Living things are highly organized and structured,

following a hierarchy that can be examined on a scale

from small to large. The atom is the smallest and most
fundamental unit of matter. At the highest level of
organization, the biosphere is the collection of all
ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth.
It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a
certain extent.
The human body is a biological machine made of body organ systems;
groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life.
Identify the organ system based on their functions.
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MA. TRISHA NICOLE B. VALDEZ
Course Facilitator
• The integumentary system consists
of the skin, its accessory structures
such as hair and sweat glands, and
the subcutaneous tissue below the
skin.
• Your integumentary system is your
body's outer layer. It acts as a
physical barrier — protecting your
body from bacteria, infection,
injury and sunlight.
Try pinching your self or
pulling a strand of your hair.
• What did you feel after pinching your
self/ pulling a strand of your hair?
• Why do you think you were able to
feel anything?
The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can
detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.
The skin provides protection against abrasion and ultraviolet
light. It also prevents microorganisms from entering the body
and reduces water loss, thus preventing dehydration.

The amount of blood flow beneath the skin's surface and the
activity of sweat glands in the skin both help regulate body
temperature.

Small amounts of waste products are lost through the skin and
in gland secretions.
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: Sebum
Sweat Glands: Sweat
Ceruminous Glands: Cerumen (Earwax)
Mammary Glands: Milk
(Vitamin D production) When exposed to ultraviolet light, the
skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into vitamin
D, an important regulator of calcium homeostasis.
Give one (1) function of the integumentary system.
• The skin is made up of two major tissue layers:
the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis
is the most superficial layer of skin. It is a layer
of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis, a
layer of dense connective tissue.
• The epidermis prevents water loss and resists
abrasion. The dermis is responsible for most
of the skin's structural strength. The skin rests
on the subcutaneous tissue (also known as the
hypodermis), which is a layer of connective
tissue. The subcutaneous tissue is not part of
the skin, but it does connect the skin to
underlying muscle or bone.
• STRATUM BASALE:
The stratum germinativum may also be called the stratum
basale, is the innermost or the deepest layer of the
epidermis. It is separated from the dermis by a membrane
called the basement membrane. Mitosis occurs here.

• STRATUM SPINOSUM:
This is the thickest of the four epidermal layers. The
keratinocytes in this layer have begun to accumulate keratin,
and they have become tougher and flatter. Spiny cellular
projections form between the keratinocytes and hold them
together. In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum
contains the immunologically active Langerhans cells.

• STRATUM GRANULOSUM:
Lipids are released by keratinocytes in this layer to form a
lipid barrier in the epidermis. Cells in this layer have also
started to die because they are becoming too far removed
from blood vessels in the dermis to receive nutrients.
• STRATUM LUCIDUM:
This is a layer consisting of stacks of translucent,
dead keratinocytes that provide extra protection to
the underlying layers.

• STRATUM CORNEUM:
The uppermost layer of the epidermis everywhere on
the body is the stratum corneum.
Identify which layer of the epidermis is being
described.
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The dermis is made of an irregular type
of fibrous connective tissue, irregular
meaning that the fibers are not parallel,
but run in all directions. Fibroblasts
produce both collagen and elastin fibers.
Strength and elasticity are two
characteristics of the dermis.

With increasing age, however, the

deterioration of the elastin fibers causes
the skin to lose its elasticity.

The dermis has TWO main layers: the

papillary layer or dermal papillary, and
the reticular layer.
The collagen fibers of the dermis are
oriented in many different directions and
can resist stretch. However, more
collagen fibers are oriented in some
directions than in others. This produces
cleavage lines, or tension lines, in the
skin, and the skin is most resistant to
stretch along these lines.

If the skin is overstretched for any reason,

the dermis can be damaged, leaving lines
that are visible through the epidermis.
These lines, called stretch marks, can
develop when a person increases in size
quite rapidly.
The upper part of the dermis has
projections called dermal papillae, also
called the papillary layer. which extend
toward the epidermis. The dermal
papillae contain many blood vessels that
supply the overlying epidermis with
nutrients, remove waste products, and
help regulate body temperature.

The dermal papillae in the palms of the

hands, the soles of the feet, and the tips of
the digits are arranged in parallel, curving
ridges that shape the overlying epidermis
into fingerprints and footprints. The
ridges increase friction and improve the
grip of the hands and feet.
The reticular layer is the lower layer
of the dermis, below the papillary
layer. It is the thicker of the two
dermal layers. It is composed of
densely woven collagen and elastin
fibers. These protein fibers give the
dermis its properties of strength and
elasticity. This layer of the dermis
cushions subcutaneous tissues of the
body from stress and strain. The
reticular layer of the dermis also
contains most of the structures in the
dermis, such as glands and hair
follicles.
What are the two main layers of the dermis?
Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the
thickness of the stratum corneum. Melanin is the group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair,
and eye color. Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but some are yellowish or reddish.
Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.

Melanin is produced by melanocytes. Large amounts of melanin form freckles or moles in some regions
of the skin, as well as darkened areas in the genitalia, the nipples, and the circular areas around the
nipples. Other areas, such as the lips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet, contain less melanin.
Melanin production is determined by genetic factors, exposure to light, and hormones. Since all races
have about the same number of melanocytes, racial variations in skin color are determined by the
amount, kind, and distribution of melanin.
 SHAFT It protrudes above the surface of the skin
The part of a hair strand that is embedded within the
ROOT skin, located at the base of the hair follicle, where the
actual hair growth occurs
HAIR BULB The expanded base of the hair root
MEDULLA The central axis of the hair; contains soft keratin
CORTEX It forms the bulk of the hair; hard keratin
The nail is a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard
type of keratin. The visible part of the nail is the nail body, and the part of the nail covered by skin is
the nail root. The cuticle, or eponychium, is stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body. The
nail root extends distally from the nail matrix. The nail also attaches to the underlying nail bed, which
is located distal to the nail matrix. The nail matrix is thicker than the nail bed and produces most of
the nail. A small part of the nail matrix, the lunula, can be seen through the nail body as a whitish,
crescent- shaped area at the base of the nail. Cell production within the nail matrix causes the nail to
grow. Unlike hair, nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage.
Glands are made of epithelial tissue. The exocrine glands of the
skin have their secretory portions in the dermis.

SWEAT GLANDS: There are two types of sweat glands, apocrine

and eccrine.
Apocrine glands are most numerous in the axillae (underarm) and
genital areas and are most active in stressful and emotional
situations. Although their secretion does have an odor, it is barely
perceptible to other people. Animals such as dogs, however, can
easily distinguish among people because of their individual scents.
If the apocrine secretions are allowed to accumulate on the skin,
bacteria metabolize the chemicals in the sweat and produce waste
products that have distinct odors that many people find
unpleasant.
Eccrine glands are found all over the body but are especially
numerous on the forehead, upper lip, palms, and soles. The
secretory portion of these glands is simply a coiled tube in the
dermis. The duct of this tube extends to the skin’s surface, where it
opens into a pore.
CERUMINOUS GLANDS. These
glands are located in the dermis of the
ear canals. Their secretion is called
cerumen or ear wax (which includes the
sebum secreted in the ear canals).
Cerumen keeps the outer surface of the
eardrum pliable and prevents drying.

SEBACEOUS GLANDS. The ducts of

sebaceous glands open into hair follicles
or directly to the skin surface. Their
secretion is sebum, a lipid substance that
we commonly refer to as oil.
What are the different accessory structures of the
integumentary system?
Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth
of abnormal skin cells that occurs when
the DNA of skin cells is damaged,
often by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from
the sun or tanning beds, leading to
mutations that disrupt normal cell
function and result in tumor formation.
What are the different types of skin cancer?