Lecture 2

Mole, Density and Concentration

• 1 Mole=6.022 × 1023 (Avogadro number) molecules (mass of substance in gram)

• Convert number of moles to mass and the mass to moles
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Molecular weight =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
• Density is ratio of mass per unit volume
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉
• Molar density
𝜌
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑡
• Molar volume
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑡
𝜌
• Specific Volume
1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
= 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = =
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚

• Bulk density (Packed bed containing voids)

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝐵 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 Mole, Density and Concentration

• Volume and density of a homogenous mixture:

Volume (V)= σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑉𝑖

Mass(m)= σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖
𝑚
Density of solution 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉
• Mole fraction and Mass fraction:
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
M𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

• Concentration is referred generally refers to quantity of some substance per unit volume
❑ Mass per unit volume (lb of solute/ft3, g/kg of solute/L,m3, cm3)
❑ Moles per unit volume (lb mol of solute/ft3, g mol/kmol of solute/L,m3, cm3)
❑ Parts per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb)
 Mole, Density and Concentration

• Volume and density of a homogenous mixture:

Volume (V)= σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑉𝑖

Mass(m)= σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖
𝑚
Density of solution 𝜌𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑉
• Mole fraction and Mass fraction:
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
Mass 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

• Concentration is referred generally refers to quantity of some substance per unit volume
❑ Mass per unit volume (lb of solute/ft3, g/kg of solute/L,m3, cm3)
❑ Moles per unit volume (lb mol of solute/ft3, g mol/kmol of solute/L,m3, cm3)
❑ Parts per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb)
 Normality, Molarity and Molality

➢ Molarity (M): number of gram moles of solute dissolved in one litre of solution.
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑀) = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

➢ Molality: number of gram-moles (mol)of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔

➢ Equivalent weight: ratio of atomic weight or molecular weight to its valence

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

➢ Normality (N): the number of gram-equilvalents of solute dissolved in one litre of solution
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚−𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
 Choosing a basis

➢ The basis is the reference chosen to make the calculations.

➢ It may be quantities given in the system like
a. 100 kg of coal
b. 10 kg of oxygen
c. 100 mol/kmol of gases
d. 1L of 1N NaOH
e. 90 g of HCL
f. 500 mL of water

➢ When provided with the composition data of a system or input/output stream to or from a system, then assuming a
numerical value of 100 for the basis simplify the calculations. (note if the system is in quantities/flow-rate the basis
will be in quantity/flow-rate.

➢ In case of material balance problems with chemical reactions, some amount or flow rate of the limiting reactant
involved, or the product produced may be the convenient basis.

➢ In case of solutions when concentration is or is to be expressed in terms of normality, molarity or mg/l, !l of solution
may be the suitable basis.
 Ideal gas law

➢ Boyle’s law states that for a given mass of an ideal gas, the product of the pressure and volume is constant at a
constant temperature, i.e,
𝑃 × 𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Where P is the absolute pressure and V is the volume occupied by the gas.

➢ Charles’s law states that for a given mass of an ideal gas, the ratio of the volume to temperature is constant at a
given pressure, i.e,
𝑉
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
Where T is the absolute temperature.

➢ Combining the two gives

𝑃×𝑉
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇
This can be transformed as PV=RT , where V is molar volume and R is the gas constant

Or we can write it as PV=nRT , where Volume is cubic meters of n mol of gas

 Gaseous mixture

Partial Pressure:
➢ The partial pressure of a component gas that is present in a gas mixture is the pressure that would be exerted by
that component gas if it alone were present in the same volume and at the same temperature.

Pure Component Volume:

➢ The pure component volume of a component gas that is present in a gas mixture is the volume that would be
occupied by that component gas if it alone were present at the same pressure and temperature as the gas
mixture.

Dalton’s Law:
➢ It states that the total pressure exterted by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of partial pressures of
component gases present in the gas mixture.
P=pA+pB….
Where P= total pressure, pA and pB are partial pressure of component A and B etc

Amagat’s Law: Total volume occupied by a gaseous mixture is equal to the sum of pure component volumes of the
component gases present in the gas mixture.
V=VA+VB+….
Where V is the total volume and VA and VB etc are the pure component
 Gaseous mixture

➢ Average molecular weight of a gas mixture

• Gas mixture consisting of components A,B,C etc. Let MA, MB,MC etc and xA,xB,xC etc are molecular
weights and mole fraction of component respectively.
• The average molecular weight will be
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑀𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Mi= molecular weight of the component gas i, xi= mole fraction of component gas i

➢ Density of a gas mixture

Ideal gas equation for the mixture
PV=nRT
n=moles of the gas mixture(kmol), V=volume of gas mixture, m3 ,T= Temperature (K)
R= universal gas constant= 8.314 m3.kPa/(kmol.K), P= pressure in kPa
𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
Moles of the gas mixture = n= , 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃
× =
𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉 𝑅𝑇

𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒) =
𝑅𝑇
 Problems

Problem: How many moles of H2SO4 will contain 64 kg of S ?

Basis:64 kg of S
Ans 2kmol
Problem 2: 20 grams of caustic soda is dissolved in water to prepare 500 ml of solution. Find
the normality and molarity of the solution?

Basis: 500mL of solution and 20g of caustic soda

Ans: normality and molarity both 1
 Problem

Problem 3: 2 liters of NH3 at 303K and 20.265 kPa is neutralized by 135 mL of the solution of
H2SO4 , find the normality of the acid ?

Basis: Ans: 0.12 N

 Problem

Problem 4: Sodium chloride weighing 200kg is mixed with 600 kg potassium chloride. Find the
composition of the mixture in (a) weight% and (b) mole% ?
Wt%, KCl=75, NaCl=25
Mole%, KCl=70.19, NaCl=29.81
 Problem

Problem 5: Air contains 21% O2 and 79% N2 by volume. Calculate the composition in terms of percent by
weight?

Ans: wt% O2=23.3

Wt% N2= 76.7
 Problem

Problem 6: The available nitrogen (N) in an urea sample is found to be 45% (on weight basis). Calculate
the actual urea content in the sample?

Answer: 96.43 kg
 Problem

Problem 7: A cylinder contains 15 kg of liquid propane. What volume in m3 will propane occupy if it is
released and brought to NTP conditions?

Answer: 7.67m3( Temperature= 273K)

 Problem

Problem 8: A mixture of H2 and O2 contains 11.1% H2 by weight. Calculate (a) Average molecular weight of
gas mixture and (b) partial pressure of O2 and H2 at 100 kPa and 303K

Answer: Partial Pressure of H2= 67 kPa

Partial Pressure of O2= 33 kPa
 Problem

Problem 9: A mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at 298 K and 101.325 kPa has an average molecular
weight of 31. What is the partial pressure of Nitrogen?

Ans: 82.33 kPa