Shell Script

Palani Karthikeyan
[email protected]
What is UNIX?

 UNIX is a computer operating system

 An operating system is the program; it manages
system resources such as processor, secondary
memory and I/O devices on behalf of its users. It
allocates the computer’s resources and schedules
tasks.
 UNIX is a multiuser, multiprocessing portable
operating system.
 UNIX operating system, developed in the 1970s at
the AT &T Bell Labs research center by
 Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and other
engineers.

2
 Unix OS is designed to assist programming, text
processing and many other tasks.
What is Linux ?

 The Linux is a Unix-like operating system.

 The Linux kernel was conceived and created in
1991 by Linus Torvalds.
 The Linux is a prominent example of free and
open source software.
 Day-to-day development discussions take place on
the Linux kernel mailing list (LKML).
 The Linux kernel is released under the GNU
General Public License version2 (GPLv2),
 The Linux kernel is written in the C programming
language supported by GCC (GNU Compiler
Collection).

4
 The Linux is monolithic kernel design
architecture.
 The Linux kernel provides several interfaces to
user-space applications that are used for
different purposes and that have different
properties by design
 It supporting true preemptive multitasking (both
in user mode and, since the 2.6 series, in kernel
mode),
 virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading,
shared copy-on-write executable, memory
management, the Internet protocol suite and
threading.
The Linux kernel abstraction
 The Linux Kernel will treat
everything as a file and process.
 which means that whatever
instructions are comes from shell
to kernel and hardware to kernel,
 It will treat as a file and
process.
 File and process both are
organized as a tree structure.
6
Architecture of Linux
User Applications (user level)

K
System calls
E

R
File systems Process Control Block
N
IPC SCHED MM
E
Device Drivers
L
Architecture Dependent Codes

Hardware Level

8
About a shell ?
 A shell is a command-line interpreter
(or) command line interface.
 Linux default login shell is bash
(Bourne-Again SHell).
 user can interact with system through
commands.
 All the commands are executed on the
shell command line.
 We can shell is a parent (parent) of all
user created commands(process).
 Shell is layered between user level and
kernel level.

10
What is Shell Script ?
 Shell is a interface to kernel,it's
interactive user command line interface.
 Script is a file - it contains
collection system commands in sequence
manner.
 Shell will read the commands from file
and executes it.
 Shell script file is an ordinary text
file(or) ASCII file.
 Shell won't create any object file.
 Types of shell
• There are several different shells
available for Unix
• Bourne shell (sh)
• C shell (csh)
• TC shell (tcsh)
• Korn shell (ksh)
• Bourne Again SHell (bash)

12
To find all available shells in
your system type following
command:
[root@localhost ~]#
cat /etc/shells
• /bin/sh
• /bin/bash
• /sbin/nologin
• /usr/bin/sh
• /usr/bin/bash
• /usr/sbin/nologin
 Shell Script
• Shell Script is a sequence of linux
commands written in a text
file(Script File) this is known
as shell script.
• Shell Scripts allows you to automate
these tasks for ease of use,
reliability and reproducibility.
• Shell Scripts are interpreted not
compiled.

14
 Sha-Bang #!

• #!/bin/bash is Sha-Bang
• The above line says working
shell is bash
• # Single line comment
• <<ABC
Multiline comment
ABC
 Properties of good scripts

• A script should run without errors.

• It should perform the task for which it is
intended.
• Program logic is clearly defined and
apparent.
• A script does not do unnecessary work.
• Scripts should be reusable.

16
 Variable
• A variable is a character string to which
we assign a value.
• Shell Support two types of variables
– User Defined Variable UDV
– Shell (or) System Variables
• UDV Syntax:-
• variablename=value
• Example:-
• name="Mr.Karthik" # name is a variable , Mr.Karthik is value
• id=E101 # id is a variable, E101 is a value
• dept="sales" # dept is a variable ,sales is a value
 Contd
• The name of a variable can contain only
letters ( a to z or A to Z), numbers ( 0
to 9) or the underscore character ( _).
• Variable=value
• Note :
• Assignment operator = LHS, RHS there is no
space
• Var=10 # Valid
• Var =10 # Error
• Var= 20 # Error

18
• System variables - Created
and maintained by Unix/Linux
itself.
• This type of variable
defined in CAPITAL LETTERS.
 Rules for Naming variable name
(Both UDV and System Variable)
• (1) Variable name must begin with Alphanumeric character
or underscore character (_), followed by one or more
Alphanumeric character. For e.g. Valid shell variable
are as follows
HOME
SYSTEM_VERSION
vech
no
• (2) Don't put spaces on either side of the equal sign
when assigning value to variable. For e.g. In following
variable declaration there will be no error
$ no=10
But there will be problem for any of the following
variable declaration:
$ no =10
20
$ no= 10
$ no = 10
• (3) Variables are case-sensitive, just like filename in Linux.
For e.g.
no=10
No=11
NO=20
nO=2
Above all are different variable name, so to print value 20 we
have to use $ echo $NO and not any of the following
$ echo $no # will print 10 but not 20
$ echo $No# will print 11 but not 20
$ echo $nO# will print 2 but not 20
• (4) You can define NULL variable as follows (NULL variable is
variable which has no value at the time of definition) For e.g.
$ vech=
$ vech=""
Try to print it's value by issuing following command
$ echo $vech
Nothing will be shown because variable has no value i.e. NULL
variable.
• (5) Do not use ?,* etc, to name your variable names.

22
 Example
• System Variables or Shell Variables

PATH - Display lists directories the shell searches, for

the commands.
HOME - User's home directory to store files.
PS1 - Display shell prompt in the Bourne shell and
variants.
PS2 - Secondary prompt
MAIL - Path to user's mailbox.
PWD - Path to the current directory.
HOSTNAME -The system's host name
USER -Current logged in user's name.
SHELL -The current shell.
OSTYPE - Type of operating system.
MACHTYPE - The CPU architecture that the system is
running on.
LOGNAME- Display login name

•
•
 Exporting variables
• A variable created like the ones in the
example above is only available to the
current shell.
• It is a local variable: child processes of
the current shell will not be aware of
this variable.
• In order to pass variables to a subshell,
we need to export them using the export
built-in command.
• Variables that are exported are referred
to as environment variables.

24
• export VARNAME=“value“
• A subshell can change variables it
inherited from the parent, but the changes
made by the child don't affect the parent.
echo $$  Current running Process ID
PID:1000
var=10
export var=10
bash  create new shell
echo $$  Current running process ID
PID:2000
echo $var  print 10
 Example
• 1 # Variable usages
• 2 var1=10
• 3 name="Mr.Ram"
• 4 dept=sales
• 5 place=chennai
• 6 cost=1000
•
• 7 echo "name" # print name
• 8 echo "$name" # print Mr.Ram
•
• 9 # $name --->Scalar type variable or value (Single type)
• 10 echo "Name:$name"
• 11 echo "Department:$dept"
• 12 echo "Working place:$place"
• 13 echo "Cost is $cost"
 Example

• D1=`date` # D1 is a variable
• echo $D1
• list=`ls` # list is a variable
• echo $list
• echo "End of the line"

2
 Example
• # Employee Details
• id=A101
• name="Mr.Kumar"
• dept="Sales"
• place="pune"
• B_pay=1234.565
• echo "Employee Details..."
• echo "--------------------------------"
• echo "
• ID:$id
• Name:$name
• Department:$dept
• Place:$place
• BasicPay:$B_pay
• "
• echo "--------------------------------"
 Example

• echo "System Information:-"

• echo "-----------------------------"
• K=`uname`
• KV=`uname -r`
• S=$SHELL
• SV=$BASH_VERSION
• P=`pwd`
• DATE=`date +%D`
• name=`whoami`

• echo " Working kernel name is:$K

• $K version is :$KV
• Working Shell name :$S
• version is $SV
• My name is $name
• Current date is $DATE
• my working path is $P
• "
• echo "End of the script.."

4
 Example

• echo "Enter your filename:"

• read fname
• F=$(ls -l $fname)
• echo "$F"
 read command
• The read command is useful in scripts
when reading or asking an input from
user.
• This read command is used when the
script want to interact with user for
his inputs to continue the script.
• read VARIABLE

• read VAR1 # Read a value from user input.

• echo $VAR1 # To display this value we have to use
echo command.

6
 Example
• # Employee Details

• echo "Enter Emp.Name"

• read name # name is a variable
• echo "Hi..$name..Enter your ID"
• read id # id is a variable
• echo "Enter $name working department"
• read dept # dept is a variable
• echo "Enter working place"
• read place # place is a variable
• echo "Enter B.Pay"
• read B_pay # B_Pay is a variable
• echo "Employee Details..."
• echo "--------------------------------"
• echo -e "ID:$id\t Name:$name\nDept:$dept\t Place:$place\n";
• echo "--------------------------------"

6
 Example
• # student info
• name="Mr.Kumar"
• dept="computer science & engg"
• s1=98
• s2=80
• s3=67
• place="Bangalore"
• echo " Student Information
• ************************************
• Name:$name
• Dept:$dept
• Sub1:$s1
• Sub2:$s2
• Sub3:$s3
• Place:$place
• ************************************
• "
• echo # create one empty line
 Example

• # System Information
• echo "working shell name is $SHELL"
• echo "working path name is $PWD"
• echo "My login name is $LOGNAME"
• echo "My login directory is $HOME"

8
 Example

• # System Information using UDV

• s1=$SHELL
• v1=$PWD
• v2=$HOME
• name=$LOGNAME
• echo “
working shell name is $s1
working path is $v1
my log in name is $v2
my login name is $name “

# s1 ,v2 ,v2 and name are user defined variables(UDV)

 Example

• To enable system command use backquotes

`command` or $(command)
• echo "Today:$(date)"
• echo "Today:`date`"
• echo "Total No.of Users:$(who|wc -l)"
• echo "Total No.of Users:`who|wc -l`"

10
 Example
• v1=$(date)
• v2=`date`
• v3=$(who|wc -l)
• v4=`who|wc -l`
• echo "Today:$v1"
• echo "Today:$v2"
• echo "Total No.of users:$v3"
• echo "Total No.of users:$v4"
• # v1,v2,v3 and v4 are user defined variables
 Predict the out put of below
scripts
Ex 1:
• no =10
• $no= 10
• echo $no
• echo $no

Ex 2:
• No=11
• NO=20
• echo $No
• echo $NO

12
Ex 3:
• v=
• v=""
• echo $v
Ex 4:
• How to Define variable x with value
100 and print it on screen?
Ex 5:
• How to Define variable name and OS
name with value print it on screen?
 Shell Operators

14
 Shell Operators
• There are various types of
operators supported by each shell

• 1. Arithmetic operators
• 2. Relational operators
• 3. Boolean operators
• 4. String operators
• 5. File test operators
 Arithmetic Operators

• + , -, * , / are basic arithmetic operators.

Example :-
1. echo “ enter two value A and B “
2. read A # 10 as value A
3. read B # 20 as Value B
4. echo “ sum = $A + $B “
5. echo “ sub = $A – $B ”

Now what do you think the output will be

Output is ?

16
 Output ?

Here is your answer for that

sum = 10 + 20
sub = 10 – 20

Why ?
• Because echo just prints what is written
with in the quote
• it can never identify any operators,it
treat + - are like string not operators
 Right way :
Method 1: -
sum = `expr $A + $B`
echo $sum

NOTE : space between operators and operands

Method 2:-
• sum = $((A+B)) # compound style
• echo $sum

18
 Example :1

1 echo " enter the two values for A and B “

2 read A
3 read B
4 echo Addition of A and B = `expr $A + $B`
5 echo Subtraction of A and B = `expr $A - $B`
6 echo Multiplication of A and B = `expr $A \* $B`
7 echo division of A and B = `expr $A / $B`

# Line number 6 we used \* to avoid wild card(*)

# behaviour, \* is multiplication operator
 Example : 2
1 echo " enter the two vales A and B "
2 read A
3 read B
4 sum=`expr $A + $B`
5 sub=`expr $A - $B`
6 mul=`expr $A \* $B`
7 echo " Addition : $sum "
8 echo " Subtraction : $sub "
9 echo " Multiplication : $mul "

2
 Example :3

1 echo " enter the two vales A and B "

2 read A
3 read B
4 sum=$((A+B))
5 sub=$((A-B))
6 echo " Addition : $sum "
7 echo " Subtraction : $sub "
• using expr and compound (()) mode we can't
compute floating point operation
• so we need to connect bc tool
• what is bc ?
• bc – command line calculator
• it is useful for performing mathmatical
calculations
• bc support floating point and interger
type arithmetic operations

4
 bc screen
[root@localhost ~]# bc
bc 1.06.95
Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2006 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
For details type `warranty'.
10+20
30
10.5+30.45
40.95
10.5*3+3.45
34.95
405/5
81
 Example : 4
1 echo " enter the two vales A and B "
2 read A
3 read B
4 echo `echo $A + $B | bc`
5 echo `echo $A \* $B | bc`

6
 Example : 5
1 echo " Enter student name"
2 read student
3 echo " Enter $student marks"
4 echo " Enter English marks out of 100 :"
5 read eng
6 echo " Enter Hindi marks out of 100:"
7 read hin
8 echo " Enter Physics marks out of 100 :"
9 read phy
10 echo " Enter Math's marks out of 100 :"
11 read mat
12 echo " Enter Chemistry marks out of 100 :"
13 read chem
14 sum=$((eng+chem+phy+mat+hin))
15 echo " total marks obtained by $student out of 500 : $sum"
16 avg=$((sum/5))
17 echo " Average marks of $student is : $avg "
 Relational Operators
• Relational operators are used to perform validation and
testing purpose

• Two types of operation

1. Numerical based relational operators
2. String based relational operators

Numerical (Numbers) based relational operations.

-lt less than -le less than equal -eq equal
-gt greater than -ge greater than equal -ne not equal

8
 Example

• a<b is equivalent to $a -lt $b

• a==10 is equivalent to $a -eq 10
• a>=b is equivalent to $a -ge $b
• a!=b is equivalent to $a -ne $b
• a<=b is equivalent to $a -le $b
 Relational Operators

String based relational operators are :

< less than <= less than equal =

equal
> greater than >= greater than equal != not
equal

• These all the relational operators are

used in conditional statements and looping
statements.

10
 Boolean Tables

• logical AND operators -a

• logical OR operators -o
• logical NOT operators !
 Logical Operators
• -a (&&)
• True -a True ==> True
• True -a False ==> False
• False -a True ==> False
• False -a False ==>False
• -o (||)
• True -o True ==> True
• True -o False ==> True
• False -o True ==> True
• False -o False ==>False
• !
• ! True =>False
• ! False => True

12
 Rule of thumb:
• Use -a and -o inside square brackets,
• Use && and || outside.
• It's important to understand the difference
between shell syntax and the syntax of the [
command.
• && and || are shell operators.
• They are used to combine the results of two
commands.
• Because they are shell syntax, they have special
syntactical significance and cannot be used as
arguments to commands.
 Rule of thumb:

• [ is not special syntax.

• It's actually a command with the
name [, also known as test.
• Since [ is just a regular command,
it uses -a and -o for its and and or
operators.
• It can't use && and || because those
are shell syntax that commands don't
get to see.

14
 String Operators

• [ "$v1" = "yes" ] && [ "$v2" != "Yes"]

• The shell is evaluating the and condition
• [ "$v1" = "yes" -a $v2 -lt 3 ]
• [[ $1 == "yes" && $v2 != "No" ]]
 Example

String based relational operators are :

< less than <= less than equal = equal

> greater than >= greater than equal != not equal

• These all the relational operators are

used in conditional statements and looping
statements.

16
 String Operators
• a="abc"
• b="efg"

• $a = $b
• $a = $b : a is equal to b

• $a != $b

• $a != $b : a is not equal to b

• -z $a

• "-z $a : string length is zero"

• -n $a

• "-n $a : string length is not zero"

 File Test Operators
• Returns true if... • -b
• file is a block device
• -e
• file exists
• -c
• -f • file is a character device
• file is a regular file (not a • -p
directory or device file) • file is a pipe
• f1 -nt f2
• -s • file f1 is newer than f2
• file is not zero size
• f1 -ot f2
• -d • file f1 is older than f2
• file is a directory
• f1 -ef f2
• files f1 and f2 are hard links to
the same file

• !
• "not" -- reverses the sense of
the tests above (returns true if
condition absent).

18
Conditional Statements
 Conditional statements

• Shell support two types of conditional

statement
• 1.single conditional statement using if
statement
• 2. Multi conditional statement using case
statement

20
General if statement behavior

• At times you need to specify different

courses of action to be taken in a shell
script, depending on the success or
failure of a command.
• The if construction allows you to specify
such conditions.
The most compact syntax of the
if command is:

if TEST-COMMANDS
then
CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS
fi
The TEST-COMMAND list is executed, and if its
return status is zero, the CONSEQUENT-COMMANDS
list is executed.

The return status is the exit status of the last

command executed,or zero if no condition tested
true.

22
 test command and [ ]
• The TEST-COMMAND often involves numerical or
string comparison tests, but it can also be any
command that returns a status of zero when it
succeeds and some other status when it fails.
• if [ ] this is built in test operator
• we can use test command,instead of using []
 Conditional Statement
• we can write if statement 3 different style as
follows

• 1. if only
• 2. if ..else
• 3. If ..elif..else

24
 1. if only syntax: -

if [ conditional statement ] # test the condition

then
TRUE BLOCK
fi # fi end of the if statement

[ ] operator will evaluate the condition statement , if will

determined condition status (true or false)
 using test command

• We can write using test command

• if test condition
then
TRUE BLOCK
fi

26
 Conditional Statement
if ..else syntax: -

if [ conditional statement ]
then
TRUE BLOCK
else
FALSE BLOCK
fi
 Conditional Statement
if...elif ..else ..fi syntax:-

if [ conditional statement ]
then
TRUE BLOCK 1
elif [ conditional statement ]
then
TRUE BLOCK 2
elif [ conditional statement ]
then
TRUE BLOCK 3
else
FALSE BLOCK
fi

28
 Example :1
if only style

• echo "Enter A and B value:"

• read a;read b
• if [ $a -lt $b ]
• then
• echo "True..$a < $b"
• fi
• echo "End of the script.."
1 echo " enter the value of less than 10 "
2 read N
3 if [ $N -lt 10 ]
4 then
5 echo "True : $N is less than 10 "
6 fi

2
 Example :
if ..else ..style
• echo "Enter A and B value:"
• read a;read b
• if [ $a -lt $b ]
• then
• echo "True..$a < $b"
• else
• echo "False..$a > $b"
• fi
• echo "End of the script.."
• echo "Enter Enquiry No"
• read eno
• if [ $eno -ge 100 ]
• then
• echo "$eno is valid entry.."
• echo "Enter your vendor code"
• read vno
• if [ $vno -ge 500 ]
• then
• echo "$vno is valid vendor code"
• else
• echo "Sorry ..$vno is invalid vendor code.."
• fi
• else
• echo "The $eno is not valid Enquiry no.."
• fi

4
 Example :
• echo -n "Enter Quotation Number:"
• read qno
• if [ $qno -ge 100 -a $qno -le 500 ]
• then
• echo "The $qno is valid quotation number"
• echo "Enter your PO number:"
• read po
• if [ $po -ge 500 -a $po -lt 600 ]
• then
• echo "The $po is valid entry.."
• echo "Enter vendor code and name"
• read vno;read name
• echo "Enter Item details.."
• read item
• echo "We received $item on `date +%D`"
• echo "The $item details:-
• Quotation No:$qno
• PO No:$po
• Vendor Code:$vno and Name:$name"
• else
• echo "Sorry $po is not valid PO Number.."
• fi
• else
• echo "Sorry $qno is not valid quotation number.."
• fi
1 echo " Enter the student name "
2 read name
3 echo "Enter $name place"
4 read place
5 echo "Enter 3 subject marks: out of 100"
6 read s1
7 read s2
8 read s3
9 echo "---------------------------------"
10 echo "$name information:

6
11 Name : $name
12 Place : $place
13 S1 : $s1
14 S2 : $s2
15 S3 : $s3 "
16 sum=`expr $s1 + $s2 + $s3`
17 avg=`echo $sum/3 | bc`
18 echo "Total: $sum"
19 echo "Average: $avg"
20 if [ $s1 -ge 50 -a $s2 -ge 50 -a $s3 -ge 50 ]
21 then
22 echo "Result: PASS"
23 else
24 echo "Result: FAIL"
25 fi
 Example :
if ..else ..elif style
1 echo "Enter A value and B value"
2 read a
3 read b
4 if [ $a -eq $b ]
5 then
6 echo "True : $a and $b are equal"
7 elif [ $a -gt $b ]
8 then
9 echo "True : $a greater than $b "
10 elif [ $a -lt 10 ]
11 then
12 echo "True : $a less than $b "
13 else
14 echo "Else Block : $a < $b“
15 fi
1 if [ $UID -eq 0 ];then
2 echo "Your root user"
3 else
4 echo "Your not root user"
5 echo "Hi..$LOGNAME your id is $UID"
6 fi

8
 Example
# This script will test if we're in a leap year or not.

year=`date +%Y`
if(( ("$year" %400)=="0"))||(( ("$year" %4 =="0") && ("$year" % 100 != "0")
));then
echo "This is a leap year."
else
echo "This is not a leap year"
fi
 String comparation
• echo -n "Enter your login name:"
• read name
• echo "Hi..$name Enter your Password"
• read -s p1
• echo "Re-type your Password.."
• read -s p2

• if [ $p1 = $p2 ]
• then
• echo "Hi..$name your valid login user.."
• else
• echo "Sorry $name your login is failed.."
• fi

10
 Example
logical operator ( -a )
• echo "Enter 3 subject Marks.."
• read s1;read s2;read s3
• if [ $s1 -gt 100 ];then
• echo "the max marks obtained is 100"
• exit
• elif [ $s2 -gt 100 ];then
• echo "the max marks obtained is 100"
• exit
• elif [ $s3 -gt 100 ];then
• echo "the max marks obtained is 100"
• exit
• fi
• if [ $s1 -ge 50 -a $s2 -ge 50 -a $s3 -ge 50 ];then
• echo "Result:PASS"
• else
• echo "Result:FAIL"
• fi
 logical operator ( -o )

• read s1;read s2;read s3

• if [ $s1 -gt 100 -o $s2 -gt 100 -o $s3 -gt 100 ];then
• echo "the max marks obtained is 100"
• exit
• fi
• if [ $s1 -ge 50 -a $s2 -ge 50 -a $s3 -ge 50 ];then
• echo "Result:PASS"
• else
• echo "Result:FAIL"
• fi

12
 Example
logical operator (!)
• if [ 100 -eq 100 ]
• then
• echo "True.." # print True
• else
• echo "Fail"
• fi
• sleep 3
• echo "using not operation.."
• if ! [ 100 -ne 100 ]
• then
• echo "True.." # print True
• else
• echo "Fail.."
• fi
 Example
• a=0;b=0
• # do something else with a or b
• if [[ $a -eq 2 ]] || [[ $b -eq 4 ]]
• then
• echo "a or b is correct"
• else
• echo "a and b are not correct"
• fi

14
 Example

• if((10==10))&&((10!=20))
• then
• echo "true.."
• else
• echo "Fail.."
• fi
 Example

• if [ 10 -eq 10 ] && [ 10 -ne 20 ]

• then
• echo "true.."
• else
• echo "Fail.."
• fi

16
 Example

• if [ 10 -eq 10 -a 10 -ge 5 ] && [ 10 -ne 20 ]

• then
• echo "true.."
• else
• echo "Fail.."
• fi
• echo "Enter File name:"
• read fname
• test -e $fname

• if [ $? -eq 0 ]
• then
• echo "The $fname is available"
• else
• echo "The $fname is Not Available"
• fi

18
 Example
• echo "Enter File name:"
• read fname
• test -e $fname

• if [ $? -eq 0 ]
• then
• echo "The $fname is available"
• test -f $fname
• if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
• echo "The $fname is Reg.file"
• fi
• test -d $fname
• if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
• echo "The $fname is Directory.."
• fi
•
• else
• echo "The $fname is Not Available"
• fi
 Example
• echo "Enter File name:"
• read fname
• test -e $fname

• if [ $? -eq 0 ]
• then
• echo "The $fname is available"
• test -f $fname
• if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
• echo "The $fname is Reg.file"
• else
• echo "The $fname is Not Reg.file"
• fi
• test -d $fname
• if [ $? -eq 0 ];then
• echo "The $fname is Directory.."
• else
• echo "The $fname is Not Directory file"
• fi
•
• else
• echo "The $fname is Not Available"
• fi

20
 Example
using [ ] operator

• echo "Enter your input file name:"

• read fname
• if [ -e $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is available"
• else
• echo "The $fname is not available"
• fi
 Example
using [ ] operator
• echo "Enter your input file:"
• read fname
• if [ -f $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is Reg.file"
• elif [ -d $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is Directory File"
• elif [ -c $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is char type device file"
• elif [ -b $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is Block type device file"
• elif [ -p $fname ];then
• echo "The $fname is pipe type file"
• else
• echo "The $fname is not available"
• fi

22
 case statement

• case statement is generally used as a

shortcut for writing if/else statements.
• The case statement is always preferred
when there are many items to select from
instead of using a large if/elif/else
statement.
• The case statement is terminated with esac
(case backwards).
 Example
• echo "Enter your book name:"
• read book

• case $book in
• "unix") echo "
• Book Name:$book
• Author Name:Mr.X
• Price :456INR"
• ;;

• Linux) echo "

• Book Name:$book
• Author Name:Mr.Y "
• ;;
• aix) echo "Your input book is $book" ;;
• minix) echo "Book name:$book
• Vol:3.45"
• ;;
• *) echo "the input book :$book is not available"
• esac

24
 Example
• echo "Enter your dept code:"
• read ch

• case $ch in
• s) echo "Sales.." ;;
• p) echo "Production" ;;
• F) echo "FI" ;;
• a) echo "Accounts.." ;;
• *) echo "$ch is invalid Dept code.."
• esac
 Example
• echo "Enter your dept code:"
• read ch

• case $ch in
• S|s) echo "Sales.." ;;
• p|P) echo "Production" ;;
• F|f) echo "FI" ;;
• a|A) echo "Accounts.." ;;
• *) echo "$ch is invalid Dept code.."
• esac

26
• echo "Enter your dept code:"
• read ch

• case $ch in
• S|s) echo "Sales.." ;;
• p|P) echo "Production" ;;
• F|f) echo "FI" ;;
• a|A|b|D) echo "Accounts.." ;;
• *) echo "$ch is invalid Dept code.."
• esac

4
 Example
• echo "Enter your OS"
• read os
• case $os in
• "unix"|"linux"|aix) echo "Unix type os" ;;
• "win") echo "Windows OS" ;;
• "bash"|"sh"|ksh) echo "Support interface
scripting.." ;;
• tcsh|csh|expert) echo "support FTP
automation.." ;;
• *) echo "$os is invalid os";
• esac
• echo -e "\tSystem Information:-"
• echo -e "\t*************************"
• echo "
• 1.Display your working kernel name
• 2.Display your Shell name
• 3.Login name
• 4.Today Date
• 5.Current working Directory path
• "
• echo -e "\t*************************"
• echo -n "Enter your Option:" ;read n

• case $n in
• 1) echo "Working kernel name is $(uname)
• Version is $(uname -r)"
• ;;
• 2) echo "Working Shell is $SHELL
• Version is $BASH_VERSION"
• ;;
• 3) echo "My login name:$LOGNAME and Login id is $UID" ;;
• 4) echo "Today:`date +%D`" ;;
• 5) echo `pwd` ;;
• *) echo "Sorry $n is invalid option..select from [1 to 5]"
• esac

6
echo "Enter var1 and var2:"
• read v1;read v2
• echo "Enter Arth.operator:"
• read opt

• case $opt in
• +) echo `echo $v1 + $v2|bc` ;;
• -) echo `echo $v2 - $v1|bc` ;;
• \*) echo `echo $v1 \* $v2|bc` ;;
• *) echo "$opt is invalid operator.."
• esac
 Thank you