🧬 Understanding Cells: The • Houses chromatin (spread-

Building Blocks of Life 🧬 out DNA) and nucleolus, where

Cells are the smallest living ribosomes are made.
units in an organism. They are the
basic building blocks of life and Ribosomes
come in different forms, but all • Protein factories of the cell.
cells share three essential • Can be free-floating or
components: attached to the Endoplasmic
1. Cell Membrane: Acts as a Reticulum (ER).
protective barrier separating
the cell’s interior from the 📦 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
external environment. • Rough ER: Studded with
2. Cytoplasm: A jelly-like fluid ribosomes; makes and transports
that fills the cell. proteins.
3. DNA: The genetic blueprint • Smooth ER: No ribosomes;
of the cell. involved in lipid production and
detoxification.
🧪 TWO MAIN TYPES OF
🎁 Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
CELLS 🧪
• Processes, packages, and
ships proteins into usable forms.
1️Eukaryotic Cells
• Found in plants, animals, Lysosomes
and other complex organisms. • Act as the cell’s cleanup
• Key Features: crew, breaking down waste with
• Contain organelles, including enzymes.
a nucleus.
• More advanced and 🔋 Mitochondria: The
complex. Powerhouse
• Generate ATP (energy)
2️Prokaryotic Cells through cellular respiration.
• Found in bacteria and other • Found in both plant and
unicellular organisms. animal cells.
• Key Features:
• No nucleus or membrane- 🛑 Vacuoles
bound organelles. • Storage sacs for water,
• Genetic material floats freely. nutrients, or waste.
• Plant cells have large
🔬 Inside a Cell: Key central vacuoles for water
Organelles and Their Roles storage.
🔬
🌱 Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
🏢 Nucleus: The Control Center • Perform photosynthesis,
• Contains DNA, the converting sunlight into energy.
instructions for the cell’s • Contain chlorophyll, which
functions. gives plants their green color.
Cytoskeleton
• Provides structural support.
• Includes microfilaments
and microtubules.

Cell Wall (in plant cells)

• A rigid layer that provides
additional support and protection.

🌟 Special Features in Some

Cells 🌟
1. Cilia: Hair-like structures
that move in waves to trap
particles (e.g., in human
respiratory cells).
2. Flagella: Tail-like structures
that propel certain cells, like
sperm.

🌐 Summary: All About Cells

🌐
• Eukaryotic cells: Have a
nucleus and organelles (plants
and animals).
• Prokaryotic cells: No
nucleus; simpler structure
(bacteria).
• Shared Features: Cell
membrane, cytoplasm, and
DNA.
• Unique Structures: Plant cells
have chloroplasts and a cell
wall, but both plant and animal
cells have mitochondria.

🌟 Interesting Facts 🌟
• The mitochondria in your
cells likely evolved from ancient
bacteria!
• Some bacterial cells can
move 10 times their body length
in one second thanks to their
flagella.
1. What is the smallest C. Protects the nucleus
living unit of an organism? D. Synthesizes DNA
A. Tissue 6. Where are ribosomes
B. Cell made?
C. Atom A. Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Molecule B. Cytoplasm
C. Golgi apparatus
2. What do all cells have D. Nucleolus
in common?
A. Cytoplasm, nucleus, and 7. What is the main
DNA function of ribosomes?
B. Cell membrane, A. Transport nutrients
mitochondria, and ribosomes B. Synthesize proteins
C. Cell membrane, cytoplasm, C. Produce energy
and DNA D. Store waste
D. Cell wall, cytoplasm, and
genetic material 8. What is the difference
between rough and
3. Which of the following smooth ER?
is a eukaryotic cell? A. Smooth ER has ribosomes,
A. Bacteria rough ER does not.
B. Virus B. Rough ER has ribosomes,
C. Plant cell smooth ER does not.
D. None of the above C. Rough ER produces lipids,
smooth ER produces proteins.
4. What is the role of the D. Both are the same.
nucleus in a cell?
A. Produce energy 9. What does the Golgi
B. Store water apparatus do?
C. Control the cell’s activities A. Produces proteins
and store DNA B. Packages and customizes
D. Break down waste materials proteins
C. Breaks down cellular debris
5. What does chromatin D. Stores water
do in the nucleus?
A. Produces proteins 10. Which organelle is
B. Condenses into called the powerhouse of
chromosomes during cell the cell?
division A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome B. Break down waste with
C. Mitochondria enzymes
D. Nucleus C. Transport proteins
D. Capture sunlight
11. What is the function
of vacuoles?
A. Transport proteins
B. Store materials like water
and nutrients
C. Produce ATP 16. What is the
D. Make ribosomes cytoplasm?
A. A jelly-like fluid inside the
12. Which structure is cell
responsible for B. A rigid layer outside the cell
photosynthesis? C. A structure for storing DNA
A. Mitochondria D. A protective membrane
B. Chloroplast
C. Lysosome 17. What is unique to
D. Cytoplasm animal cells?
A. Chloroplasts
13. What gives plants B. Cell wall
their green color? C. Lysosomes
A. Chromatin D. Vacuoles
B. Ribosomes
C. Chlorophyll 18. What feature helps
D. Cytoskeleton trap particles in the
human respiratory tract?
14. Which part of a plant A. Flagella
cell provides structural B. Cilia
support? C. Chloroplasts
A. Cell wall D. Mitochondria
B. Mitochondria
C. Vacuole 19. Which cell organelle is
D. Chloroplast found only in sperm cells
among humans?
15. What do lysosomes A. Cilia
do? B. Flagella
A. Store water C. Lysosome
D. Nucleus
20. What are prokaryotic
cells known for?
A. Having a nucleus
B. Having membrane-bound
organelles
C. Lacking a nucleus
D. Having chloroplasts
Fill in the Blanks 7. ________ are
Questions organelles in plant
cells that perform
1. The ________ is
photosynthesis and
the protective layer
contain the pigment
that separates the
chlorophyll.
inside of the cell from
its environment. 8. The ________
packages and
2. ________ cells
customizes proteins
have a nucleus and
into usable forms for
organelles, whereas
the cell.
________ cells do not.
9. ________ are the
3. The ________ is
storage sacs in a cell,
the jelly-like fluid
especially large in
inside the cell where
plant cells for storing
organelles float.
water.
4. The ________
10. In humans, the
contains DNA and acts
________ is the only cell
as the control center of
type with a flagellum,
the cell.
which helps it move.
5. ________ is the
process where Options
mitochondria produce
ATP to power the cell’s A. Ribosome
activities. B. Eukaryotic; Prokaryotic
C. Nucleus
6. The ________ is D. Cell membrane
responsible for E. Mitochondria
synthesizing proteins F. Golgi apparatus
and can either be free- G. Vacuoles
floating or attached to H. Chloroplasts
the rough ER. I. Cytoplasm
J. Sperm cell
K. Cellular respiration
Answers Fill in the Blanks
1. B
Questions
2. C
1. D (Cell membrane)
3. C
2. B (Eukaryotic;
4. C
Prokaryotic)
5. B
3. I (Cytoplasm)
6. D
4. C (Nucleus)
7. B
5. K (Cellular respiration)
8. B
6. A (Ribosome)
9. B
7. H (Chloroplasts)
10. C
8. F (Golgi apparatus)
11. B
9. G (Vacuoles)
12. B
10. J (Sperm cell)
13. C
14. A
15. B
16. A
17. C
18. B
19. B
20. C