:-very short answer-:

Que a:- What is the difference between batch processing and real-time
processing in the context of big data?
Ans: Batch Processing:
• Definition: Processes large volumes of data in chunks (batches) at
scheduled intervals.
• Use Cases: Periodic reporting, data warehousing, large-scale ETL (Extract,
Transform, Load) operations.
• Advantages: Efficient for handling extensive datasets, cost-effective for
non-time-sensitive tasks.
• Examples: Monthly financial statements, end-of-day transaction
processing.
Real-Time Processing:
• Definition: Processes data instantaneously as it arrives, providing
immediate insights.
• Use Cases: Time-sensitive applications, continuous monitoring, real-time
analytics.
• Advantages: Quick decision-making, immediate response to events.
• Examples: Fraud detection, live traffic updates, stock trading systems.
Que b:- Explain the concept of scalability in distributed systems.
Ans: Scalability in Distributed Systems
Scalability: The ability of a distributed system to handle increased workload by
adding resources, such as additional nodes or servers.
Types of Scalability:
• Horizontal Scalability: Adding more machines (nodes) to distribute the
load.
• Vertical Scalability: Increasing the capacity of existing machines (e.g.,
adding more CPU, RAM).
Key Aspects:
 • Elasticity: The system can dynamically adjust resource allocation based on
demand.
• Performance: Scalability aims to maintain or improve performance as
workload grows.
• Resilience: A scalable system can handle failures and continue to operate
efficiently.
Examples:
• Web Services: Adding more servers to handle more user requests.
• Big Data Processing: Distributing data processing tasks across multiple
nodes.
Scalability ensures that a distributed system can grow and adapt to changing
demands without compromising performance or reliability.
Que c:- Identify one industrial use case of big data and discuss a challenge it
faces.
Ans: industrial Use Case: Predictive Maintenance in Manufacturing
Use Case: Predictive maintenance uses big data analytics to monitor equipment
and predict failures before they occur, reducing downtime and maintenance
costs.
Challenge: One major challenge is integrating and analyzing data from diverse
sources (sensors, machines, systems) in real-time, which requires advanced data
processing and storage capabilities
Que d:- What is big data, and how does it differ from traditional data?
Ans: Big Data vs. Traditional Data
Big Data:
• Volume: Massive amounts of data, often terabytes or petabytes.
• Velocity: Rapidly generated and processed, often in real-time.
• Variety: Diverse data types (structured, unstructured, semi-structured).
• Examples: Social media posts, sensor data, transaction records.
Traditional Data:
 • Volume: Smaller, manageable datasets.
• Velocity: Slower generation and processing rates.
• Variety: Mostly structured data (e.g., databases).
• Examples: Relational databases, spreadsheets.
In essence, big data encompasses larger, faster, and more complex datasets than
traditional data, necessitating advanced processing and analysis techniques.
Que e:- Describe 'veracity' and its implications for big data analytics.
Ans: Veracity in Big Data
Veracity refers to the accuracy and reliability of data.
Implications:
• Data Quality: Ensures insights and decisions are based on accurate and
trustworthy data.
• Trust: Builds confidence in analytics outcomes.
• Complexity: Handling diverse and potentially unstructured data sources.
• Analytical Impact: Improves the accuracy of predictive models and overall
analytics effectiveness.

:-short answer type question-:

Que a:- Briefly explain the four fundamental components of big data
architecture.
Ans: Four Fundamental Components of Big Data Architecture
1. Data Sources:
o Description: Collect data from various origins including databases,
sensors, social media, and log files.
o Role: Serve as the initial input for the entire big data process.
2. Data Storage:
 o Description: Use scalable storage solutions like Hadoop Distributed
File System (HDFS) or cloud storage.
o Role: Store massive volumes of data efficiently, making it accessible
for processing and analysis.
3. Data Processing:
o Description: Process and analyze data using frameworks like Apache
Spark or Hadoop MapReduce.
o Role: Transform raw data into meaningful insights through data
cleaning, transformation, and aggregation.
4. Data Analysis and Visualization:
o Description: Employ analytical tools and visualization platforms like
Tableau or Power BI.
o Role: Enable users to interpret data insights, support decision-
making, and communicate findings effectively.
Que b:- Create a Python script to illustrate multiprocessing with a simple sample
function that pauses execution for 10 seconds
Ans: Python Script:
python
import multiprocessing
import time

def sample_function(seconds):
print(f"Function started, will pause for {seconds} seconds.")
time.sleep(seconds)
print(f"Function finished after pausing for {seconds} seconds.")

if __name__ == "__main__":
# Create a process
 process = multiprocessing.Process(target=sample_function, args=(10,))

# Start the process

process.start()

# Wait for the process to finish

process.join()

print("Main process finished.")

Explanation:
1. Import Libraries: Import the multiprocessing and time libraries.
2. Define Function: Define a sample_function that takes a number of seconds
as an argument, prints a start message, pauses for the specified duration
using time.sleep(), and then prints a finish message.
3. Create and Start Process: In the main block, create a Process object,
specifying the target function and arguments. Start the process using
process.start().
4. Wait for Completion: Use process.join() to wait for the process to
complete before the main process continues.
que c:- What are the five V's of big data? Provide a brief example for each.
ans: The Five V's of Big Data:
1. Volume:
o Description: Refers to the vast amount of data generated and
collected.
o Example: Social media platforms like Facebook generate petabytes of
data daily from user posts, photos, and interactions.
2. Velocity:
o Description: The speed at which data is generated and processed.
 o Example: Streaming services like Netflix process user activity data in
real-time to recommend shows and movies.
3. Variety:
o Description: The different types of data, including structured,
unstructured, and semi-structured data.
o Example: E-commerce sites handle customer reviews (text),
transaction records (structured), and product images (unstructured).
4. Veracity:
o Description: The quality and accuracy of the data.
o Example: Financial institutions ensure the accuracy of transaction
data to prevent fraud and make informed decisions.
5. Value:
o Description: The meaningful insights derived from the data.
o Example: Healthcare analytics use patient data to identify patterns,
predict disease outbreaks, and improve treatment outcomes.
Que d:- Assuming we have a Ubuntu server virtual machine running with
Hadoop already installed at /usr/local/hadoop, write a script to configure and
execute Hadoop in standalone mode.
Ans: Script:
bash
#!/bin/bash

# Set Hadoop environment variables

export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop
export PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/bin

# Navigate to Hadoop directory

cd $HADOOP_HOME
# Create a temporary directory for Hadoop
mkdir -p /tmp/hadoop-$USER/dfs/data

# Update the core-site.xml configuration file

cat <<EOL > $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/core-site.xml
<configuration>
<property>
<name>fs.defaultFS</name>
<value>file://</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
<value>/tmp/hadoop-$USER</value>
</property>
</configuration>
EOL

# Update the hdfs-site.xml configuration file

cat <<EOL > $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/hdfs-site.xml
<configuration>
<property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>1</value>
</property>
</configuration>
EOL

# Update the mapred-site.xml configuration file

cat <<EOL > $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/mapred-site.xml
<configuration>
<property>
<name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
<value>local</value>
</property>
</configuration>
EOL

# Update the yarn-site.xml configuration file

cat <<EOL > $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop/yarn-site.xml
<configuration>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
<value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
</property>
</configuration>
EOL

# Format the Hadoop namenode (not required for standalone mode)

# $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hdfs namenode -format

# Verify the Hadoop installation

$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop version

# Run a sample Hadoop job to verify configuration

$HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop jar
$HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-examples-
*.jar grep input output 'dfs[a-z.]+'

echo "Hadoop standalone mode configuration and execution completed."

Explanation:
1. Set Environment Variables: Define the HADOOP_HOME and update the
PATH to include Hadoop binaries.
2. Navigate to Hadoop Directory: Change to the Hadoop installation
directory.
3. Create Temporary Directory: Create a temporary directory for Hadoop
operations.
4. Update Configuration Files:
o core-site.xml: Configure the default filesystem and temporary
directory.
o hdfs-site.xml: Set the replication factor (not used in standalone
mode, but good practice to include).
o mapred-site.xml: Set the MapReduce framework to 'local'.
o yarn-site.xml: Configure YARN settings (not used in standalone mode,
but included for completeness).
5. Verify Hadoop Installation: Print the Hadoop version to verify the
installation.
6. Run Sample Job: Execute a sample Hadoop job to ensure the configuration
is correct.
Que e: Develop a Python script to demonstrate multithreading using a simple
sample function that suspends execution for 3 seconds
Ans:- Python Script:
python
import threading
import time

def sample_function():
print(f"Thread {threading.current_thread().name} started")
time.sleep(3)
print(f"Thread {threading.current_thread().name} finished")

# Create threads
thread1 = threading.Thread(target=sample_function, name="Thread-1")
thread2 = threading.Thread(target=sample_function, name="Thread-2")

# Start threads
thread1.start()
thread2.start()

# Wait for threads to complete

thread1.join()
thread2.join()

print("Both threads finished execution.")

Explanation:
1. Import Libraries: Import the threading and time libraries.
2. Define Function: Define a sample_function that prints the start message,
pauses for 3 seconds using time.sleep(), and prints the finish message.
 3. Create Threads: Create two Thread objects, specifying the target function
and assigning names to the threads.
4. Start Threads: Start the threads using thread.start().
5. Join Threads: Use thread.join() to wait for the threads to complete before
the main process continues.

:-long answer type question-:

Que a :- Assuming we have a Ubuntu server virtual machine with Hadoop
installed at /usr/local/hadoop and HDFS already configured, outline the
complete steps required to execute and configure PseudoDistributed Mode for
YARN execution.
Ans: Distributed Mode for YARN execution, assuming Hadoop and HDFS are
already configured:
Step 1: Configure mapred-site.xml
1. Navigate to the Hadoop configuration directory:
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cd $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop
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2. Create mapred-site.xml by copying the template:
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cp mapred-site.xml.template mapred-site.xml
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3. Edit mapred-site.xml:
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nano mapred-site.xml
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4. Add the following configuration within the <configuration> tags:
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<property>
<name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
<value>yarn</value>
</property>
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5. Save and close the file.
Step 2: Configure yarn-site.xml
1. Edit the yarn-site.xml file (if not already configured for Pseudo-Distributed
Mode):
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nano yarn-site.xml
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2. Add the following configuration within the <configuration> tags:
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<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
<value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services.mapreduce_shuffle.class</name>
<value>org.apache.hadoop.mapred.ShuffleHandler</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>yarn.resourcemanager.hostname</name>
<value>localhost</value>
</property>
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3. Save and close the file.
Step 3: Start YARN
1. Start YARN daemons:
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start-yarn.sh
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Step 4: Verify YARN
1. Check YARN Resource Manager UI (usually at [redacted link]).
2. Run a simple MapReduce job (e.g., WordCount) to verify functionality.
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hadoop jar $HADOOP_HOME/share/hadoop/mapreduce/hadoop-mapreduce-
examples-*.jar wordcount input output
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Replace `input` with the input directory in HDFS and `output` with the output dir
ectory.
Step 5: Stop YARN
1. Stop YARN daemons:
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stop-yarn.sh
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Important Notes:
• Ensure that HDFS is running before starting YARN.
• Adjust configurations (e.g., ports, hostnames) as needed.
• The example WordCount job requires input data to be present in HDFS.

Que b:- Develop a Python script to demonstrate the usage of

concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor and
concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor with a sample function that pauses
execution for 6.34 seconds. Additionally, in the context of threading in Python,
explain the concept of the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL).
Ans: python
import concurrent.futures
import time

def sample_function(seconds):
print(f"Started task with {seconds} seconds delay.")
time.sleep(seconds)
print(f"Completed task with {seconds} seconds delay.")
return f"Finished task with {seconds} seconds delay."

# Using ThreadPoolExecutor
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
futures = [executor.submit(sample_function, 6.34) for _ in range(3)]
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
print(future.result())

print("Completed all tasks using ThreadPoolExecutor.")

# Using ProcessPoolExecutor
with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
futures = [executor.submit(sample_function, 6.34) for _ in range(3)]
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
print(future.result())

print("Completed all tasks using ProcessPoolExecutor.")

Explanation:
1. Import Libraries: Import the concurrent.futures and time libraries.
 2. Define Function: Define a sample_function that prints a start message,
pauses for the specified duration using time.sleep(), and prints a finish
message.
3. ThreadPoolExecutor:
o Create a ThreadPoolExecutor and submit the sample_function with a
6.34 seconds delay multiple times.
o Use concurrent.futures.as_completed to handle the results as they
complete.
4. ProcessPoolExecutor:
o Create a ProcessPoolExecutor and submit the sample_function with a
6.34 seconds delay multiple times.
o Use concurrent.futures.as_completed to handle the results as they
complete.
Explanation of Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python:
The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex that protects access to Python
objects, preventing multiple native threads from executing Python bytecode
simultaneously. This ensures that only one thread executes in the Python
interpreter at any given time.
Key Points:
• Purpose: Simplifies memory management in CPython, ensuring thread
safety.
• Implications: Limits the performance of multi-threaded programs,
especially those that are CPU-bound, as threads cannot run in parallel on
multi-core processors.
• Workarounds:
o Use multi-processing to bypass the GIL for CPU-bound tasks.
o Use C extensions or other languages (like Cython) that release the
GIL.
o Use asynchronous programming for I/O-bound tasks to improve
concurrency.
Que c: Assuming we have a Ubuntu server virtual machine with Hadoop
installed at /usr/local/hadoop, provide a comprehensive guide for configuring
and executing Hadoop in Pseudo-Distributed Mode for the Distributed File
System (HDFS).
Ans: Okay, here's a comprehensive guide for configuring and executing Hadoop
in Pseudo-Distributed Mode for HDFS on your Ubuntu server virtual machine:
Step 1: Install Hadoop
You mentioned that Hadoop is already installed at /usr/local/hadoop. If not,
download the desired Hadoop distribution and extract it to /usr/local/hadoop.
Step 2: Configure Hadoop Environment Variables
1. Open the ~/.bashrc file:
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nano ~/.bashrc
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2. Add the following lines at the end of the file,
replacing /usr/local/hadoop with the actual Hadoop installation path if
different:
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export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop
export PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin
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3. Save and close the file.
4. Source the ~/.bashrc file:
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source ~/.bashrc
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Step 3: Configure Hadoop Core-site.xml
1. Navigate to the Hadoop configuration directory:
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cd $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop
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2. Edit the core-site.xml file:
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nano core-site.xml
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3. Add the following configuration within the <configuration> tags,
replacing hdfs://localhost:9000 with your desired HDFS URI:
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<property>
<name>fs.defaultFS</name>
<value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
</property>
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4. Save and close the file.
Step 4: Configure Hadoop Hdfs-site.xml
1. Edit the hdfs-site.xml file:
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nano hdfs-site.xml
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2. Add the following configuration within the <configuration> tags:
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<property>
<name>dfs.replication</name>
<value>1</value>
</property>
<property>
<name>dfs.namenode.name.dir</name>
<value>file:///usr/local/hadoop/dfs/name</value>
 </property>
<property>
<name>dfs.datanode.data.dir</name>
<value>file:///usr/local/hadoop/dfs/data</value>
</property>
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3. Save and close the file.
Step 5: Configure Hadoop Yarn-site.xml
1. Edit the yarn-site.xml file:
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nano yarn-site.xml
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2. Add the following configuration within the <configuration> tags:
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<property>
<name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
<value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
</property>
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3. Save and close the file.
Step 6: Format the Namenode
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hdfs namenode -format
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Step 7: Start HDFS
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start-dfs.sh
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Step 8: Verify HDFS
1. Check HDFS status:
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hdfs dfsadmin -report
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2. Create a directory in HDFS:
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hdfs dfs -mkdir /user
hdfs dfs -mkdir /user/<your_username>
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3. Copy a file to HDFS:
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hdfs dfs -copyFromLocal <local_file> /user/<your_username>
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Step 9: Stop HDFS
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stop-dfs.sh
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Additional Notes
• Ensure that passwordless SSH is configured for the localhost.
• The provided configuration assumes a single-node cluster.
• Adjust the configurations and paths according to your specific needs.