WILLIAM CARREY UNIVERSITY

ASSESSMENT

SUBMITTED BY
ENROLLMENT NO: A2ETW07564306045

NAME: ANSHUMAN PRADHAN

CODE: DCE 304
CLASS: 2ND YEAR 3RD SEM
SUB – MECHANIC OF STRUCTURES - 1
 TOPIC
CONCEPT OF SHEAR FORCE AND
BENDING MOMENT. AND SIMPLE
BENDING THEORY
Shear force and bending moment
are one of the most important
concepts in civil engineering under
structural engineering. Shear force
refers to the force that acts parallel
to the cross-section of a structural
element, while bending moment is
the moment that occurs when an
external force is applied to the
element causing it to bend.
Understanding these concepts is
crucial in designing structures that
can withstand the forces and
moments they are subjected to.
Engineers use shear and bending
moment diagrams to visualize the
forces acting on a structural
element and determine its strength
and stability.

Shear Force and Bending

Moment
The shear forces and bending moments
that arise will be determined by the loads
acting on the beam and the supports.
Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagrams are commonly used to show
and analyze the resultant forces in the
beam (SFD & BMD).
Internal forces are generated within a
loaded beam to maintain balance. There
are two components to these internal
forces: shear forces (directed vertically)
and normal forces (oriented along the
axis of the beam). The internal forces
acting on the beam cross-section can be
readily represented by only two
resultants: shear force (the result of the
vertical internal forces) and bending
moment (the Resultant of the normal
internal forces).

What Is Shear Force?

A shear force is a force that acts
tangentially on the body. Shear force is
caused by a tangential component of
a force applied on a body. Shearing
stresses are also produced by the shear
force in the body.
Consider Figure 1 to grasp the concept of
shear forces operating on an item. The
diagram depicts how shear force is
distributed tangentially throughout the
object's surface. That is, the force is
acting perpendicular to the resultant of
the internal stress.
Sign and Convention of
Shear Force
Now, the shear stress can change the
direction of beams. Hence, there comes
a need to adopt a “sign convention” for
them. These conventions are adopted for
beams only. Consider the cantilever beam
below which shows the direction of forces.
A shearing force is considered "Negative
(-)" if:
o The right side of the section
goes down.
o The left side of the section is
going up.
In the same way, a shearing force that is
"Positive (+)" if:
o The left side of the section is
going up.
o The right side of the section
goes down.

What is a Bending Moment?

o Any load-bearing object will deflect
within the structure. We refer to this
as ‘bending’. In other words, bending
indicates that the load applied
perpendicular to a bar's axis causes
the bar to deform.
o The tendency of a force to cause a
body to rotate around a particular
point or axis is measured by its
moment.
o Thus, bending moment refers to the
moment produced by a force or
bending in any structural part. The
algebraic sum of the applied load
to the specified distance from the
reference point is the Bending
Moment. This is directional since it is
influenced by the direction of applied
tension.
 o ∑ni=1 Pi

Sign and Convention of Bending

Moment
Just like we adopted a few sign
conventions while learning about shear
stress above, we shall adopt the
conventions in bending moment. Consider
the beam subjected to bending below.

o A moment of bending that

causes upward concavity will be
considered ‘positive.’ Also known as
a Sagging bending moment.
o A moment of bending that
causes upward convexity will be
considered ‘negative’. Also known as
the Hogging bending moment.
Load, Shear Force, and
Bending Moment
Relationship

Let ‘w’ be the load per unit length acting

vertically downward over this short
length. The shearing force will rise from
‘S’ to (S+δSS+δS) while the bending
moment rises from ‘M’ to (M+δMM+δM.
Both vertical pressures and couplings
result in an equilibrium length for this
short length.
Vertical Forces:
(S+δS)−S=w.δx(S+δS)−S=w.δx
∴δS=w.δx∴δS=w.δx
δSδx=w−or−dSdx=wδSδx=w−or−dSdx=
w … (i)
Couples:
M−(M+δM)=−S δx+w δx(δx2)M−
(M+δM)=−S δx+w δx(δx2)
Since δxδx is very small, it can be taken
as zero. Hence,
−δM=−S δx−δM=−S δx -or-
S=δMδxS=δMδx
Applying Limits:
limδx→0 S=dMdxlimδx→0 S=dMdx … (ii)
The rate of change of shear force at any
segment represents the rate of loading at
the section, according to the equation (i).
The rate of change of the bending
moment at any segment represents the
shear force at that section, according to
equation (ii).
Maximum or minimum Bending Moment
at 'M' shall exist when,
dMdx=0dMdx=0 i.e., S = 0
Thus, at the sections where Shear Force is
zero or changes sign, the Bending
Moment is either maximum or minimum.
Shear Force and Bending
Moment Diagrams
We are aware that a Beam is a structural
part upon which a system of external
loads acting at right angles to the axis
act. Shear Force and Bending Moment
Diagram (SFD & BMD) is the graphical
representation of the Shear Force
distribution and Bending Moment along
the length of a beam.
Along the span length of the beam, the
shear force and bending moment values
change from section to section. These
diagrams can be used to determine the
Stress concentration of a loaded beam
and it contributes to the crucial failure
analysis required for the beam's design.

Types of Beams
Now, there are five major types of
beams:
Name Image Description
Cantilever A beam with
Beam one end fixed
and the other
free is
referred to as
a cantilever.
Simply The ends of a
Supported simply
Beam supported
beam rest
freely on
walls,
columns, or
knife edges.
Fixed Beam A fixed beam
is one whose
ends are
fixed or built
into the walls
or columns
that hold it
up.
Continuous There are
Beam more than
two supports
for a
continuous
beam.
Overhangin In this, one
g Beam or both ends
of the beam
extend
beyond the
supports.
Propped One end of
Cantilever the beam is
Beam constrained
in all degrees
of freedom,
 whereas the
opposite end
is simply
supported.

Types of Loading and Slope

As we mentioned before, the Beams are
subjected to various loading patterns. This
constitutes different slopes for the Shear
Force and Bending Moment Diagrams. This is
as illustrated below:

Name Load Slope for Slope for

Pattern Shear Force Bending
Moment
Pointed or
Concentrat
ed Load

Uniformly
Distributed
Load
Uniformly
Varying
Load

Point
Moment

SFD & BMD for Different Loading

on Different Beams
Following the sign convention we discussed
earlier, we shall obtain the shear force and
bending moment for each type of beam in this
section.

1. Cantilever Beam
Consider the table below for Shear Force and
Bending Moment diagrams for the cantilever
beam subjected to various loading conditions.
Conditions SFD and BMD Calculations
With an End At ‘A’, SF = W and BM = 0
Load:
At ‘B’, SF = W and BM = W.lW.l

At A, x = 0

At B, x = l

With At ‘A’, SF = Sx=0Sx=0 and BM = Mx=0Mx=0

Uniformly
Distributed
Load (UDL):

At ‘B’, SF = Sx=–W.lSx=–W.l and BM

= Mx=−Wl22Mx=−Wl22

At A, x = 0

At B, x = l

We discover
that the
bending
moment
changes
according to a
parabolic law
while the shear
force changes
according to a
linear rule.
UDL with a SF = Sx=−(W+wx)Sx=−(W+wx), and
Concentrated
Load at the
BM = Mx=−(Wx+wx22)Mx=−(Wx+wx22).
Free End:

At A, x = 0

At B, x = l

UDL for a Part In section AC,

of the Beam
from the Free
SF = Sx=−waSx=−wa
End:

BM = Mx=−wa22Mx=−wa22

At A, x = 0

In the section ‘BC’,

At B, x = l

SF = Sx=−waSx=−wa,

It is observed BM = Mx=−wa(x−a2)Mx=−wa(x−a2)
that the SF is
constant
with Sx=−w
aSx=−wa, but
BM varies Thus,
linearly.
At x = a, Mx=−wa22Mx=−wa22

At x = l, Mx=−wa(l−a2)Mx=−wa(l−a2)
With The intensity of loading at ‘X-X’, at a distance ‘x’ from the free
Uniformly end ‘A’: ‘ wlxwlx ‘ per unit.
Varying Load
from Fixed End

At ‘x = l’,

At A, x = 0
SF = SxSx = - wl2wl2

At B, x = l
BM = Mx=−wl26Mx=−wl26

While the
Bending
Moment varies
following a
cubic law,
Shear Force
does so
following a
parabolic law.

With At x = 0 (at B),

Uniformly
Varying Load
SB=−wl2SB=−wl2
from Free End

MB=−wl23MB=−wl23

At x = l (at A),

SF = SA=−wl2+wl22l=0SA=−wl2+wl22l=0

BM
= MA=wl2.l−wl36l−wl23=wl22−wl26−wl23=0MA=wl2
.l−wl36l−wl23=wl22−wl26−wl23=0
With End SF will be zero along the beam's length. However, the final BM or
Moment: B is dependent on the direction of the moment.

Here, BM at B (x = l), M = - M0M0

2. Simply Supported Beam

Now, let us learn the SF and BM diagrams for a simply supported beam under various
loading conditions.

NOTE: Bending Moments at supports in case of a Simply Supported Beam is

always zero.

Conditions SFD and BMD Calculations

Concentrated For section ‘B-C’, SF
Load in Mid = +W2+W2
Span:

As the load is
applied to the For section ‘C-A’, SF
span = −W2−W2
symmetrically,
the reaction at
each support
is W2W2. BM at C, where x = l2l2 is,

MC=+Wl4MC=+Wl4
Concentrated Shear Force from ‘B’ to ‘C’
Load, not at the = +Wal+Wal.
mid-section:

Shear
Force SxSx rem Shear Force from ‘C’ to ‘A’
ains constant = −Wbl−Wbl
from x = 0 to x
= b, and from x
= b to x = a.
BM at C,

MC=WablMC=Wabl
The Bending
Moment at the
supports ‘A’
and ‘B’ is zero.

Uniformly SF at B = SB=+wl2SB=+wl2
Distributed
Load:

By symmetry, SF at x = l2l2 is given as zero.

each support
reaction is
identical.
But at x = l (i.e., at
A), SA=+wl2−wl=−wl2SA=+
wl2−wl=−wl2
BM is also zero
at the supports.

BM at ‘C’ (i.e., x = l2l2 ),

And if the SF is Mmax=+wl28Mmax=+wl28

zero at this
time, BM will
be at its
maximum.
Uniformly SF at A, SA=−wl4SA=−wl4
Varying Load
(Max at the
midpoint and
low near the Bending Moment at C,
ends):
Mmax=+wl212Mmax=+wl212
The SF is zero
because the
length x
= fracl2fracl2 n
ear the
midpoint where
the load is
maximum.

The BM is
maximum at
this moment
because the BM
at the supports
is zero and the
SF at the
middle is zero.
With SF at B , SB=+wl6SB=+wl6
Uniformly
Varying Load: SF at A , SA=−wl3SA=−wl3

BM is zero at In section ‘E-D’, BM

the ends of the = Mmax=wl293√Mmax=wl293
beam because
they are simply
supported.

Subjected to SF from ‘A’ to ‘C’ = SF=0SF=0

Moment at both
ends:

BM at ends ‘A’ and ‘C’

= Mmax=M0Mmax=M0.
When a
moment is
applied to any
point in the
beam, the Shear
Force Diagram
remains
unchanged.

The moment
imparted to the
beam will now
be equal to the
bending
moment of the
beam.

According to
the sign
convention, we
will consider
this moment to
be "Positive
(+)" because it
is generating a
"Hogging
Effect" in the
beams.

Subjected to SF at point ‘A’

Moment at one = SA=−M0lSA=−M0l
end:

BM at point ‘A’
According to = Mx=M0Mx=M0.
the sign
convention, the
moment
imparted to the
beam (M0M0)
produces
a negative
shear force.
Subjected to SF at ‘C’ (x = l2l2)
Moment at the is SC=M0lSC=M0l
centre:

At point ‘C’,
the moment BM at the section ‘A-C’ and ‘C-
‘M0M0’ is B’(from x = 0 to l)
applied to the = Mx=M0.xLMx=M0.xL
centre from a
distance of
‘l2l2’ from 'A'.
BM at the section ‘C’ (where x
= l2l2) is MC=M02MC=M02

The beam has a

positive shear
force and
bending
moment
according to the
sign
convention.

3. Fixed Beam
Consider the table below for the calculation of SF and BM.

Condition SFD and BMD Calculation

With Centre SF at the section ‘A-C’ (where x = 0
Concentrated to l2l2) is given as,
Load:
SA=+W2SA=+W2.

At this point, the

SF reverses SF at the section ‘C-B’ (where x
direction and = l2l2 to l) is given as,
reaches zero,
making the BM its SB=−W2SB=−W2.
maximum value.

Now, BM at the ends of the beam

(points ‘A’ and ‘B’ where x = 0 to l)
is,

MA=MB=−Wl8MA=MB=−Wl8,

And, BM at the midpoint ‘C’ is

(where x = l2l2) is,

Mmax=+Wl8Mmax=+Wl8.
With Uniformly At ‘A’, SF = SA=+Wl2SA=+Wl2.
Distributed Load:

At ‘B’, SF = SB=−Wl2SB=−Wl2.
SF varies linearly,
but BM varies
according to a
parabolic curve. At ‘A’ and ‘B’ , BM
= MA=MB=−Wl212MA=MB=−Wl21
2.

The maximum
bending moment
occurs at the BM at x = l2l2 =
midpoint when the
Shear Force Mmax=Wl224
Diagram changes
direction.

Properties of Shear Force and

Bending Moment Diagrams
The following are some fundamental
properties of shear and moment diagrams:
1. The region of the Shear diagram to the
right or left of the section corresponds to
the moment at the section.
2. At a particular point, the shear is equal
to the slope of the bending moment
diagram.
3. At a particular point, the load is the
slope of the shear diagram.
 4. The maximum moment occurs at the
point when the shear (also the slope of the
moment diagram) is zero. At this stage,
the horizontal tangent is drawn to the
moment diagram.
5. When the SFD rises, the bending
moment diagram will exhibit a rising slope
curve.
6. The BMD will have a decreasing slope
curve as the SFD lowers.
7. When the SFD between two loading
sites is constant, the BMD will have a line
with a constant slope.

Concept of Point of
Contraflexure in Shear Force
and Bending Moment
The opposing bending moments always
cause beam curvatures in opposite
directions. In this context, the points of
Contraflexure in a beam exposed to the
moment are those where:
 1. The sign of the Bending Moment
changes.
2. The point with zero bending
moments, and
3. The point at which the beam
changes curvature.
As a result, the beam flexes in the
opposite direction at a point of
Contraflexure. The point of Contraflexure
is sometimes referred to as the point of
inflexion or a virtual hinge.
 SIMPLE BENDING THEORY
Simple Bending Theory OR Theory of Flexure for
Initially Straight Beams (The normal stress due to
bending are called flexure stresses) Preamble: When
a beam having an arbitrary cross section is subjected
to a transverse loads the beam will bend. In addition
to bending the other effects such as twisting and
buckling may occur, and to investigate a problem
that includes all the combined effects of bending,
twisting and buckling could become a complicated
one.
Thus, we are interested to investigate the bending
effects alone in order to do so, we have to put
certain constraints on the geometry of the beam and
the manner of loading. Assumptions: The constraints
put on the geometry would form the assumptions:
1. Beam is initially straight, and has a constant cross-
section.
2. Beam is made of homogeneous material and the
beam has a longitudinal plane of symmetry.
3. Resultant of the applied loads lies in the plane of
symmetry.
4. The geometry of the overall member is such that
bending not buckling is the primary cause of failure.
5. Elastic limit is nowhere exceeded and ‘E' is same
in tension and compression.
6. Plane cross - sections remains plane before and
after bending.
Concept of pure bending: Loading restrictions: As we
are aware of the fact internal reactions developed
on any cross-section of a beam may consists of a
resultant normal force, a resultant shear force and a
resultant couple. In order to ensure that the bending
effects alone are investigated, we shall put a
constraint on the loading such that the resultant
normal and the resultant shear forces are zero on
any cross-section perpendicular to the longitudinal
axis of the member,
That means F = 0 since or M = constant.
Thus, the zero shear force means that the bending
moment is constant or the bending is same at every
cross-section of the beam.
Such a situation may be visualized or envisaged
when the beam or some portion of the beam, as
been loaded only by pure couples at its ends. It must
be recalled that the couples are assumed to be
loaded in the plane of symmetry.

When a beam is subjected to pure bending are

loaded by the couples at the ends, certain cross-
section gets deformed and we shall have to make
out the conclusion that,
1. Plane sections originally perpendicular to
longitudinal axis of the beam remain plane and
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis even after
bending, i.e. the cross-section A'E', B'F' ( refer Fig
1(a) ) do not get warped or curved.
2. In the deformed section, the planes of this cross-
section have a common intersection i.e. any time
originally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
beam becomes an arc of circle.

When a beam is subjected to a loading

system or by a force couple acting on a
plane passing through the axis, then the
beam deforms. In simple terms, this axial
deformation is called as bending of a
beam. Due to the shear force and bending
moment, the beam undergoes
deformation. These normal stress due to
bending are called flexure stresses.
Assumptions to calculate
bending stress
These stresses formed in the material due
to bending can be calculated using
certian assumption, they are
1. Beam is initially straight, and has
a constant cross-section.
2. Beam is made of homogeneous
material and the beam has
a longitudinal plane of symmetry.
3. Resultant of the applied loads lies
in the plane of symmetry.
4. The geometry of the overall
member is such that bending not
buckling is the primary cause of
failure.
5. Elastic limit is nowhere exceeded
and ‘E' is same in tension and
compression.
6. Plane cross - sections remains
plane before and after bending.
TYPES_
1. Pure Bending Stress
Bending will be called as pure bending when it
occurs solely because of coupling on its end.
In that case there is no chance of shear stress
in the beam. But, the stress that will
propagate in the beam as a result will be
known as normal stress. Normal stress
because it not causing any damages to beam.
2. Simple Bending Stress
Bending will be called as simple bending
when it occurs because of beam self-load
and external load. This type of bending is
also known as ordinary bending and in
this type of bending results both shear
stress and normal stress in the beam.
THANK YOU