)
 SECTION – D
Attempt any three of the following questions :  [12]
Q. 27. (a) Prove that the average kinetic energy per molecule of an ideal gas is 3 kBT. (2)
2
2
(b) In a hydraulic lift, the input piston has surface area 25 cm . The output piston
has surface area 1000 cm2. If a force of 50 N is applied to the input piston, it
raises the output piston by 2 m. Calculate the weight on the output piston. (2)
Q. 28. State and prove the theorem of parallel axis. (4)
Q. 29. (a) Explain the Rayleigh criterion for the limit of resolution for two linear
objects. (2)
  (b) If a glass plate of refractive index 1.732 is to be used as a polarizer, what would
be the (i) polarizing angle and (ii) angle of refraction ? (2)
Q. 30. State the principle of working of a transformer. Describe the construction of a
V I
transformer. Derive the relationship P  S for a transformer. (4)
VS IP
Q. 31 (a) A particle executing SHM has velocities v1 and v2 when at distances x1
and x2 respectively from the mean position. Show that its period is

T  2ij ij
x21  x22 v22 x21  v 21 x22
and the amplitude of SHM is A  . (2)
v22  v21 v22  v21
(b) What will a voltmeter of resistance 250 ) read when it is connected across a cell
of emf 2 V and internal resistance 12 ) ? (2)

PHYSICS 111
 SOLUTION : MODEL QUESTION PAPER – PHYSICS

SECTION – A
Note : Q. 1 is a set of 10 multiple choice type questions. Do not rewrite the statements. Write
the question number, the option number [viz., (a), (b), (c) or (d)] as well as the option in full.
Calculation, if required, may be done at the bottom of the page so that you may recheck later.
Answer Q. 2 very briefly.

f4 (1 mark)
Q. 1. (i)  (d) 
f3

(ii)  (c) a photon but not for an electron (1 mark)

d 21 (1 mark)
(iii)  (b)
 251  0
d22

V sin (2  90° )

(iv)  (b) 0
 (1 mark)
L

(v)  (c) both (a) and (b)

(1 mark)
(vi)  (a) 10 mJ
(1 mark)
(vii) (d) may increase or decrease
(1 mark)
(viii) (d) 0 (1  m )
(1 mark)
(ix) (a) increases, increases
(1 mark)
(x) (a) 0.9  103 J
(1 mark)

Solution (rough work)

F 3N 100
(iii) 
k    50 N/m.
1 6  10 m
2 2
k 50 N/m
2    25 s 2, so that the differential equation
m 2 kg
d 21 k d 21
of SHM,  1  0, is  251  0,
d22 m d22

1 1
(vi)  W LI2  (20  10  3)(1)2  10  10  3 J
2 2

(x) W  8  r2T  8  3.142  (3  10  2)2  0.04

 32  9  3.142  10  6  32  28  10  6
 896  10  6  0.9  10  3J

112 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 Q. 2. (i) 
The frequency of the alternating voltage between the dees of a
cyclotron should be equal to the cyclotron frequency so that a
positive ion exiting a dee always sees an accelerating potential
difference to the other dee. This equality of the frequencies is called
the resonance condition. (1 mark)

(ii) Surface tension is a force per unit length.

[force] [ML1T2 ]
    [Surface tension]    [ ML0 T2 ]
[length] [ M0 L1 T0 ]
 (1 mark)
(iii) The maximum speed,
v efr  sg  ef100  0.2  9.8  ef196 14 m/s (1 mark)

(iv) For a given frequency of incident radiation above the threshold, the
stopping potential is independent of the intensity of radiation.
 (1 mark)
i
(v) Wien’s displacement law : The wavelength for which the emissive
power of a blackbody is maximum, is inversely proportional to the
absolute temperature of the blackbody. (1 mark)

(vi)  Magnetization,
M M 2.4
MZ     2  105 A/m
V LA (0.1)(1.2  10 4)
 (1 mark)

(vii) The potential gradient along a potentiometer wire depends upon the
potential difference between the ends of the wire and the length of
the wire. (1 mark)

(viii) A type of nuclear reaction in which lighter atomic nuclei (of low atomic
number) fuse to form a heavier nucleus (of higher atomic number) with
the release of enormous amount of energy is called nuclear fusion.
 (1 mark)

5/ Navneet Practice Papers (Science) : Std. XII D0685 (2021)

PHYSICS 113
 SECTION – B
Data : u  0, sin   , v  2e3 m/s, L  m, g  10 m/s2
2 3
   Q. 3.
3 2

v ij 2gL sin  ij 2gL sin 

1  ( k2 / R 2 ) 1
 (½ mark)

where k is the radius of gyration and R is the radius of the body of

circular or spherical symmetry.
2gL sin 
 v2 
1

2gL sin 
 1
v2

3 2
2
 3
 2 (10 m/s ) 2 m
 (2e3 m/s)2 (½ mark)

 20 5
12 3

2
   k 2  5  1  2
R 3 3 (½ mark)

Therefore, the body rolling down is a hollow sphere.

 (½ mark)

Q. 4. Similarities :
ii(i) Heat is added to the system.
i(ii) There is increase in the internal energy of the system.
(iii) Work is done by the system on its environment. (1 mark)
Differences :
In a solar cooker, heat is supplied in the form of solar radiation. The
rate of supply of heat is relatively low.
In a pressure cooker, usually LPG is used (burned) to provide heat.
The rate of supply of heat is relatively high.
As a result, it takes very long time for cooking when a solar cooker
is used. With a pressure cooker, it does not take very long time for
cooking. (1 mark)

114 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 Q. 5.

Schematic structure of a planar photodiode.

 (Diagram : 1 mark, Labelling : 1 mark)

2 1 2 1
Q. 6. Data : y  0.2 sin 4
0.08  0.8   0.2 sin 2 0.04  0.4 
Let us compare the above equation with the equation of a simple
harmonic progressive wave :
y  A sin 2 2  1  0.2 sin 2 2  1 

T   0.04 
0.4  (½ mark)

Comparing the quantities on both sides, we get,

A  0.2 m, T  0.04 s,   0.4 m
Therefore,
(a) Wavelength ()  0.4 m (½ mark)
1 1
(b) Frequency (n)    25 Hz (½ mark)
T 0.04
(c) Amplitude (A)  0.2 m (½ mark)

Q. 7. (1) 
According to Rutherford, the electrons revolve in circular
orbits around the atomic nucleus. The circular motion is an
accelerated motion. According to the classical electromagnetic
theory, an accelerated charge continuously radiates energy. There-
fore, an electron during its orbital motion, should go on radiating
energy. Due to the loss of energy, the radius of its orbit should go on

PHYSICS 115
 decreasing. Therefore, the electron should move along a spiral path
and finally fall into the nucleus in a very short time, of the order of
1016 s in the case of a hydrogen atom. Thus, the atom should be
unstable. We exist because atoms are stable. (1 mark)

(2) If the electron moves along such a spiral path, the radius of its orbit
would continuously decrease. As a result, the speed and frequency of
revolution of the electron would go on increasing. The electron, there-
fore, would emit radiation of continuously changing frequency, and
hence give rise to a continuous spectrum. However, atomic spectrum is
a line spectrum. (1 mark)

Note : Show log calculations neatly.

Q. 8. Data : ng  1.5, nw  1.333

c c
ng  , n  ... (1)
vg w v w

Since, ng  nw , vg  vw
 vw  vg  2.505  107 m / s    ... ( Given )

c c
From Eq. (1), vw  vg  
nw n g

1 1 (½ mark)
c
n w


ng
 2.505  107
log 2.505   0.3988
log 1.333   
 0.1249
1 1
 c   
 
1.333 1.5 
 2.505  107 (½ mark) log 1.5    0.1761
   0.6998
1.5  1.333
c
 1.333  1.5 
 2.505  107 log 0.167   
 1.2227
     1.4771
2.505  107  1.333  1.5
 c AL (1.4771)    30.00
0.167
    30.00  107 m/s  3  108 m / s (1 mark)

This is the speed of light in air.

116 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 Q. 9. Let the alternating current of peak value i0 and frequency f  1/T be
i  i0 sin t ... (1)
2
where   2f  . The heat produced in the resistor of resistance
T
R in one complete cycle is

T T T

H   i2Rd 2  R  i20 sin2  2 d2  i20 R    sin2  2 d2 ... (2)

0 0 0
(1 mark)

Using the trigonometrical identity,

sin2  2  1  1 cos 2  2,
2 2

T T 1 dt  T cos 2t d2
 sin2 t d2   
2 2
0 0 0

sin 2t T T 1 2
T  1
2 2  2  0
 
2 4 
sin 2
T  
T  sin 0

T T
  1 (0  0)     ... (3)  (½ mark)
2 4 2

i20 RT i2 R
 H  i2rms RT  rms ... (4) (½ mark)
2 f
Equation (4) is the required expression.

Q. 10. The magnetic force on a particle carrying a charge q and moving with a
velocity lv in a magnetic field of induc-
tion lB is lFm  qlv lB. At every instant,
lFm is perpendicular to the linear
velocity lv and lB. Therefore, a non-
zero magnetic force may change the
direction of the velocity and the dot lFm perpendicular to the

product lFm . lv q (lv lB ) . lv   0. plane containing lv and lB

 (1 mark)
  But lFm . lv is the power, i.e., the time rate of doing work. Hence,
the work done by the magnetic force in every short displace-

PHYSICS 117
 ment of the particle is zero. The work done by a force produces a
change in kinetic energy. Zero work means no change in kinetic
energy. Thus, although the magnetic force changes the direction of
the velocity lv, it cannot change the linear speed and the kinetic energy
of the particle. (1 mark)

Q. 11. Data : N  2000, Ai  1.5  10[4 m2, Af  0, B  0.6 T, *2  0.3 s

Initial flux, N  i  NBAi  2000(0.6)(1.5  10[4)
 0.18 Wb
Final flux, Nf  0, since the coil is moved out of the field.
 (½ mark)
* m   i
Induced emf, e    N    N f
2 2
 (½ mark)
0  0.18 (½ mark)
 e     
0.3

 0.6 V (½ mark)

Q. 12.

Carnot cycle (Diagram : 1 mark, Labelling : 1 mark)

118 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 13 The total energy of a particle of mass m executing SHM with

frequency f   and amplitude A is
2

2mA 2
E  1 kA2  1 m2A2  2mf 2A2 
  
2 2 T2

where  is a constant in a particular case, T  2/ is the period of

the motion and k  m2 is the force constant.
Conclusions : The total energy of the particle is
ii(i) independent of its position 1 on the path and thus remains con-
stant when m,  and A are constant,
i(ii) directly proportional to the force constant ( E  k), (½ mark)
(iii) directly proportional to the mass of the particle ( E  m ),
 (½ mark)
(iv) directly proportional to the square of the amplitude ( E  A2),
 (½ mark)
i(v) proportional to the square of the frequency f (E  f2 ),
1
(vi) inversely proportional to the square of the period T (E  ).
T2
 (½ mark)

Q. 14. Data : C1  8 F, C2  8 F, C3  4 F, V  120 V

Let CS  equivalent capacity of the series combination of the
capacitors

 1  1  1  1  1  1  1 (½ mark)
CS C1 C2 C3 8 8 4

 1124 1
8 8 2

 CS  2 F  2  10 6 F (½ mark)

In series combination, the charge on each capacitor is the same. It is

given by Q  CSV. (½ mark)
Therefore, the charge on the 4F capacitor is
 Q  2  10 6 120
 2.4  10 4 coulomb  240 C (½ mark)

PHYSICS 119
 SECTION – C
Q. 15. Data : A2  6 min1g1, A0  13.6 min1g1,   3.84  1012 s1,
1 y  3.154  107 s
A2  A0e2
A A
 2  3n 0  2.303 log 0  (1 mark)
A2 A2

 2  2.303 (log A0  log A2 ) log 3.8400   0.5843


log 3.154  0.4989
 2.303 (log 13.6  log 6) (1 mark)   1.0832
3.84  10  12
log 2.303 0.3623
12
log 35.53  1.5506
 2.303  10 (1.1335  0.7782) 1.9129
3.84
 1.0832
2.303 0.3553   0.8297
  1012 s
3.84 AL (0.8297)    6.756

2.303  35.53
  1010
3.84  (3.154  107 s/y)

 AL (0.8297)  103  6.756  103 y

The age of the given wood sample is 6756 years. (1 mark)

Q. 16 Consider a capillary tube of radius r partially immersed into a wetting

liquid of density . Let the capillary rise be h and  the angle of contact
at the edge of contact of the concave meniscus and glass as shown in
the figure. If R is the radius of curvature of the meniscus, then from
the figure, r  R cos . (½ mark)

    Capillary rise (1 mark)

120 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 Surface tension T is the tangential force per unit length acting along
the contact line. It is directed into the liquid making an angle  with the
capillary wall. We ignore the small volume of the liquid in the meniscus.
The gauge pressure within the liquid at a depth h, i.e., at the level of
the free liquid surface open to the atmosphere, is
p  p0  gh ... (1)  (½ mark)
By Laplace’s law for a spherical membrane, this gauge pressure is
   p  p0  2T ... (2) (½ mark)
R

 hg  2T   2T cos 

R r

 Capillary rise, h   2T cos  ... (3) (½ mark)

rg

Equation (3) is the required expression.

Q. 17. The AND gate : It is a circuit with two or more inputs and one out-
put in which the output signal is HIGH if and only if all the inputs are
HIGH simultaneously. (1 mark)
The AND operation represents a logical multiplication.
Figure shows the 2-input AND gate logic symbol and the Boolean
expression and the truth table for the AND function.
Logic symbol : Truth Table : (1 mark)
  (½ mark) Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
Boolean expression :
(½ mark) 1 0 0
Y  A.B
0 1 0
1 1 1

PHYSICS 121
 Note : Convert the temperatures in degree Celsius to kelvin.

Q. 18. Data : r  2.5 cm  2.5  10 2 m, a  0.9, T0  273  27  300 K,

T  273  127  400 K,   5.67  10 8 W/m2 . K4
Emissivity, e  a  0.9
The rate at which energy must be supplied is
 eA (T4  T40 )  e (4r2)(T4  T40 ) (1 mark)
 (0.9)(5.67  108) (4  3.142) (2.5  102)2(4004  3004) (1 mark)
 3.142  5.67  22.5  104 (42  32)(42  32)
 3.142  5.67  22.5  104 (25  7) log 3.142 0.4972
 3.142  5.67  22.5  175  104 log 5.67  0.7536
log 22.5  1.3522
 7.015 W (1 mark)
log 175  2.2430
4.8460
AL (4.8460)  70150

Q. 19. (a) 
Since the current leads the emf (or, equivalently, the emf lags the
current) by  rad in phase, the device Y is a capacitor. (½ mark)
2
Its reactance is XC  1 , where  is the angular frequency of the
C
applied emf and C is the capacitance of the capacitor. (½ mark)
(b)

Graphs of e and i versus t for a purely capacitive AC circuit

 (1 mark)
(c) 

Phasor diagram for a purely

capacitive circuit (1 mark)

122 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 20. 
Data : Tf  2 Ti, monatomic gas    5/3
PiVi  PfVf   ... (adiabatic process) (½ mark)
For an ideal gas, PV  nRT (½ mark)
 V  nRT
P

nRTi nRTf
 Vi  and Vf   (½ mark)
Pi Pf

nRTi 
nRTf 
 Pi
P i
 Pf
 Pf 
1
Tf 
Pi
 Pi1 Ti  Pf1 Tf  
 T   P 
i f
 (½ mark)

Tf 
Pf 1

T   P 
i i

5/31 2/3
Pf Pf
 25/3 
P 
i

P 
i
 (½ mark)

2 22   ef25  ef32

Pf 5 3 5
  23
Pi

 4e2  4  1.414
Pf
  5.656 (½ mark)
Pi

This is the ratio of the final pressure (Pf) to the initial pressure (Pi) .

Q. 21. 
Consider two sound waves of equal amplitude (A) and slightly
different frequencies n1 and n2 (with n1  n2) propagating through the
medium in the same direction and along the same line. These waves can
be represented by the equations y1  A sin 2n12 and y2  A sin 2n22
at 1  0, where y denotes the displacement of the particle of the
medium from its mean position. (½ mark)

PHYSICS 123
 By the principle of superposition of waves, the resultant displacement
of the particle of the medium at the point at which the two waves
arrive simultaneously is the algebraic sum
y  y1  y2  A sin 2n12  A sin 2n22
Now, sin C  sin D
CD
 2 sin

2
cos
 C 2 D
n1  n2 n1  n2
 y  2A sin
2   2  2 cos 2   2  2 (½ mark)

n1  n2 n1  n2
 2A cos 2 
  2  2 sin 2   2  2
n1  n2 n1  n2
Let R  2A cos 2 
  2  2 and n 
2

   y  R sin 2n2 (½ mark)

The above equation shows that the resultant motion has amplitude
 R which changes periodically with time. The period of beats is the
period of waxing (maximum intensity of sound) or the period of waning
(minimum intensity of sound). (½ mark)
The intensity of sound is directly proportional to the square of the
amplitude of the wave. It is maximum (waxing) when  R becomes
maximum;
R  2A.
n1  n2
 
 cos 2 
2  2  1

n1  n2
 2
 2  2  0, , 2, 3,
1 2 3 (½ mark)
 2  0, , , , ... ... (1)
n1  n2 n1  n2 n1  n2

1
 Period of beats  period of waxing 
n 1  n2

 Beat frequency  1  n 1  n 2 (½ mark)

period of beats

124 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

Q. 22. 
Consider an isolated cylindrical conductor A, of radius R and carrying a

charge per unit length  . We assume the conductor to be infinitely long.

Consider a point P outside the conductor at a distance r from its axis as
shown in the figure. To find the electric field intensity at P, we choose a
cylindrical Gaussian surface S of radius r through P and coaxial with the
conductor A. As  is the charge per unit length of conductor A, the net
charge enclosed by the Gaussian cylinder of length 3 is
Q  3 ... (1) (½ mark)

A small element on the curved part of the Gaussian surface and

containing P has an area dS.

 (1 mark)

Electric field intensity at a point outside a uniformly

charged cylindrical conductor assumed to be infinitely long
Charge is uniformly distributed over the outer surface of the
cylindrical conductor. Then, by symmetry, the electric field intensity
at any point outside the conductor is perpendicular to the cylinder
axis. Hence, the component of the electric field intensity perpendi-
cular to the plane circular faces of the Gaussian surface is zero.
Therefore, the electric flux through these flat faces is zero.
By symmetry, the electric field intensity lE at every point on the
curved face of surface S is normal to the surface and has the same
magnitude E. If the charge on conductor A is positive, lE is directed
along the outward drawn normal dlS.
The angle  between lE and dlS being zero for every surface element,
the electric flux through every element is
d   lE . dlS  EdS

PHYSICS 125
 Therefore, the flux through the curved face of the Gaussian surface
S is
 E dS  E 
   dS ... (2) (½ mark)
 dS  area of the curved surface  2r3, where 3 is the length of the

cylinder as shown in the figure.
   E  2r3 ... (3)
Then, by Gauss’s theorem,
Q
     E  2r3 ... (4) (½ mark)

3  
 E   ... (5) (½ mark)
 (2r3) 2r 2k0r

where 0 is the permittivity of free space and k  is the relative
0
permittivity (dielectric constant) of the surrounding medium.
This gives the magnitude of the electric field intensity in terms
of the linear charge density . For positive , lE is outward, while for
negative , lE is inward.

Note : Convert energy in electronvolt into joule.

Q. 23. Data : KE  150 eV, e  1.6  10 19 C, h  6.63  10 34 J.s,

me  9.1  10 31 kg
p2
KE 
2me
The momentum of the electron,
p  ef2meKE (½ mark)
 ef2(9.1  1031)(150  1.6  1019 J) (½ mark)
 ef9.1  4.8  1048 log 9.1 0.9590
 6.609  1024 kg . m/s (1 mark) log 4.8  0.6812
1.6402
1.6402 
0.8201
2
AL (0.8201)  6.609

126 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 The associated wavelength,
  h (½ mark)
p
log 6.63 0.8215
6.63  1034 log 6.609  0.8201

6.609  1024 0.0014
AL (0.0014)  1.003
 1.003  1010 m  0.1003 nm (½ mark)

Q. 24. Data :   0.025 J/T, B  50 mT  5  102 T,

9K  625 J  6.25  104 J
Change in potential energy,
9U  U0  U   B cos 0°  (  B cos )
  
  B(1  cos ) (½ mark)
By the principle of conservation of energy,
9K  9U  0 (½ mark)
 9K   9U  B(1  cos ) (½ mark)
6.25  104   (2.5  102)(5  102)(1  cos ) (½ mark)
 6.25  12.5 (1  cos  )
6.25
 (1  cos )   0.5     cos   0.5 (½ mark)
12.5

The initial angle between the dipole moment and the magnetic field,
  60° (½ mark)

Note : E
 xplain the construction in brief with a neat labelled circuit diagram. Then explain
the working.

Q. 25. 
A metre bridge consists of a rectangular wooden board with two
L-shaped thick metallic strips fixed along its three edges. A single
thick metallic strip separates two L-shaped strips. A wire of length
one metre and uniform cross-section is stretched on a metre scale
fixed on the wooden board. The ends of the wire are fixed to the
L-shaped metallic strips.

PHYSICS 127
              A metre bridge (1 mark)
An unknown resistance X is connected in the left gap and a resistance
box R is connected in the right gap as shown in the figure. One end
of a centre-zero galvanometer (G) is connected to terminal B and the
other end is connected to a pencil jockey.
A cell (E) of emf E, plug key (K) and rheostat (Rh) are connected in
series between points A and C. (½ mark)
Working : Keeping a suitable resistance (R) in the resistance box, key
K is closed to pass a current through the circuit. The jockey is tapped
along the wire to locate the equipotential point D when the galvanom-
eter shows zero deflection. The bridge is then balanced and point D is
called the null point and the method is called as null deflection method.
The distances 3X and 3R of the null point from the two ends of the wire
are measured. (½ mark)
According to the principle of Wheatstone’s network,
R
 X  AD ... (1) (½ mark)
R RDC

3x 3R
 RAD   and RDC   ... (2)
A A

where 3x and 3R are the lengths of the wires AD and DC,  is the resis-
tivity of the material of the wire and A is the area of cross-section of
the wire.
R  3 /A
 X  AD  X
R RDC  3R/A

128 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 3
 X    X
R 3R
3X (½ mark)
 X    R 
3R

As R, 3X and 3R are known, the unknown resistance X can be calculated.

Q. 26.  Paramagnetism depends on the presence of permanent atomic or

molecular magnetic dipole moments. The inherent net atomic magnetic
moment results from a particular combination of the spin and orbital
magnetic moments of its electrons.
The spin magnetic moments of the electrons in matter are
affected by the internal magnetic field created by the magnetic
moments of surrounding electrons. This internal field,  10 2 T to
10 1 T, causes the spin magnetic moments to precess about the field
direction. At normal temperature; the thermal motion of the electrons
produces constant fluctuations in the internal field so that the spin
magnetic moments have random directions, Fig. (a). In the absence of
an external magnetizing field, therefore, a paramagnetic material is
not magnetized. (1 mark)

Magnetic dipole moments in a paramagnetic sample

(a) randomly directed in the absence of a magnetizing field
(b) partial alignment on the application of an external field
(c) aligned to saturation at very low temperature or strong field
 (1 mark)
When the applied field strength is greater than that of the internal
field, the spin magnetic moments tend to align parallel to the exter-
nal field direction. But the randomizing effect of thermal agitation

PHYSICS 129
 prevents complete alignment, Fig. (b). Therefore, at room tempera-
ture, when a paramagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it is
weakly magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.
 (½ mark)
If the external field is very large or the temperature is very low, the
magnetic dipole moments are effectively aligned parallel to the field so
as to have the least magnetic potential energy and the magnetization
reaches saturation, Fig. (c). (½ mark)

130 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

 SECTION – D
Q. 27. (a) Consider n moles of an ideal gas in a container of volume V. If m is the
mass of a gas molecule and vrms is the root-mean-square speed of the
gas molecules, then, by the kinetic theory, the pressure exerted by
the gas is
P  1 Nm v2rms ... (1) (½ mark)
3 V

where N is the number of molecules of the gas; N  nNA , where NA is

the Avogadro number.
 PV  1 Nmv2rms  2 N
3 3 21 mv 
2
rms ... (2)

The equation of state of an ideal gas is

PV  nRT ... (3) (½ mark)
1
  2 N
3 2  
mv2rms     nRT

1 3 3 N/NA 3 R
mv2rms     n RT 

2 2N 2  N  RT  
2 NA
T ... (4) (½ mark)

The left-hand side is the average kinetic energy per molecule and
R
  kB , the Boltzmann constant.
NA
3 (½ mark)
 Average KE per molecule  kB T ... (5)
2

Note : T
 he areas appear in a ratio, so there is no need to change the units as long as they
are same.

(b) Data : A1  25 cm2, A2  1000 cm2, F1  50 N

By Pascal’s law,
F1 F2

A1 A2

A2
 F2  F1  (½ mark)
A1

1000 cm2
 (50 N)   (½ mark)
25 cm2

 2000 N (1 mark)
This is the weight on the output piston.

PHYSICS 131
 Q. 28. 
Theorem of parallel axis : The moment of inertia of a body about an
axis is equal to the sum of (i) its moment of inertia about a parallel
axis through its centre of mass and (ii) the product of the mass of the
body and the square of the distance between the two axes.
 (1 mark)
Proof : Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of a body of mass M
about an axis through its centre of mass C, and I its MI about a parallel
axis through any point O. Let h be the distance between the two axes.
Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the body at a point P.
It is at a perpendicular distance CP from the rotation axis through
C and a perpendicular distance OP from the parallel axis through O.
The MI of the element about the axis through C is CP2 dm. Therefore,
the MI of the body about the axis through the CM is ICM     CP2 dm.
Similarly, the MI of the body about the parallel axis through O is
I     OP2 dm. (½ mark)

132 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

            Theorem of parallel axis (½ mark)

Draw PQ perpendicular to OC produced, as shown in the figure.

Then, from the figure,
I     OP2  dm
  (OQ2PQ2)  dm
  [(OC  CQ)2  PQ2]  dm
  (OC2  2OC . CQ  CQ2  PQ2 ) dm
  (OC2  2OC . CQ  CP2)  dm (R CQ2  PQ2  CP2)
     OC2  dm   2OC . CQdm     CP2  dm
    OC2  dm    2OC  CQdm     CP2 dm (1 mark)
Since, OC  h is constant and  dm  M is the mass of the body,
I  Mh2  2h  CQdm  ICM
Now, from the definition of centre of mass, the integral  CQdm gives
mass M times a coordinate of the CM with respect to the origin C.
Since C is itself the CM, this coordinate is zero and so also the integral.
 I  ICM   Mh2
This proves the theorem of parallel axis. (1 mark)

Q. 29. (a)  The Rayleigh criterion for the limit of resolution for two linear
objects : Consider, two self luminous objects or slits separated by
some distance. Let  be the wavelength of the light and a the width
of the slits. As per the Rayleigh criterion, the first minimum of the
diffraction pattern of one of the sources should coincide with the cen-

PHYSICS 133
 tral maximum of the other. Thus, it is at the just resolved condition.
 (1 mark)
The angular separation d (position) of the first principal minimum is,
d   ... (1) (½ mark)
a

This angular separation between the two objects must be minimum

as this minimum coincides with the central maximum of the other. This
is called the limit of resolution of that instrument. It is written as,
limit of resolution, d  
a

Minimum separation between the two linear objects that are just
resolved, at distance D from the instrument is,
y  D (d)  D  ... (2)
a

It is the distance of the first minimum from the centre. (½ mark)

(b)  Data : ng  1.732

ng  tan B
 B  tan1 (1.732)  60° (½ mark)
This is the polarizing angle.
sin  B
ng   (½ mark)
sin rP

sin  B
 sin r 
ng

sin 60°
 sin r   0.8660 (½ mark)
1.732 1.732

 r    sin1 0.8660

1.732 
 sin[1 (0.5)  30° (½ mark)
This is the angle of refraction.

134 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)


Note : Unless specifically mentioned, you may draw a step-up or step-down transformer.

Q. 30. Principle : A transformer works on the principle that a changing

current through one coil creates a changing magnetic flux through an
adjacent coil which in turn induces an emf and a current in the second
coil. (½ mark)
Construction : A transformer consists of two coils, primary and sec-
ondary, wound on two arms of a rectangular frame called the core.
(1) Primary coil : It consists of an insulated copper wire wound on one
arm of the core. Input voltage is applied at the ends of this coil.
  In a step-up transformer, thick copper wire is used for primary
coil. In a step-down transformer, thin copper wire is used for
primary coil. (½ mark)
(2) Secondary coil : It consists of an insulated copper wire wound on
the other arm of the core. The output voltage is obtained at the
ends of this coil.
  In a step-up transformer, thin copper wire is used for second-
ary coil. In a step-down transformer, thick copper wire is used for
secondary coil. (½ mark)
(3) Core : It consists of thin rectangular frames of soft iron stacked
together, but insulated from each other. A core prepared by stack-
ing thin sheets rather than using a single thick sheet reduces eddy
currents. (½ mark)
An alternating emf VP from an ac source is applied across the primary
coil of a transformer. This sets up an alternating current IP in the
primary circuit and also produces an alternating magnetic flux through
the primary coil such that
dP
VP  – NP ,
d2

where NP is the number of turns of the primary coil and P is the

magnetic flux through each turn. (½ mark)

PHYSICS 135
 

 (½ mark)

Assuming an ideal transformer (i.e., there is no leakage of magnetic

flux), the same magnetic flux links both the primary and the secondary
coils, i.e., P  S .
As a result, the alternating emf induced in the secondary coil,
d S dP
VS   NS   NS
dt dt

where NS is the number of turns of the secondary coil. (½ mark)

If the secondary circuit is completed by a resistance R, the secondary
current is IS  VS/R, assuming the resistance of the coil to be far less
than R. Ignoring power losses, the power delivered to the primary coil
equals that taken out of the secondary coil, so VPIP  VSIS.
VP IS
 
VS IP

which is the required expression. (½ mark)

Q. 31. (a)  If A is the amplitude of a particle executing linear SHM, in the usual
notation,
v1   efA2  121 ... (1)
and v2   efA2  122 ... (2) (½ mark)
 v22  v21  2 ( A2  122  A2  121 )
 2 ( 121  122 )
But   2 / T, where T is the period of SHM.
42
 v22  v21  ( 121  122 )
T2

121  122
 T 242
 v v 
2
2
2
1

136 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS  :  STANDARD XII (SCIENCE)

  T  2 ij
121  122
... (3) (½ mark)
v22 v21

Also, from Eqs. (1) and (2),

 v21  2 (A2  121 ) and v22  2 (A2  122 )
v22 A2  122
  
v21 A2  121 (½ mark)

 v22A2  v22 121  v21A2  v21 122

 A2(v22  v21)  v22 121  v21 122

v22 121  v21 122

 A2 
v22 v21

 A  ij
v22 121  v21 122
 (½ mark)
v22 v21

(b) 
Data : R  250 ), E  2V, r  12 )
The voltmeter reading, V  IR (½ mark)
E


Rr
R
 (½ mark) log 500 2.6990
log 262  2.4183
0.2807

2502 12  250 (½ mark)
AL (0.2807)  1.908

 500  1.908 V  1.9 V (½ mark)

262

PHYSICS 137