Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C.

Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Internal Forces in Beams

Concept Formula Notes

A force that acts along the longitudinal axis of a
beam, either in compression or tension. It causes
Axial Force
the beam to deform, resulting in elongation or
contraction of the material.
A force that acts perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of a beam (parallel to its cross-section), causing
Shear Force it to deform by shearing. It represents the internal
resistance to the applied loads that tend to cause
the beam to slide along its length.
Bending moment is the internal moment that
develops within a beam when subjected to external
Moment loads. It causes the beam to bend and is responsible
for the curvature and deflection of the beam.
Torque is a twisting moment that occurs in beams
when subjected to torsional loads. It is responsible
Torsion for the rotation or twisting of the beam about its
longitudinal axis.

By matching the twisting direction of the torque

Right Hand through curling of fingers, the conventional positive
Rule for Torque direction of the torque will be the direction pointed
by the thumb.

Internal
Stresses in Positive sign convention in cutting a beam
Beams

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Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Stress

Concept Formula Notes

P P = applied normal load
Normal Stress σ= A = cross − sectional area
A
V V = applied parallel load
Shearing Stress τ= A = cross − sectional area
A
Pb Pb = bearing force
Bearing Stress σb =
Ab Ab = bearing area
Tangential Stress:
pD
Thin-Walled σt =
2t
p = net pressure
Pressure Vessels Longitudinal Stress: D = diameter
pD t = thickness
σL =
4t
pD
Spherical Shell σ=
4t

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Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Strain

Concept Formula Notes

Axial Deformation:
L PL σ = stress
δ=σ =
E AE ε = strain
Axial Strain: δ = axial deformation
δ P = applied load
Deformation ε= L = length
L
A = cross − sectional area
Modulus of Elasticity: E = modulus of elasticity
σ
E=
ε
Shearing Deformation:
L VL
δs = τ = τ = shear stress
G AG γ = shear strain
Shear Strain: δS = shear deformation
Shearing
δs V = applied shear
Deformation γ= L = length
L
A = cross − sectional area
Modulus of Rigidity:
G = modulus of rigidity
τ
G=
γ
Thermal Deformation: α = thermal coefficient
L = length
Thermal δT = αLΔT
∆T = temperature change
Deformation Thermal Stress: ΔT = Tf − Ti
σ = EαΔT E = modulus of elasticity
Axial Deformation
Combined with L
δAxial + δThermal = δ → σ + αLΔT = δ
Thermal E
Deformation
P P = applied load
Stiffness k= δ = deformation
δ
εy εz The negative sign indicates a
Poisson’s Ratio ν=− =− decrease in the transverse direction
εx εx when εx is positive
1
εx = [σ − νσy ]
Biaxial E x
Deformation 1
εy = [σy − νσx ]
E
1
εx = [σx − ν(σy + σz )]
E
Triaxial 1
εy = [σy − ν(σx + σz )]
Deformation E
1
εz = [σz − ν(σx + σy )]
E
Bulk Modulus of σ E
K= = ΔV/V is the volumetric strain
Elasticity ΔV/V 3(1 − 2ν)
Relationship
Between E, G, and E = 2G(1 + ν)
ν

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Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Torsion

Concept Formula Notes

Tρ Tr T = applied torque
Torsional
τ= τmax = ρ = distance from center
Shearing Stress J J J = polar moment of inertia
J = Ix + Iy
For Solid Cylindrical Shaft:
I = moment of inertia
π 4 16TD
Polar Moment of J= D τmax = T = applied torque
Inertia 32 πD4 D = outer diameter
For Hollow Cylindrical Shaft: d = inner diameter
π 16TD
J= (D4 − d4 ) τmax =
32 π(D4 − d4 )
T = torque applied
L = length
TL J = polar moment of inertia
Angle of Twist θ= G = modulus of rigidity
JG T
= torsional stiffness
θ
JG = torsional rigidity
Power
T = applied torque
Transmitted by P = Tω ω = angular velocity
the Shaft
Torque Capacity: P = applied load
Flanged Bolt
πd2 R = radius
Couplings T = PRn = ( × τ) Rn n = number of bolts
4
Torque Applied:
T = 2Aq A = bounded centerline area
Torsion on Thin-
Average Shearing Stress: q = shear flow
Walled Tubes t = thickness
q T
τ= =
t 2At
Maximum Shearing Stress for Light Springs:
16PR d P = applied load
τ= 3
(1 + )
πd 4R R = helix mean radius
Maximum Shearing Stress for Heavy Springs: d = diameter of the wound
m = spring index
Helical Springs 16PR 4m − 1 0.615
τ= ( + ) 4m − 1
πd3 4m − 4 m = Wahl factor
4m − 4
Elongation of the Bar: n = number of turns
64PR3 n G = modulus of rigidity
δ=
Gd4
Spring Constant:
P
k=
δ
Springs in Series: P = applied load
Spring Constant 1 1 1 δ = deformation
= + +⋯
k k1 k 2
Springs in Parallel:
k = k1 + k 2 + ⋯

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Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Three Moment Equation

General Form
h1 h2
MA L1 + 2MB (L1 + L2 ) + MC L2 + P1 + P2 = 6EI ( + )
L1 L2

Slope Form
Mnear L Mfar L Pfar to near hfar to near
θstart = + + +
3EI 6EI 6EI L

MA = moment at A E = modulus of elasticity

L1 = length of span AB I = moment of inertia
MB = moment at B h1 = elevation difference of point A and B
L2 = length of span CB h2 = elevation difference of point C and B
MC = moment at C
6Aa̅
P1 = parameter for span AB = L
̅
6Ab
P2 = parameter for span CB = L

Parameter Through Point Load Integration

𝑥2
𝑦(𝑥)𝑥 2
P1 = ∫ (𝐿 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥1 𝐿

𝑥2
𝑦(𝑥)𝑥 2
P2 = ∫ (𝐿 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑥1 𝐿

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Strength of Materials Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Common Parameters

𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐
Loading Type
(𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭) (𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐥𝐞𝐟𝐭)

Point Load

Pa 2 Pb 2
(L − a2 ) (L − b2 )
L L

Moment Load

−M M
(3a2 − L2 ) (3b2 − L2 )
L L

Rectangular Load

wL3 wL3
4 4

Triangular Load

7 8
wL3 wL3
60 60

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Engineering Mechanics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Principles of Statics

Concept Formula Notes

Px = Pcos(θ)
Py = Psin(θ)

x
Components of a Px = P ( )
Force z
y
(Orthogonal) Py = P ( )
z

Using Complex Mode:

P∠θ = Px + Py i

Using Sin Law:

Components of a P
=
Force (Specified sin (180 − B)
Axis) Pa Pb
=
sin (A) sin (B)

R = √R x 2 + R y 2
R x = Σ Force components along x
R y = Σ Force components along y
Resultant of
Concurrent
Forces

Using Complex Mode:

R∠θ = A∠a + B∠b + C∠c

M = Force × ⊥ Distance
Moment
M = Fd

Resultant of Non-
Concurrent FD = Σfn dn
Forces

Page 1 of 2
Engineering Mechanics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

The point of application of a force to a

Principle of rigid body can be moved anywhere along
Transmissibility its line of action without changing the
external reaction forces.

Page 2 of 2
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Moment Distribution Method

Moment distribution is a method of successive approximations that may be carried out to any desired
degree of accuracy. Essentially, the method begins by assuming each joint of a structure is fixed. Then, by unlocking
and locking each joint in succession, the internal moments at the joints are “distributed” and balanced until the joints
have rotated to their final or nearly final positions.

Sign Convention

Clockwise moments that act on the member are considered positive, whereas counterclockwise moments
are negative.

Fixed End Moments

Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Member Stiffness Factor

Stiffness factor K at A and can be defined as the amount of moment M required to rotate the end A of the
beam 𝜃𝐴 = 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑.

4𝐸𝐼
𝐾= (𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑)
𝐿

Joint Stiffness Factor

If a moment M is applied to joint A, the three connecting members will each supply a portion of the resisting
moment necessary to satisfy moment equilibrium at the joint. This 𝐾𝑇 value represents the moment needed to rotate
the joint through an angle of 1 rad.
𝐾𝑇 = Σ𝐾

K T = ΣK = 1000 + 4000 + 5000 = 10000

Distribution Factor

The fraction of the total resisting moment supplied by a member. If a moment M is applied to joint A, the
three connecting members will each supply a portion of the resisting moment necessary to satisfy moment
equilibrium at the joint. Note that the sum of all the DF at a joint must equal to 1.

𝐾
𝐷𝐹 =
𝐾𝑇

4000
𝐷𝐹𝐴𝐵 = = 0.4
10000
5000
𝐷𝐹𝐴𝐶 = = 0.5
10000
1000
𝐷𝐹𝐴𝐷 = = 0.1
10000
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Member Relative Stiffness Factor

Quite often continuous members or frames have the same E, thus, the term 4E can be cancelled out.

𝐼
𝐾𝑅 = (𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑)
𝐿

Carry-Over Factor

Represents the fraction of M that is “carried over”.

Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Sample Problem
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Approximate Analysis of Frame Structures

Concept Formula Notes

Assumptions:

1. A hinge is placed at the center of

each girder since this is assumed to
be a point of zero moment.

2. A hinge is placed at the center of

Portal Method each column since this is assumed to
be a point of zero moment.

3. At a given floor level the shear at

the interior column hinges is twice
that at the exterior column hinges
since the frame is considered to be a
superposition of portals.

Assumptions:

1. A hinge is placed at the center of

each girder since this is assumed to
be a point of zero moment.

2. A hinge is placed at the center of

each column since this is assumed to
be a point of zero moment.

Cantilever Method 3. The axial stress in a column is

proportional to its distance from the
centroid of the cross-sectional areas
of the columns at a given floor level.
Since stress equals force per area,
then in the special case of the
columns having equal cross-
sectional areas, the force in a column
is also proportional to its distance
from the centroid of the column
areas.

Page 1 of 1
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Earthquake Loads

Design Base Shear, V

Cv IW 2.5Ca IW
0.11Ca IW < V = <
RT R
0.8ZNv IW
Additional Minimum Criteria for Zone 4:
R
where
I = importance factor given in Table 208 − 1
W = the total seismic dead load
R = numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over − strength and
global ductility capacity of lateral − force − resisting systems, as set forth in
Table 208 − 11 or 208 − 12
T = elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in the direction
under consideration, sec
Z = seismic zome factor given in Table 208 − 3
Na , Nv = near − source factors given in Table 208 − 5 and 208 − 6
Ca , Cv = seismic coefficients given in Table 208 − 7 and 208 − 8

Method A Structure Period, T

T = Ct (hn )3/4
where
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment − resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment − resisting frames and eccentrically
braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
Hn = height above base level

Vertical Distribution of Force

Total Force:
n

V = Ft + ∑ Fi
i=1

Concentrated Force at the Top:

Ft = 7%VT < 0.25V
Ft = 0 when T ≤ 0. 7 seconds

Force at each level x:

wx hx
Fx = (V − Ft ) n
∑i=1 wi hi
where
Ft = concentrated force at top level to be added to Fx at the top level
Fx = concentrated force at level x
wx hx = product wh at level x
∑ni=1 wi hi = total sum of product wh from base level to top

Page 1 of 6
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Importance Factor, I

Page 2 of 6
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Numerical Coefficient, R

Page 3 of 6
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Page 4 of 6
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Seismic Zone Factor, Z

Near Source Factors, 𝐍𝐚 , 𝐍𝐯

Page 5 of 6
Structural Analysis Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Soil Profile Types

Seismic Coefficients, 𝐂𝐚 , 𝐂𝐯

Page 6 of 6
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Chapter 1: Introduction to Reinforced Concrete

Concrete Design Properties

Compressive Strength
Application Concrete Type Minimum 𝐟𝐜′ , MPa Maximum 𝐟𝐜′ , MPa
Normalweight and
General 17 None
Lightweight
Special moment frames Normalweight 21 None
and special structural
Lightweight 21 35
walls

Modulus of Elasticity
Condition Modulus of Elasticity 𝐄𝐜 , MPa
kg kg
1440 3 < wc < 2560 3 Ec = wc1.5 0.043√fc′
m m
Normalweight Ec = 4700√fc′

Minimum Clear Spacing of Reinforcement

Condition Modulus of Elasticity 𝐄𝐜 , MPa
4
Horizontal Layer (Side to Side) Greatest of: 25 mm, db , 3 dagg
Horizontal Layer (Bottom to Top) 25 mm
4
Longitudinal Greatest of: 40 mm, 1.5db , 3 dagg

Bundled Bars Provisions

Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four in any one
bundle.
Bars larger than a 𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦 𝛟 shall not be bundled in beams.
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different
points with at least 𝟒𝟎𝐝𝐛 stagger.
Development length is increased by 𝟐𝟎% for three-bar bundle and 33% for a four-bar bundle.

Concrete Cover
Concrete Exposure Member Reinforcement Specified Cover, mm
Cast against and
permanently in contact All All 75
with ground
20mmø to 58mmø 50
Exposed to weather or in 16mmø, MW200 wire or
All
contact with ground MD200 wire, and 40
smaller
40mmø and 58mmø 40
Slabs, joists, and walls
Not exposed to weather 36mmø and smaller 20
or in contact with Beam, columns, Primary reinforcement,
ground pedestal, and tension stirrups, ties, spirals, and 40
ties hoops

Page 1 of 4
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Strength Reduction Factors, 𝛟, for Moment, Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial Force
𝛟
Net Tensile Strain 𝛆𝐭 Classification
Other Spirals
εt ≤ εty Compression controlled 0.65 0.75
εt − εty εt − εty
εty < εt < 0.005 Transition 0.65 + 0.25 0.75 + 0.25
0.005 − εty 0.005 − εty
0.005 < εt Tension controlled 0.90 0.90

Load Combinations
LRFD ASD
1.4(D + F) D+F
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R) D+H+F+L+T
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1 L or 0.5W) D + H + F + (LR or R)
1.2D + 1.0W + f1 L + 0.5(Lr or R) D + H + F + 0.75[L + T + (Lr or R)]
1.2D + 1.0E + f1 L D + H + F + (0.6W or E/1.4)
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

Page 2 of 4
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Chapter 2: Analysis and Design of Beams for Flexure (Strength Design Method)

Concept Formula Notes

Criteria ϕMn ≥ Mu
0.85 17 ≤ fc′ ≤ 28
Compression Block
0.05 ′
Depth Reduction 0.85 − (fc − 28) 28 ≤ fc′ ≤ 55
7
Factor
0.65 55 ≤ fc′
Depth of
a = β1 c
Compression Block
Compression of
C = 0.85fc′ ab
Concrete
Tension of Steel
T = As fy Use fs when fy > fs
Reinforcement
C=T From:
C and T Relationship
0.85fc′ ab = As fy ΣF Horizontal
As
ρ=
bd
Ratio of Steel or
Reinforcement 0.85fc′ 2R n
ρ= [1 − √1 − ]
fy 0.85fc′

Reinforcement Index fy
ω=ρ
Ratio fc′
Coefficient of
R n = fc′ ω(1 − 0.59ω)
Resistance
a a
Mn = C (d − ) = T (d − )
Nominal Moment 2 2 From:
Capacity or ΣM about T or C
Mn = R n bd2
Design Moment
Mu = ϕMn
Capacity
Steel Strain εs ≥ 0.005 before
Tension Controlled Section
Concrete Strain εc ≥ 0.003
Types of Failure and Steel Strain εs = fy /Es and
Balanced Section
Strain Limit Concrete Strain εc = 0.003
Concrete Strain εc = 0.003 and
Compression Controlled Section
Steel Strain εs ≤ 0.002
Tension Steel Stress:
d−c
Calculated Steel fs = 600 ( )
c
Stress at Service Compression Steel Stress:
Loads c − d′
fs′ = 600 ( )
c
Tension Controlled:
ϕ = 0.90
fs ≥ 1000 MPa
Values for strength fs − fy Transition:
ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
reduction factor 1000 − fy fy < fs < 1000 MPa
Compression Controlled:
ϕ = 0.65
fs ≤ fy

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Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
600
cb = ( )d
600 + fy
Balanced Condition For Rectangular Beams:
600 fc′
ρb = ( ) 0.85β1
600 + fy fy
3
cmax = ( ) d
7
For Rectangular Beams:
3 fc′ At max condition:
Maximum Condition ρmax = ( ) ∙ 0.85β1
7 fy εs = 0.004
800 − fy
ϕmax = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − fy
3
ct = ( ) d
8
For Rectangular Beams: At tension-controlled:
Tension-controlled
3 fc′ εs = 0.005
ρt = ( ) ∙ 0.85β1
8 fy
Greater of:
√fc′
Minimum values for a. ρmin = 0.25
fy
steel ratio
1.4
b. ρmin =
fy

Notations and Symbols Specifications

ϕMn Design strength
Mu Factored design moment
a Depth of compression block
β1 Compression block factor
c Distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A.
ρ Steel ratio
As Area of steel reinforcement
b Width
d Effective depth - distance from extreme compression fiber to steel reinforcement N.A.
fc′ Compressive strength of concrete
fy Yield strength of concrete
Rn Coefficient of resistance
ω Reinforcement index ratio
fs Calculated stress of tension reinforcement at service loads
fs′ Calculated stress of compression reinforcement at service loads
ϕ Strength reduction factor
cb Balanced c
ρb Balanced steel ratio
cmax Max c
ρmax Max steel ratio
ct Tension-controlled c
ρt Tension-controlled steel ratio

Page 4 of 4
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Design of Beams for Flexure

(Strength Design Method)

Compression Depth Reduction Factor, 𝛃𝟏

Compressive Strength of Concrete 𝐟𝐜′ Compression Block Depth Factor 𝛃𝟏
17 MPa ≤ fc′ ≤ 28 MPa 0.85
1
28 MPa < fc′ < 55 MPa 0.85 − (f ′ − 28)
140 c
fc′ ≥ 55 MPa 0.65

Strength Reduction Factor, ∅

Region Range Strength Reduction Factor ∅

Tension Controlled fs ≥ 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.90

fs − fy
Transition fy < fs < 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − fy

Compression Controlled fs ≤ fy ϕ = 0.65

Notations and Symbols Specifications

ϕMn Design strength
Mu Factored design moment
a Depth of compression block
β1 Compression block factor
c Distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A.
ρ Steel ratio
As Area of steel reinforcement
b Width
d Effective depth - distance from extreme compression fiber to steel reinforcement N.A.
fc′ Compressive strength of concrete
fy Yield strength of concrete
Rn Coefficient of resistance
ω Reinforcement index ratio
fs Calculated stress of tension reinforcement at service loads
fs′ Calculated stress of compression reinforcement at service loads
ϕ Strength reduction factor
cb Balanced c
ρb Balanced steel ratio
cmax Max c
ρmax Max steel ratio
ct Tension-controlled c
ρt Tension-controlled steel ratio
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Analysis and Design of Rectangular Beam

(Tension Controlled Design: 𝛟 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎)

1. Check 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭
3 a
𝐜 = 8 d → 𝐚 = β1 c → 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 = ϕ0.85fc′ ab (d − 2)

2. If 𝐌𝐮 ≤ 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 → Singly Reinforced Beam

0.85f′c 2Rn
Mu = ϕ𝐑 𝐧 bd2 → 𝛒 = (1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85f′c

1.4 0.25√f′c
check ∶ [𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = for fy ≤ 31.36 MPa else, 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = ] if ρ < ρmin use 𝛒 = ρmin
fy fy

𝐀 𝐬 = ρbd

3. If 𝐌𝐮 > 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 → Doubly Reinforced Beam

Mu
𝐌𝐧 = → 𝐌𝐧𝟏 = Mnt → 𝐌𝐧𝟐 = Mn − Mn1
ϕ

a
Mn1 = 𝐀 𝐬𝟏 fy (d − ) → Mn2 = 𝐀 𝐬𝟐 fy (d − d′) → 𝐀 𝐬 = As1 + As2
2
600(c−d′ )
𝐟𝐬′ = , when 𝐟𝐬′ ≥ fy use 𝐟𝐬′ = fy → 𝐀′𝐬 fs′ = As2 fy
c
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Analysis and Investigation of Rectangular Beam

Singly Reinforced Beam

1. Compute 𝛒

A 1.4 0.25√f′c
𝛒 = bds → check ∶ [𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = for fy ≤ 31.36 MPa else, 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 = ] if 𝛒 < 𝛒𝐦𝐢𝐧 → 𝐒𝐭𝐨𝐩
fy fy

3 f′
Check: 𝛒𝐭 = 8 0.85β1 f c
y

600 fc′
Check: 𝛒𝐛 = ( ) 0.85β1
600 + fy fy

2. If 𝛒 < 𝛒𝐭 → 𝐓𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝

Use 𝛟 = 0.90 and fs = fy (steel yields)
a
As fy = 0.85fc′ 𝐚b → 𝐌𝐧 = As fy (d − 2) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

3. If 𝛒𝐭 < 𝛒 < 𝛒𝐛 → 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐨𝐧

s y f −f
Use 𝛟 = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f ) and fs = fy (steel yields)
y

600(d−c) s y f −f
As fy = 0.85fc′ 𝐚b → a = β1 𝐜 → 𝐟𝐬 = → 𝛟 = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f )
c y

a
𝐌𝐧 = As fy (d − ) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn
2

4. If 𝛒𝐛 < 𝛒 → 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝

600(d−c)
Use 𝛟 = 0.65 and fs = c
(steel does not yield)
600(d−𝐜)
As fs = 0.85fc′ ab → As ( ) = 0.85fc′ (β1 𝐜)b → 𝐚 = β1 c
𝐜

a
𝐌𝐧 = As fs (d − 2) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Doubly Reinforced Beam

1. 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝𝐬 (𝐟𝐬 ≥ 𝐟𝐲) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 (𝐟𝐬′ < 𝐟𝐲 )

600(c−d′ )
Use 𝐟𝐬 = fy and 𝐟𝐬′ =
c

600(𝐜−d′ )
As fs = 0.85fc′ ab + A′s fs′ → As fy = 0.85fc′ (β1 𝐜)b + A′s ( ) → 𝐚 = β1 c
𝐜

600(d−c) 600(c−d′ )
Check assumptions → 𝐟𝐬 = ≥ fy & 𝐟𝐬′ = < fy
c c

2. 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭:

− Tension steel yields (𝐟𝐬 ≥ fy ) ✔

− Compression steel does not yield (𝐟𝐬′ < fy ) ✔

Compute strength reduction factor 𝛟

Region Range Strength Reduction Factor ∅

Tension Controlled fs ≥ 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.90
fs − fy
Transition Region fy < fs < 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − fy
Compression Controlled fs ≤ fy ϕ = 0.65

a
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ ab (d − 2) + A′s fs′ (d − d′) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

3. 𝐎𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐰𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠:

− Tension steel yields (𝐟𝐬 ≥ fy ) ✔

− Compression steel yields (𝐟𝐬′ ≥ fy )

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: tension steel yields (𝐟𝐬 ≥ fy ) and compression steel yields (𝐟𝐬′ ≥ fy )

Use 𝐟𝐬 = fy and 𝐟𝐬′ = fy

As fs = 0.85fc′ ab + A′s fs′ → As fy = 0.85fc′ (β1 𝐜)b + A′s fy → 𝐚 = β1 c

600(d−c) 600(c−d′ )
Check new assumptions → 𝐟𝐬 = ≥ fy & 𝐟𝐬′ = ≥ fy
c c

If both new assumptions are correct → Compute the strength reduction factor 𝛟

Region Range Strength Reduction Factor ∅

Tension Controlled fs ≥ 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.90
fs − fy
Transition Region fy < fs < 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − fy
Compression Controlled fs ≤ fy ϕ = 0.65

a
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ ab (d − 2) + A′s fy (d − d′) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

4. 𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐰𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠:

− Tension steel does not yield (𝐟𝐬 < fy )

− Compression steel yields (𝐟𝐬′ ≥ fy )

𝐍𝐞𝐰 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬: tension steel does not yield (𝐟𝐬 < fy ) and compression
steel yields (𝐟𝐬′ ≥ fy )

600(d−c)
Use 𝐟𝐬 = and 𝐟𝐬′ = fy
c

600(d−𝐜)
As fs = 0.85fc′ ab + A′s fs′ → As ( ) = 0.85fc′ (β1 𝐜)b + A′s fy → 𝐚 = β1 c
𝐜

600(d−c) 600(c−d′ )
Check new assumptions → 𝐟𝐬 = < fy & 𝐟𝐬′ = ≥ fy
c c

If both new assumptions are correct → Compute the strength reduction factor 𝛟

Region Range Strength Reduction Factor ∅

Tension Controlled fs ≥ 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.90
fs − fy
Transition Region fy < fs < 1000 MPa ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 ( )
1000 − fy
Compression Controlled fs ≤ fy ϕ = 0.65

a
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ ab (d − 2) + A′s fy (d − d′) → 𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐲 𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐚𝐦𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 𝐝 ≥ 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐦𝐦, 𝐢𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐲𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝.
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Analysis and Investigation of T-Beams

Singly Reinforced T-Beams

[Figure]
1. Compute c

Assume steel yields (fs = fy )

C = T → 0.85fc′ 𝐚bf = As fy

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐚 < 𝐭
(There is no compression in concrete web part C2 )

[Figure]
2. Compare c to ct & cb

a 3 600
𝐜=β → 𝐜𝐭 = 8 d → 𝐜𝐛 = (600+f ) d
1 y

3. If 𝐜𝐭 > 𝐜 → steel yields (fs = fy ) and tension controlled (ϕ = 0.90)

a a
Mn = C (d − 2) → 𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ abf (d − 2)
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

s y f −f
4. If 𝐜𝐛 > 𝐜 > 𝐜𝐭 → steel yields (fs = fy ) and transition region (ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f ))
y

600(d−c) fs −fy
𝐟𝐬 = → 𝛟 = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f )
c y
a a
Mn = C (d − ) → 𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ abf (d − )
2 2
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

600(d−c)
5. If 𝐜 > 𝐜𝐛 → steel does not yield (fs = ) and compression controlled (ϕ = 0.65)
c
600(d−𝐜)
C = T → 0.85fc′ abf = As ( )
𝐜
𝐚 = β1 c
a a
Mn = C (d − ) → 𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ abf (d − )
2 2
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

𝐅𝐨𝐫 𝐚 > 𝐭
(Repeat solving for 𝐚 considering the compression in concrete web part C2 )

[Figure]
C1 + C2 = T → 0.85fc′ tbf + 0.85fc′ (𝐚 − t)b = As fy
a
𝐜=β
1

2. Compare c to ct & cb

a 3 600
𝐜=β → 𝐜𝐭 = 8 d → 𝐜𝐛 = (600+f ) d
1 y

3. If 𝐜𝐭 > 𝐜 → steel yields (fs = fy ) and tension controlled (ϕ = 0.90)

t a−t
Mn = C1 (d − 2) + C2 ((d − t) − )
2
t a−t
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + 0.85fc′ (a − t)b ((d − t) − )
2
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

s y f −f
4. If 𝐜𝐛 > 𝐜 > 𝐜𝐭 → steel yields (fs = fy ) and transition region (ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f ))
y

600(d−c) fs −fy
𝐟𝐬 = → 𝛟 = 0.65 + 0.25 (1000−f )
c y
t a−t
Mn = C1 (d − 2) + C2 ((d − t) − )
2
t a−t
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + 0.85fc′ (a − t)b ((d − t) − )
2
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn

600(d−c)
5. If 𝐜 > 𝐜𝐛 → steel does not yield (fs = ) and compression controlled (ϕ = 0.65)
c
600(d−c)
C1 = 0.85fc′ tbf ∶ C2 = 0.85fc′ (a − t)b ∶ T = As ( )
c
600(d−𝐜)
C1 + C2 = T → 0.85fc′ tbf + 0.85fc′ (β1 𝐜 − t)b = As ( )
𝐜
𝐚 = β1 c
t a−t
Mn = C1 (d − ) + C2 ((d − t) − )
2 2
t a−t
𝐌𝐧 = 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + 0.85fc′ (a − t)b ((d − t) − 2
)
𝐌𝐮 = ϕMn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Analysis and Design of T-Beams

(Tension Controlled Design: 𝛟 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎)

1. Check 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭

3
𝐜𝐭 = 8 d → 𝐚𝐭 = β1 c

For a > t
C1 = 0.85fc′ tbf ∶ C2 = 0.85fc′ (at − t)b ∶ T = As fy
t at −t
Mnt = C1 (d − 2) + C2 ((d − t) − )
2
t at −t
𝐌𝐧𝐭 = 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + 0.85fc′ (at − t)b ((d − t) − )
2
𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 = 0.90Mnt
For a < t
t
𝐌𝐧𝐭 = 0.85fc′ at bf (d − 2)
𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 = 0.90Mnt

2. 𝐌𝐮 > 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 → Singly Reinforced T-Beam

[Figure]
Moment capacity of concrete in the flange alone:
t
𝐌𝐧𝟏 = 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2)
𝛟𝐌𝐧𝟏 = 0.90Mn1

For Mu < ϕMn1

𝐚
Mu = ϕ0.85fc′ 𝐚bf (d − 2)
a
C = T → 0.85fc′ abf (d − 2) = 𝐀 𝐬 fy

For Mu > ϕMn1

t 𝐚−t
Mu = ϕ0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + ϕ0.85fc′ (𝐚 − t)b ((d − t) − )
2
t a−t
C1 + C2 = T → 0.85fc′ tbf (d − 2) + +ϕ0.85fc′ (a − t)b ((d − t) − ) = 𝐀 𝐬 fy
2

3. 𝐌𝐮 > 𝛟𝐌𝐧𝐭 → Doubly Reinforced T-Beam

To Be Continued…
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Design of Beams for Shear

Lambda Calculation 𝛌:
𝐟′𝐜𝐭 Value Concrete Type 𝛌
Normal weight 1.00
Provided Sand-lightweight 0.85
Lightweight 0.75
f′ct
Not Provided - ≤ 1.0
0.56√f′c

Vertical Stirrup Design

ϕ = 0.75

1. Compute 𝐕𝐮
2. Compute 𝐕𝐜

a. Simplified calculation for 𝐕𝐜

i. For members subject to shear and flexure only

𝐕𝐜 = 0.17λ√f′c bw d

ii. For members subject to axial compression

Nu
𝐕𝐜 = 0.17 (1 + ) λ√f ′ c bw d
14Ag
Nu
= MPa Nu = (+) for compression, (−) for tension Ag = mm2
Ag

b. Detailed calculation for 𝐕𝐜

i. For members subject to shear and flexure only

Vu d
𝐕𝐜 = (0.16λ√f′c + 17pw ) b d ≤ 0.29λ√f′c bw d
Mu w
Vu d As
≤ 1.0 pw =
Mu bw d

ii. For members subject to axial compression

Vu d
𝐕𝐜 = (0.16λ√f′c + 17pw )b d
Mm w
4h − d
Mm = Mu − Nu
8
0.29Nu
If Mm = (−) use Vc = 0.29λ√f′c bw d√1 +
Ag

iii. For members subject to significant axial tension

Nu
𝐕𝐜 = 0.17 (1 + ) λ√f ′ c bw d ≥ 0
3.5Ag
Nu
= MPa Nu = (−) for tension
Ag
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
1
3. Compute ϕVc and 2 ϕVc

Cases:

A. If 𝐕𝐮 > 𝛟𝐕𝐜 → stirrups necessary

Vu
4. Compute 𝐕𝐬 → 𝐕𝐬 = Vn − Vc → 𝐕𝐬 = − Vc
ϕ

5. Check 0.67√f′c bw d

Cases:

A. If Vs > 0.67√f′c bw d
6. Need to increase beam size

B. If Vs ≤ 0.67√f′c bw d
Av fyt d
6. Compute 𝐬 𝐬= Vs
7. Check 𝐬𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 25mm if s < smin → Need to increase Av
8. Check 0.33√f ′ c bw d
d
If Vs ≤ 0.33√f ′ c bw d then 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 2 or 600mm
d
If Vs > 0.33√f ′ c bw d then 𝐬𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 4 or 300mm
9. Use smaller s value

𝟏
B. If 𝐕𝐮 < 𝛟𝐕𝐜 but 𝐕𝐮 > 𝟐 𝛟𝐕𝐜 → minimum stirrup 𝐀 𝐯 required
4. Compute Avmin
d
𝐬 = 2 or 𝐬 = 600 → use smaller 𝐬 value
bw s
𝐀 𝐯𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 0.062√f ′ c fyt
bw s
𝐀 𝐯𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 0.35 fyt
5. Use smaller 𝐀 𝐯𝐦𝐢𝐧 value

𝟏
C. If 𝐕𝐮 < 𝟐 𝛟𝐕𝐜 → stirrups not necessary
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Design of Beams for Torsion

𝛟 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓

Threshold Torsion
Type of Member 𝐓𝐭𝐡
A2cp
Non-prestressed member 0.083λ√fc′ ( )
pcp
A2cp fpc
Prestressed member 0.083λ√fc′ ( ) √1 +
pcp 0.33λ√fc′

Non-prestressed member A2cp Nu

0.083λ√fc′ ( ) √1 +
subjected to axial force pcp 0.33Ag λ√fc′
Note: Nu is positive for compression and negative for tension

Torsional Strength
Bases 𝐓𝐧
2Ao At fyt
Stirrups cot θ
s
2Ao Al fyt
Longitudinal Bars cot θ
ph
Note: θ = 45° and smax = ph /8 and 300 mm

Where

Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section

pcp = outside perimeter of concrete cross section
Al = total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion
Ao = gross area enclosed by shear flow path = 0.85Aoh
Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement
At = area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion within spacing s
fyt = specified yield strength fy of transverse reinforcement
ph = perimeter of centerline of outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement

Spacing due to Combined Shear and Torsion:

At At Av /nlegs
= +
𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 storsion sshear

when At and Av have same bar size:

1 1 −1
𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 = ( + )
storsion sshear
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Design of Columns

NSCP 2015 Column Specifications

Main Bars
Minimum and Maximum Area: 0.01Ag ≤ Ast ≤ 0.08Ag
3 within triangular ties, 4 within rectangular or
Minimum Number of Bars:
circular ties, and 6 enclosed by spirals.
4
Minimum Spacing: Greatest of 40mm, 1.5db , and 3 dagg
Ties
4
Minimum Clear Spacing: Shall not be lesser than d
3 agg
Maximum Center-to-Center Spacing: Shall not exceed the lesser of 16dbl , 48dbt , and b
10mm∅ for 32mm∅ main bars
Minimum Size: 12mm∅ for 36mm∅ or larger main bars
and bundled bars
a. Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar
shall have lateral support provided by the corner
of a tie with an included angle of not more than
Arrangement: 135 degrees.
b. No unsupported bar shall be farther than
150mm clear on each side along the tie from a
laterally supported bar.
Permitted to use when longitudinal bars are
Circular Ties:
located around the perimeter of a circle.
Spiral
4
Minimum Clear Spacing: Greater of 25mm and 3 dagg
Maximum Clear Spacing: 75mm
Minimum Size: 10mm∅
Ag fc′
Minimum Steel Ratio: ρs ≥ 0.45 ( − 1)
Ach fyt
volume of spiral in one loop
ρs =
volume of concrete core for a pitch, s
Steel Ratio: as [π(Dc − ds )]
ρs = π 2
4 Dc × s
4as (Dc − ds )
Spacing Based on Steel Ratio: s=
ρs Dc 2

Neglect Slenderness Effects When the Following are Satisfied

a) For columns not braced against sidesway
klu
≤ 22
r
b) For columns braced against sidesway
klu M1
≤ 34 + 12 ≤ 40
r M2

Where:
k = effective length factor
lu = unsupported length of the column
r = radius of gyration
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

r = √Ig /Ag
r = 0.30 × (b or h) for rectangular columns
r = 0.25 × D for circular columns
Ec Ig
( )Es Isx
5
r≤√ Ec Ag for composite columns
( )ES Asx
5

M1 = smaller factored end moment

M2 = larger factored end moment
M1
= taken as negative for single curvature and positive for double curvature
M2

Short Columns Subjected to Axial Loading

(Slenderness Effects Neglected)

Design Criteria

Pu ≤ ϕPnmax
Where:
Pu = factored loads
ϕPnmax = design strength

Strength Reduction Factor

Transverse Reinforcement 𝛟
Ties 0.65
Spiral 0.75

Maximum Nominal Axial Strength

Member Transverse Reinforcement 𝐏𝐧𝐦𝐚𝐱
Ties conforming to Section
0.80Po
422.4.2.4
Non-prestressed
Spirals conforming to Section
0.85Po
422.4.2.5
Ties 0.80Po
Prestressed
Spirals 0.85Po
Composite steel and concrete
columns in accordance with All 0.85Po
Section 410

𝐏𝐨 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Po = 0.85fc′ Ac + Ast fy + Ass Fy
Where:
Ac = net area of concrete = Ag − Ast − Ass
Ast = area of longitudinal longitudinal steel bars
Ass = area of structural steel
fy = yield strength of longitudinal steel bars
Fy = yield strength of structural steel
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Short Columns Subjected to Axial Loading and Uniaxial Bending

(Slenderness Effects Neglected)

Neglect Bending Moment Effects When the Following are Satisfied:

a. e ≤ 0.10h for tied columns
b. e ≤ 0.05h for spiral columns

Plastic Centroid
The eccentricity of the column load is the distance from the load to the plastic centroid of the
column. The plastic centroid represents the location of the resultant force produced by the steel and the
concrete. It is the point in the column cross-section through which the resultant column load must pass to
produce uniform strain at failure.
For locating the centroid, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in compression to 0.85fc′ and all
steel to fy in compression. For symmetrical sections, the plastic centroid coincides with the centroid of the
column cross-section, while for nonsymmetrical sections, it can be located by taking moments.

Balanced Condition
(At balanced condition tension steel yields)

[Figure]

1. Compute cb
600
𝐜𝐛 = ( )d
600 + fy
2. Compute ab
𝐚𝐛 = β1 cb
3. Check steel reinforcement stresses
600(d − c)
𝐟𝐬𝟏 = ≤ fy → always yields at balanced condition
c
600(c − z2 )
𝐟𝐬𝟐 = ≤ fy
c
4. Compute forces
𝐓𝟏 = As1 fs1
𝐂𝟐 = As2 fs2
𝐂𝐜 = 0.85fc′ ab b
5. Compute Pbn
∑ Fv = 0
𝐏𝐛𝐧 + T1 = Cc + C2
6. Compute eb
∑ MPbn = 0
h ab
T1 (𝐞𝐛 + xpc→1 ) = C2 (𝐞𝐛 + z2 ) + CC (𝐞𝐛 − + )
2 2
7. Compute Mbn
𝐌𝐛𝐧 = Pbn eb

Note: The balanced eccentricity can be used to determine the state of the steel with the given eccentricity
of the load. If e < eb then tension steel will surely not yield and if e > eb then tension steel will surely yield.
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Unknown c

[Figure]

1. Compute eb (Optional)
If eb < e → tension steel yields
If eb > e → tension steel will not yield
2. Assume the state of the steel stresses
Use fs1 = fy for assuming tension bar yields
600(d − c)
Use fs1 = for assuming tension bar does not yield
c
Use fs2 = fy for assuming compression bar yields
600(c − z2 )
Use fs2 = for assuming compression bar does not yield
c
3. Compute forces in terms of c
T1 = As1 fs1
C2 = As2 fs2
Cc = 0.85fc′ (0.85c)b
4. Compute c by summing up moments about Pn
∑ MPn = 0
h 0.85𝐜
T1 (e + xpc→1 ) = C2 (e + z2 ) + CC (e − + )
2 2
5. Check assumptions
600(d − c)
𝐟𝐬𝟏 =
c
600(c − z2 )
𝐟𝐬𝟐 =
c
Note: if assumptions are wrong then do another set of assumptions and repeat steps 2-5
6. Compute Pn
𝐏𝐧 = Cc + C2 − T1
7. Compute Pu
𝐏𝐮 = ϕPn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Unknown c
(Using Interaction Diagram)

e
1. Compute h
2. Let a value for K n
3. Compute R n using the chosen value for K n
e
𝐑𝐧 = Kn ( )
h
4. Plot the values for R n in the x-axis and K n in the y-axis of the interaction diagram then connect the
(R n , K n ) point of intersection to the origin by a straight diagonal line.
5. Compute ρ
As
𝛒=
Ag
6. Plot ρ along the straight diagonal line.
7. Approximate the value for K n by projecting the point where ρ is plotted the straight diagonal line
towards the y-axis of the diagram.
8. Compute Pn
𝐏𝐧
Kn = ′
fc Ag
9. Compute Pu
𝐏𝐮 = ϕPn
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Long Columns
(Slenderness Effects Considered)

To be continued…
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Columns of Special Moment Resisting Frames

General Provisions
a. The shortest cross-sectional dimension,
measured on a straight line passing through the
centroid, shall be at least 300 mm.
Column Dimensions:
b. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional
dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall be
at least 0.40.
Area of Longitudinal Reinforcement: 0.01Ag ≤ Ast ≤ 0.06Ag
In Using Circular Hoops: Nbars ≥ 6

Spacing of Transverse Reinforcements Provisions

Condition Applicable Expressions
a. The depth of the column at the joint face or at the section where
flexural yielding is likely to occur.
lo = h
b. One-sixth of the clear span of the column.
Length lo :
1
lo = lc
6
c. 450 mm
lo = 450 mm
a. One-fourth of the minimum column dimension.
b
smax =
4
b. Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar.
smax = 6dbl
Transverse Reinforcement Spacing
c. so
Within Length lo :
350 − hx
100 mm ≤ so = 100 + ( ) ≤ 150 mm
3
smax = so
hx = maximum center-to-center horizontal spacing of hoop or
crosstie legs on all faces of the column.
Transverse Reinforcement Spacing
smax ≤ 6dbl ≤ 150 mm
Beyond Length lo :

Amount of Transverse Reinforcements Provisions

Transverse
Conditions Applicable Expressions
Reinforcement
For rectilinear hoop: Ag fc′
a. 0.3 ( − 1)
Pu ≤ 0.3AG fc′ Ach fyt
Ash ′ Greater of (a) and (b) ′
fc ≤ 70 MPa fc
b. 0.09
sbc fyt
For spiral or circular Ag fc′
a. 0.45 ( − 1)
hoop: Pu ≤ 0.3AG fc′ Ach fyt
Greater of (a) and (b)
fc′ ≤ 70 MPa fc′
ρs b. 0.12
fyt
Ach = cross-sectional area of a member measured to the outside edges of a transverse reinforcement.
Ash = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement, including cross ties, within spacing s and
perpendicular to dimension bc .
bc = cross-sectional dimension of member core measured to the outside edges of the transverse
reinforcement composing area Ash .
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Columns of Special Moment Resisting Frames

To be continued…
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Isolated Footings

Notes:
• Circular or regular polygon-shaped concrete columns or pedestals shall be permitted to
be treated as square members of equivalent area when locating critical sections for
moment, shear, and development of reinforcement.
• Minimum base area of foundation shall be calculated from unfactored forces and
moments transmitted by foundation to soil or rock and permissible bearing pressure
selected through principles of soil or rock mechanics.
• Overall depth of foundation shall be selected such that the effective depth of bottom
reinforcement is at least 150 mm.
• For calculation of vc and vs for two-way shear, d shall be the average of the effective
depths in two orthogonal directions.
• In square two-way footings, reinforcement shall be distributed uniformly across entire
width of footing in both directions.
• In rectangular footings, reinforcement shall be distributed with (a) and (b)
a. Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the entire
width of footing.
b. For reinforcement in the short direction, a portion of the total reinforcement, 𝛄𝐬 𝐀 𝐬 , shall
be distributed uniformly over a band width equal to the length of the short side of footing,
centered on centerline of column or pedestal. Remainder of reinforcement required in the
short direction, 𝐀 𝐬 − 𝛄𝐒 𝐀 𝐒 , shall be distributed uniformly outside the center band width
of footing, where γs is calculated where 𝛃 is the ratio of long to short side of footing:
2
γs =
β+1

Table 1: Location of Critical Section for 𝐌𝐮

Supported Member Location of Critical Section
Column or pedestal Face of column or pedestal
Column with steel base Halfway between face of column
plate and edge of steel base plate
Concrete wall Face of wall
Halfway between center and
Masonry wall
face of masonry wall

Table 2: Location of Critical Section for 𝐕𝐮

Member Location of Critical Section
At a distance d from location
One-way shear
of critical section for Mu
At a distance of d/2 from (a) and (b):

a. Edges or corners of columns, concentrated loads, or reaction

Two-way shear
area;
b. Changes in slab or footing thickness, such as edges of capitals,
drop panels, or shear caps.
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Table 3: Calculation of 𝐯𝐜
(Allowable) Maximum (Actual) Computed
One-way One-way vu
vcmax = 0.17λ√fc′ vc =
shear shear ϕbw d
vcmax = 0.33λ√fc′
Two-way 2 Two-way vu
vcmax = 0.17 (1 + ) λ√fc′ vc =
shear β shear ϕbo dave
as dave
vcmax = 0.083 (2 + ) λ√fc′
bo
Note: β is the ratio of long side to short side of column, concentrated load, or reaction area and as
is 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns, and 20 for corner columns.

Calculation of Bars for Critical Moment

Steps Equation
1. Determine the location of critical section
Refer to table 3
for Mu
2. Isolate the critical section and compute for For uniform qu :
the Mu Mu = Fd = (qu ln B)(ln /2)
Mu
3. Compute for R n Rn =
ϕbd2
0.85fc′ 2R n
4. Compute for ρ ρ= (1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85fc′
1.4
ρmin =
fy
5. Check ρmin
0.25√fC′
ρmin =
fy
6. Compute for As As = ρbd
As
7. Compute for N N=
Ab
Reinforced Concrete Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Pile Footings

Notes:
• Overall depth of pile chap shall be selected such that the effective depth of bottom
reinforcement is at least 300 mm.
• Factored moments and shears shall be permitted to be calculated with the reaction from
any pile assumed to be concentrated at the centroid of the pile section.
• Calculation of factored shear on any section through a pile cap shall be in accordance with
(a) through (c):
a. Entire reaction from any pile with its center located 𝐝𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐞 /𝟐 or more outside the
section shall be considered as producing shear on that section;
b. Reaction from any pile with its center located 𝐝𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐞 /𝟐 or more inside the section
shall be considered as producing no shear on that section;
c. For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile reaction to be
considered as producing shear in the section shall be based on a linear
interpolation between full value at 𝐝𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐞 /𝟐 outside the section and zero value at
𝐝𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐞 /𝟐 inside the section.

Calculation of Pile Reactions Carrying Axial Loads and Moments

Pu Muy x Mux y
R= ± ±
N ∑ x2 ∑ y2
where
R = pile reaction
N = total number of piles
Pu = factored axial load
Muy = factored moment about the y − axis
Mux = factored moment about the x − axis
y = y − distance from the centroid of the pile group
x = x − distance from the centroid of the pile group
Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Tension Members

Concept Formula Notes

Yielding on Gross Section:
R n = Fy A g
LRFD: ϕ = 0.90 ASD: Ω = 1.67 Fy = yield stress capacity
Tensile Pu ≤ ϕR n Pa ≤ R n /Ω Fu = rupture stress capacity
Strength Rupture on Net Section: Ag = gross area
A e = effective area
R n = Fu A e
LRFD: ϕ = 0.75 ASD: Ω = 2.00
Pu ≤ ϕR n Pa ≤ R n /Ω

wg = gross width
de = effective hole diameter
s = pitch
g = gage
t = thickness of section
Net Width and
Area for Uniform Net Width: de in computing net area for tension
Section Thickness s2 and shear, the width of a bolt hole
wn = wg − ∑ de + ∑ shall be taken 2 mm greater than
4g
the nominal dimension of the hole.

Net Area:
An shall not exceed 0.85Ag for
s2 bolted plates
An = Ag − ∑ de t + ∑ t
4g

Reduced Diameter of a Staggered Hole:

Net Width and s2
d′ = de −
Area for 4g
Non-uniform
Net Area:
Section Thickness
An = Ag − ∑ de t − ∑ d′t

Gage for Sections

with Flanges

x̅ = distance from the centroid of the

connected area to the plane of
connection
l = length of connection
Shear Lag x̅
U= 1− For bolted plates U = 1.0
Factor l
Refer to Table D3.1 Shear Lag
Factors for Connections to Tension
Members
Effective
Ae = An U
Area

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
Agv = gross area subjected to shear
R n = 0.60Fu Anv + Ubs Fu Ant ≤ 0.60Fy Agv + Ubs Fu Ant Ant = net area subjected to tension
Block Shear
Anv = net area subjected to shear
Strength LRFD: ϕ = 0.75 ASD: Ω = 2.00 Ubs = 1.0 → uniform tension
Pu ≤ ϕR n Pa ≤ R n /Ω Ubs = 0.5 → non − uniform tension
1. For a bolt in a connection with standard,
oversized, and short-slotted holes, independent of
the direction of loading, or a long-slotted hole with
the slot parallel to the direction of the bearing
force:
a. when deformation at
the bolt hole at service
rn = 1.2Lc tFu ≤ 2.4dtFu d = nominal bolt diameter
load is a design Fu = rupture stress
consideration t = thickness of section
b. when deformation at Lc = clear distance in the
Bearing the bolt hole at service direction of the force, between the
Strength rn = 1.5Lc tFu ≤ 3.0dtFu edge of the hole and the edge of the
load is not a design adjacent hole or edge of the material
consideration
2. For a bolt in a connection with long-slotted holes Lc tFu → section tear out
dtFu → bolt bearing
with the slot perpendicular to the direction of
force:
rn = 1.0Lc tFu ≤ 2.0dtFu

R n = ∑ rn of individual bolts

LRFD: ϕ = 0.75 ASD: Ω = 2.00

Pu ≤ ϕR n Pa ≤ R n /Ω
Aw = wsin(45)L = 0.707wL
w = weld thickness
Weld Capacity:
L = weld length
R n = Fvw Aw Fvw = shear stress capacity of weld
Fillet Weld
From NSCP 2001
Strength Fvw = 0.30Fu
LRFD: ϕ = 0.75 ASD: Ω = 2.00
From NSCP 2015
Pu ≤ ϕR n Pa ≤ R n /Ω Fvw = 0.60FEXX
R n = R wl + R wt ≥ 0.85R wl + 1.5R wt
Use E70XX electrodes with steel
Electrode FE70XX = 483 MPa (70 ksi) that have yield stress less than 60
Classification ksi (414 Mpa)
Number Use E80XX electrodes with steel
(common) FE80XX = 552 MPa (80 ksi) that have yield stress less of 60 ksi
(414 MPa) or 65 ksi (448 MPa)

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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Eccentrically Loaded Connections

(Elastic Analysis)

Concept Formula Notes

Bolt Reaction due to Direct Load:
Px Py
R Dxi = R Dyi = Px = x − component of load P
N N Py = y − component of load P
Bolt Reaction due to Torsional Moment: N = total number of bolts
Tyi Txi T = torsional moment of P about
In-Plane R Txi = R Tyi =
J J centroid of bolt group
Eccentrically
Polar Moment of Inertia: xi = x − distance from centroid
Loaded Bolted of bolt group to bolt i
Connections J = ∑(xi2 + yi2 ) yi = y − distance from centroid
of bolt group to bolt i
Total Reaction of a Bolt: J = polar moment of inertia
2
R = √(R Dxi ± R Txi )2 + (R Dyi ± R Tyi )
Weld Reaction due to Direct Load:
Px Py
R Dxi = R Dyi = Px = x − component of load P
L L
Weld Reaction due to Torsional Moment: Py = y − component of load P
Tyi Txi L = total length of weld
In-Plane R Txi = R Tyi = T = torsional moment of P about
J J centroid of weld group
Eccentrically
Polar Moment of Inertia: xi = x − distance from centroid
Loaded Welded of weld group to weld interest
Connections Li 3 yi = y − distance from centroid
J = ∑( + Li (xi2 + yi2 ))
12 of weld group to weld interest
J = polar moment of inertia
Total Reaction of a Weld: Li = length of weld interest
2
R = √(R Dxi ± R Txi )2 + (R Dyi ± R Tyi )
Bolt Reaction due to Direct Load:
P
RD =
N
Bolt Reaction due to Moment: P = load
Out-of-Plane Myi N = total number of bolts
RM =
Eccentrically Ix M = moment
Loaded Bolted Moment of Inertia: yi = y − distance from centroid
of bolt group to bolt i
Connections
Ix = ∑ yi2 Ix = moment of inertia about x

Total Reaction of a Bolt:

R = √R D 2 + R M 2
Weld Reaction due to Direct Load:
P
RD =
L
Weld Reaction due to Moment:
P = load
Out-of-Plane Myi
RM = L = total length of weld
Eccentrically Ix M = moment
Loaded Welded Moment of Inertia: yi = y − distance from centroid
of bolt group to bolt i
Connections bh3
Ix = ∑ Ix = moment of inertia about x
12
Total Reaction of a Weld:

R = √R D 2 + R M 2

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Calculator Techniques
MODE -> STAT -> LIN
xi = x − distance from an origin
X Y FREQ to the centroid of bolt interest
1 X1 Y1 A1 yi = y − distance from an origin
2 X2 Y2 A2 to the centroid of bolt interest
3 X3 Y3 A3
Ai = area of bolt interest
CA
For Bolted
Connections Centroid Location:
x̅ = x̅
y̅ = y̅
Let all Ai = 1
Polar Moment of Inertia:
Applicable only to connections with
J = n(xσn2 + yσn2 ) all bolts having the same size

MODE -> STAT -> LIN

xi = x − distance from an origin
X Y FREQ to the centroid of weld interest
1 X1 Y1 L1 yi = y − distance from an origin
2 X2 Y2 L2 to the centroid of weld interest
3 X3 Y3 L3
Li = length of weld interest
CA
For Welded
Connections Centroid Location:
x̅ = x̅
y̅ = y̅
Polar Moment of Inertia:
L1 3 + L2 3 + L3 3
J = n(xσn2 + yσn2 ) +
12

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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Compression Members

NSCP 2001

𝐊𝐋
𝐒𝐑 =
𝐫

↓ ↓
𝐒𝐑 < 𝐂𝐜 𝐒𝐑 > 𝐂𝐜
Short Column: Long Column:

2π2 E 2π2 E
where Cc = √ where Cc = √
Fy Fy

↓ ↓
𝟐 𝐅𝐲
𝐒𝐑
𝐅𝐚 = [𝟏 − 𝟐 ] 𝐅𝐒
𝟐𝐂𝐜 𝟏𝟐𝛑𝟐 𝐄
𝐅𝐚 =
5 3SR SR3 𝟐𝟑𝐒𝐑𝟐
where FS = + −
3 8Cc 8Cc 3

↓ ↓
Allowable Compressive Strength:
𝐏𝐚 = 𝐅𝐚 𝐀 𝐠

NSCP 2015

𝐊𝐋
𝐒𝐑 =
𝐫
↓ ↓

𝐄 𝐄
𝐒𝐑 < 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√ 𝐒𝐑 > 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏√
𝐅𝐲 𝐅𝐲

Short Column: Long Column:

↓ ↓
𝐅𝐲
𝐅𝐜𝐫 = (𝟎. 𝟔𝟓𝟖𝐅𝐞 ) 𝐅𝐲 𝐅𝐜𝐫 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟕𝐅𝐞
π2 E
π2 E where Fe =
where Fe = SR2
SR2
↓ ↓
𝐏𝐧 = 𝐅𝐜𝐫 𝐀 𝐠 𝐏𝐧 = 𝐅𝐜𝐫 𝐀 𝐠

↓ ↓
ASD LRFD
Allowable Design
Compressive Strength: Compressive Strength:
𝐏𝐧
𝛟𝐜 𝐏𝐧
𝛀𝐜
where Ωc = 1.67 where ϕc = 0.90

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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Effective Length Factor Values for Columns in a Steel Frame

EI
∑( )
L columns
G=
EI
∑( )
L girders
Note:
1. For braced frames:
EI
a. If the far end of a girder is fixed, multiply the ( L ) of the member by 2.0.
girder
EI
b. If the far end of a girder is pinned, multiply the ( L ) of the member by 1.50.
girder
2. For unbraced frames:
EI
a. If the far end of a girder is fixed, multiply the ( L ) of the member by 0.67.
girder
EI
b. If the far end of a girder is pinned, multiply the ( L ) of the member by 0.50.
girder
3. For both braced and unbraced frames column base:
a. If the column base is fixed, G = 1.
b. If the column base is pinned, G = 10.

Fig. C-A-7.1. Alignment chart-sidesway inhibited (braced frame)

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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Fig. C-A-7.2. Alignment chart-sidesway uninhibited (moment frame)

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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Flexural Members

Concept Formula Notes

Mu = required moment strength
LRFD Basic Mn = nominal moment strength
M u ≤ ϕb M n ϕb = reduction factor (0.90)
Requirement
ϕb Mn = design strength
Ma = required moment strength
Mn Mn = nominal moment strength
ASD Basic
Ma ≤ Ωb = factor of safety (1.67)
Requirement Ωb Mn
= allowable strength
Ωb
I = moment of inertia about N. A.
I
Section Modulus S= C = farthest perpendicular distance
c from N. A.
Ag = gross area of section
Plastic Section
Z = (Ag /2)a a = distance between centroids
Modulus of the two half − areas
Z Z = plastic section modulus
Shape Factor ξ= S = section modulus
S
Fy = yield strength of section
Yield Moment M y = Fy S
S = section modulus
Fy = yield strength of section
Plastic Moment M p = Fy Z
Z = plastic section modulus
12.5Mmax
Cb =
2.5Mmax + 3MA + 4MB + 3MC All moments are taken as absolute and
Common Conditions: Cb : calculated in the unbraced segment.
LTB Modification Simply Supported Beam with UDL 1.14 Mmax = maximum moment
Factor Restrained Beam with UDL 2.38 MA = quarter point moment
Opposite Sign Equal End Moments 1.00 MB = midspan moment
Same Sign Equal End Moments 2.27 MC = third − quarter point moment
One End Moment Equals Zero 1.67
Classification of λ ≤ λp → compact λ = width − to − thickness ratio
Sections for Local λp < λ ≤ λr → noncompact λp = upper limit for compact
Buckling λr = upper limit for noncompact
λr < λ → slender
length between points that are either
braced against lateral displacement of
Lb the compression flange or braced
against twist of the cross section.

E
Lp = 1.76ry √
Fy
Limiting Lengths √Iy Cw
rts 2 =
Sx
ho = distance of flange centroids
2 J = torsional constant
E Jc Jc 2 0.7Fy
Lr = 1.96rts √ √( ) + 6.76 ( ) Sx = section modulus about x − axis
0.7Fy Sx ho Sx ho E c = 1 for doubly symmetric shapes
ho I
c= √ for channels
2 Cw

𝛌 Limits for Wide Flange Sections

Part 𝛌 𝛌𝐩 𝛌𝐫
bf E E
Flange 0.38√ 1.0√
2t f Fy Fy

h E E
Web 3.76√ 5.70√
tw Fy Fy

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
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General Steps for Wide Flange Sections Design for Flexure

Nominal Moment
LRFD ϕb = 0.90 ASD Ωb = 1.67

1. Determine the section’s compact category

2. If the shape is compact, check for Lateral Torsional Buckling as follows

If Lb ≤ Lp → there is no LTB
𝐌𝐧 = Mp
If Lp < Lb ≤ Lr → there is inelastic LTB
Lb − Lp
𝐌𝐧 = Cb [Mp − (Mp − 0.7Fy Sx ) ( )] ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
If Lb > Lr → there is elastic LTB
𝐌𝐧 = Fcr Sx ≤ Mp

Cb π2 E Jc Lb 2
Fcr = 2
√1 + 0.078 ( )
L Sx ho rts
(r b )
ts

3. If the shape is noncompact because of the flange, the nominal strength will be the smaller of the strengths
corresponding to Lateral Torsional Buckling (as shown in step 2) and Flange Local Buckling as follows

If λ ≤ λp → the flange is compact (there is no FLB)

If λp < λ ≤ λr → the flange is noncompact
λ − λp
𝐌𝐧 = Mp − (Mp − 0.7Fy Sx ) ( )
λr − λp
If λ > λr → the flange is slender (not allowed to be used by the code)
0.9Ek c Sx
𝐌𝐧 =
λ2
4
0.35 ≤ k c = ≤ 0.76
h
√
tw

Nominal Shear
LRFD ϕv = 1.00 ASD Ωv = 1.50

𝐕𝐧 = 0.60Fy Aw Cv
where
Aw = area of the web = dt w
d = overall depth of the beam
Cv = ratio of critical web stress to shear yield stress
Cv = 1.0 for most W shapes with Fy ≤ 345 MPa

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Plastic Analysis

Concept Formula Notes

Virtual Work Method:

1. Identify the location of plastic hinges

2. Draw the collapse mechanism From Work Equilibrium:
3. Apply the formula Internal = External

Mp (∑ rotation of plastic hinges) = w(Area)

Illustrative Example:

Plastic Moment
Equilibrium Method:

1. Identify the location of plastic hinges

2. Draw the approximate moment diagram
Mp = ∑ Msegment
3. The moment at the plastic hinges is Mp
4. Use the three equilibrium equations to solve for
the unknowns by using segments and taking the
moment about the plastic hinges
Illustrative Example:

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Column Base Plates

NSCP 2001
Allowable Bearing Stress of Concrete
Bearing Condition Fp
Sandstone and limestone 2.75 MPa fc′ = concrete compressive strength
Brick in cement mortar 1.72 MPa A1 = concentric steel area
Full area of concrete 0.35fc′ A2 = concentric and geometrically
similar with steel area
Bearing Capacity A2
Not full area of concrete 0.35fc′ √ ≤ 0.70fc′
A1

Fp ≥ fp P = load
B = width of steel base plate
P N = length of steel base plate
fp = Fp = concrete allowable bearing stress
BN
6M
3fp x 2 From: fb = bt2 ≤ Fb
tp = √ Considering a 1-unit width: (b = 1)
Fb x
6 [(fp × x × 1) (2)]
Minimum = Fb
1 × t2
Plate Thickness x = largest of m, n, and n′
3fp x 2
m = 0.5(N − 0.95d) t=√
n = 0.5(B − 0.80bf ) Fb

n′ = 0.25√dbf Fb = 0.75Fy

NSCP 2015
Nominal Bearing Capacity
Bearing Condition Pp fc′ = concrete compressive strength
Full area of concrete 0.85fc′ A1 A1 = concentric steel area
A2 = concentric and geometrically
A2
Not full area of concrete 0.85fc′ A1 √ ≤ 1.70fc′ A1 similar with steel area
Bearing Capacity A1

Design Bearing Capacity Allowable Bearing Capacity Pu = factored load

LRFD: ASD: Pa = service load
ϕc Pp ≥ Pu Pp ϕc = 0.65
≥ Pa Ωc = 2.31
Ωc
ϕb = 0.90
LRFD: ASD: Ωb = 1.67
2Pu l2 2Pa l2
tp = √ tp = √ From: Mu ≤ ϕb Mn or Mu ≤ Mn /Ωb
BNϕb Fy BNFy /Ωb Considering a 1-unit width: (b = 1)
Minimum Pu l Fy Z
( × l × 1) ( ) = ϕb (Fy Z) or
Plate Thickness BN 2 Ωb
l = largest of m, n, and n′ Pu l2 t2 Pa l2 t2
m = 0.5(N − 0.95d) = or =
2BNϕb Fy 4 2BNFy /Ωb 4
n = 0.5(B − 0.80bf )
2Pu l2 2Pa l2
n′ = 0.25√dbf t=√ or t = √
BNϕb Fy BNFy /Ωb

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Structural Steel Design Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Beam Bearing Plates

NSCP 2001
Allowable Bearing Stress of Concrete
Bearing Condition Fp
Sandstone and limestone 2.75 MPa fc′ = concrete compressive strength
Brick in cement mortar 1.72 MPa A1 = concentric steel area
Full area of concrete 0.35fc′ A2 = concentric and geometrically
similar with steel area
Bearing Capacity A2
Not full area of concrete 0.35fc′ √ ≤ 0.70fc′
A1

Fp ≥ fp R = load
B = width of steel bearing plate
R N = length of steel bearing plate
fp = Fp = concrete allowable bearing stress
BN
6M
From: fb = bt2 ≤ Fb
3fp x 2 Considering a 1-unit width: (b = 1)
tp = √ x
6 [(fp × x × 1) (2)]
Minimum Fb
= Fb
1 × t2
Plate Thickness
3fp x 2
B t=√
x= −k Fb
2
Fb = 0.75Fy
NSCP 2015
Nominal Bearing Capacity
Bearing Condition Pp fc′ = concrete compressive strength
Full area of concrete 0.85fc′ A1 A1 = concentric steel area
A2 = concentric and geometrically
A2
Not full area of concrete 0.85fc′ A1 √ ≤ 1.70fc′ A1 similar with steel area
Bearing Capacity A1

Design Bearing Capacity Allowable Bearing Capacity Pu = factored load

LRFD: ASD: Pa = service load
ϕc Pp ≥ Pu Pp ϕc = 0.65
≥ Pa Ωc = 2.31
Ωc
ϕb = 0.90
LRFD: ASD: Ωb = 1.67
2Pu l2 2Pa l2
tp = √ tp = √ From: Mu ≤ ϕb Mn or Mu ≤ Mn /Ωb
BNϕb Fy BNFy /Ωb Considering a 1-unit width: (b = 1)
Minimum Pu l Fy Z
( × l × 1) ( ) = ϕb (Fy Z) or
Plate Thickness BN 2 Ωb
Pu l2 t2 Pa l2 t2
B = or =
2BNϕb Fy 4 2BNFy /Ωb 4
l= −k
2 2Pu l2 2Pa l2
t=√ or t = √
BNϕb Fy BNFy /Ωb

Page 14 of 14