CMTE Classes 9, 10 & 11
CMTE Classes 9, 10 & 11
G.R.K.Gupta, NITW
09-09-2024, 11:00 hours
Energy :
(e + V 2 / 2 )
+ . (e + V 2 / 2 )V =
(up ) (vp ) ( wp )
+ + + f .V + q
t x y z
Equations of state : p = p ( , T ) and i = i ( , T )
e.g . for perfect gas : p = RT and i = CvT
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EQUATIONS IN GENERIC (STRONG
CONSERVATION) FORM
U F G H
+ + + =J
t x y z
u
u 2 + p − xx
u
vu − xy
U = v F =
wu −
(e + V 2 ) + pu −
xz
w 2
(e + V 2 )
2
k T x − u − v − w
xx xy xz
0
fx
J = f y
f z
( uf x + vf y + wf z ) +
q
( )
+ div( u ) = div( grad ) + S
t
Or, in words:
div a dV = n a dA
CV A
•This then leads to the following general conservation equation in integral form:
dV + n ( u) dA = n ( grad ) dA + S dV
t CV A A CV
This is the actual form of the conservation equations solved by finite volume
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based CFD programs to calculate the flow pattern and associated scalar fields.22
ASSUMPTIONS
Make suitable assumptions without loss of physics to simplify the
problem
• Steady or Unsteady
• Compressible or Incompressible
• Uniform or Non-Uniform
• Viscous or Inviscid
• 1-D, 2-D or 3-D
• Laminar or Turbulent
• Subsonic or Supersonic
• Forces dominant or negligible
• Single- or multi-phase (Ca)
• Thermal/density effects (Pr, g, Gr, Ec)
• Free-surface flow (Fr) and surface tension (We)
• Chemical reactions and combustion (Pe, Da) etc…
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DECIDE THE GEOMETRY OR
THE BOUNDARY
airflow
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converging-diverging nozzle with a distributed inlet ports
Physical Domain
Computational Domain
Choosing the appropriate boundary conditions can reduce the
computer effort. In this example the slice shown in Figure 1 is
repeated to produce the whole physical domain. Using the periodic
boundary condition at the imaginary planes shown in Figure 2 can
reduce the computational domain to a much smaller area.
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BOUNDARY CONDITIONS - I
triangular surface
mesh on car body is non-conformal
quick and easy to interface
create
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ADAPTIVE GRIDS
1. Algebraic Methods
2. PDE Methods
a. Elliptic Methods
b. Hyperbolic Methods
c. Parabolic Methods
3. Conformal Mapping methods
Steps:
1. Domain Nodalization
2. Domain Triangulation
A. Advancing Method
B. Delaunay Triangulation