March 5, 2024
Biological Science
INTRODUCTION TO
GENETICS
Presented by Group 5
WHAT IS
GENETICS?
• A branch of biology that deals with
the heredity and variation of
organisms.
• The makeup and phenomena of an
organism, type, group, or condition.
GENOTYPE
AND
PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE
• This refers to the underlying genetic make up of a particular
individual.
• The set of genes in our DNA which are responsible for a
particular trait.
• The combination of alleles.
EXAMPLE
“B” - Blue eyes
“b” - Green eyes
The three possible genotypes will be:
BB, Bb, bb
PHENOTYPE
• These are the traits that are actually displayed.
• Combination of observable characteristics or traits.
HOMOLOGOUS
• “Homo” means same
• In biology, it pertains to bodily parts or
structures that indicates a common evolutionary
origin.
• In genetics, it is the pair of chromosomes that
have a similar structure.
HETEROZYGOUS
AND
HOMOZYGOUS
HETEROZYGOUS
• A term used in genetics to describe when two variations of
a gene, known as alleles, are paired at the same location
(locus) on a chromosome.
HOMOZYGOUS
• In contrast to heterozygous, homozygous is when there are
two copies of the same allele at the same locus.
DOMINANT
AND RECESSIVE
DOMINANT
• Dominant alleles are those that express a trait even if there
is only one copy.
RECESSIVE
• Recessive alleles can only express themselves
if there are two copies.
EXAMPLE
• EYE COLOUR
The allele for brown eyes (B) is
dominant over the allele for blue eyes
(b). So, if you have one allele for brown
eyes and one allele for blue eyes (Bb),
your eyes will be brown. (This is also
the case if you have two alleles for
brown eyes, BB.) However, if both
alleles are for the recessive trait (in this
case, blue eyes, bb) you will inherit blue
eyes
MENDEL'S LAW
OF INHERITANCE
MENDEL'S LAWS OF
INHERITANCE
• Inheritance can be defined as the process of how a child
receives genetic information from the parent.
• It was only during the mid 19th century that people started to
understand inheritance in a proper way. This understanding of
inheritance was made possible by a scientist named Gregor
Mendel, who formulated certain laws to understand inheritance
known as Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
• Between 1856-1863, Mendel conducted the hybridization
experiments on the garden peas. During that period, he chose
some distinct characteristics of the peas and conducted some
cross-pollination/ artificial pollination on the pea lines that
showed stable trait inheritance and underwent continuous self-
pollination. Such pea lines are called true-breeding pea lines.
MONOHYBRID
CROSS AND
DIHYBRID CROSS
MONOHYBRID CROSS
• In this experiment, Mendel
took two pea plants of
opposite traits (one short and
one tall) and crossed them. He
found the first generation
offspring were tall and called it
F1 progeny. Then he crossed
F1 progeny and obtained both
tall and short plants in the ratio
3:1.
DIHYBRID CROSS
• In a dihybrid cross experiment, Mendel considered two
traits, each having two alleles. He crossed wrinkled-green
seed and round-yellow seeds and observed that all the first
generation progeny (F1 progeny) were round-yellow. This
meant that dominant traits were the round shape and yellow
color.
•He then self-pollinated the F1 progeny and obtained 4 different
traits: round-yellow, round-green, wrinkled-yellow, and wrinkled-
green seeds in the ratio 9:3:3:1.
MENDEL’S LAW
• LAW OF SEGREGATION
• LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
LAW OF SEGREGATION
• The law of segregation states that
during the production of gametes,
two copies of each hereditary factor
segregate so that offspring acquire
one factor from each parent. In
other words, allele (alternative form
of the gene) pairs segregate during
the formation of gamete and re-unite
randomly during fertilization. This is
also known as Mendel’s third law of
inheritance.
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
• Also known as Mendel’s second law of
inheritance, the law of independent
assortment states
that a pair of traits segregates independently
of another pair during gamete formation. As
the
individual heredity factors assort
independently, different traits get equal
opportunity to occur
together.
NON MENDELIAN
GENETICS
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• Is a type of Gene inheritance in which both alleles of a
gene are partially expressed, often resulting in an
intermediate or different phenotype.
• It is also known as partial dominance.
• A completely dominant allele does not occur.
CODOMINANCE
• a type of inheritance in which two different alleles
for a gene are both expressed in the phenotype.
• Neither allele is dominant or recessive over the
other, and both contribute to the phenotype in a
distinct way.
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
• Refers to the kind of inheritance in which the trait is
produced from the cumulative effects of many genes in
contrast to monogenic inheritance in which the trait results
from the expression of one gene (or one gene pair).
• In monogenic inheritance, the expression may be
predicted according to a phenotypic ratio that follows
Mendelian inheritance. Polygenic inheritance is a non-
Mendelian form since it is controlled by multiple genes at
different loci ondifferent chromosomes expressed together
in the same trait.
GENETIC LINKAGE
• Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences
that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited
together during the meiosis phase of sexual
reproduction.
• Linkage, as related to genetics and genomics, refers to
the closeness of genes or other DNA sequences to one
another on the same chromosome. The closer two
genes or sequences are to each other on a
chromosome, the greater the probability that they will be
inherited together.
SEX TRAITS
• A sex-linked trait is an observable characteristic of an
organism that is influenced by the genes on the chromosomes
that determine the organism's sex. There are two sex
chromosomes in each person, one of which is inherited from
each parent.
March 5, 2024
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
Presented by Group 5
