GRAMMAR

A. Present Perfect (Hiện tại Hoàn thành):

1. Công thức :
Câu khẳng định: Câu phủ định Câu nghi vấn
* Wh-Question:
S + had + V3/ed S + had not (hadn’t) + Wh + had + S + V3/ed +
past participle O?
* Yes/No Question:
Had + S + V3/ed + O ?
 Yes, S + had / No, S +
hadn’t.

VD: VD: VD:

I, You, He, She, We, they I, You, He, She, We, What -> had he, she,
had finished before I They hadn’t eaten you, we, they thought
arrived. before he finished the before I asked the
job. question?

2. Cách sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành

Thì quá khứ hoàn thành dùng để chỉ:
Khi hai hành động cùng xảy ra trong quá khứ, ta dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành
cho hành động xảy ra trước và quá khứ đơn cho hành động xảy ra sau.
 I met them after they had divorced each other. (Tôi gặp họ sau khi họ ly dị nhau.)
 Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before. (Lan nói rằng
trước đó hai năm, cô ta từng được chọn làm hoa hậu.)
 An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the everyday
life. (Hắn chợt nghĩ ra rằng chính cô ta đã giúp hắn rất nhiều trong cuộc sống hằng
ngày.)
 Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra và đã hoàn tất trước một thời
điểm trong quá khứ, hoặc trước một hành động khác cũng đã kết thúc trong quá
khứ.
 We had had lunch when she arrived. (Khi cô ấy đến chúng tôi đã ăn trưa xong.)
Khi thì quá khứ hoàn thành thường được dùng kết hợp với thì quá khứ đơn, ta
thường dùng kèm với các giới từ và liên từ như: by (có nghĩa như before), before,

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after, when, till, untill, as soon as, no sooner…than
 No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack his
bags.(Anh ta mới đi xa về thì lại được lệnh cuốn gói ra đi.)
 When I arrived John had gone away.(Khi tôi đến thì John đã đi rồi.)
 Yesterday, I went out after I had finished my homework. (Hôm qua, tôi đi chơi sau
khi tôi đã làm xong bài tập.)
Hành động xảy ra như là điều kiện tiên quyết cho hành động khác
 I had prepared for the exams and was ready to do well.
 Tom had lost twenty pounds and could begin anew.
Trong câu điều kiện loại 3 để diễn tả điều kiện không có thực
 If I had known that, I would have acted differently.
 She would have come to the party if she had been invited.
Hành động xảy ra trong 1 khoảng thời gian trong quá khứ, trước 1 mốc thời gian
khác
 I had lived abroad for twenty years when I received the transfer.
 Jane had studied in England before she did her master's at Harvard.
4. Dấu hiện nhận biết, mệnh đề chỉ thời gian:
Từ nhận biết: until then, by the time, prior to that time, before, after, for, as soon as,
by, ...
Trong câu thường có các từ: before, after, when by, by the time, by the end of + time
in the past …
 When I got up this morning, my father had already left.
 By the time I met you, I had worked in that company for five years.
BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
I. Put the verb in brackets in the Past Simple or Past Perfect:
1. They (go) ……………..home after they (finish) ………………… their work.
2. She said that she (already, see) ……………………. Dr. Rice.
3. After taking a bath, he (go) ………………………….. to bed.
4. He told me he (not/eat) ………………………… such kind of food before.
5. When he came to the stadium, the match (already/ begin)
………………………………….
6. Before she (watch) ………………….. TV, she (do)……………………. homework.

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7. What (be) …………….. he when he (be) ………………. young?
8. After they (go) ………………………, I (sit) ……………….. down and (rest)
……………
9. Yesterday, John (go) ………………….. to the store before he (go) …………………
home.
10. She (win) ………………………. the gold medal in 1986.
11. Our teacher (tell) …………… us yesterday that he (visit) …………… England in
1970.
12. Alan (have)……….hardly(prepare)………..for dinner when her husband (go)
……..home
13. No sooner (have)…………….I (watch)……………. TV than the phone (ring)
…………
14. Before I (watch) ……………… TV, I (do) ………………………….. my
homework.
15. After I (wash)………………………….my clothes, I (sleep)
……………………………
16. “ It is the first time I have eaten sushi” , said Bill.
→ Bill said it (be) ……….. the first time he (eat) ……………….. sushi.
17. “ I broke my glasses yesterday”, said Lan.
→ Lan said that she (break) ………………………………… her glasses the day
before.
18. I couldn’t attend the evening classes because I worked at night.
→ If I (not work) …………….. at night, I (attend) ………………….. the evening
classes.
19. I didn’t have a laptop so I wish I (have) ………………………. a laptop.
20. You didn’t stay home. I would rather you (stay) …………….. home.
II. Put the verb in brackets in the Past simple, Past perfect or Present perfect.
18. She didn’t notice that she (never see) …………………….……… that film before.
19. I suddenly (remember) that I ………………………. (forget) my keys.
20. Bill no longer has his car. He (sell) …………………….. it.
21. (Have/you/put) ………………………. Off the fire before you (go) ………………
out.
22. I was very pleased to see Mary again. I (not see) …………………….. for a long
time.

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23. I thanked her for everything she (do) ………………………………… for me.
24. When I got to the office, I (realize) ………….. I (forget) ………………. to lock
the door
25. Who is that woman? I (never seen) …………………………..… …… her before.
26. Tom was not at home when I (arrive)………………. He (just go)
………………… out.
27. She said it (be) ……………….. the first time she (meet) ………………….. such a
man.
III. Rewrite the sentences beginning as shown:
1. David went home before we arrived.
When we ……………………………………………………………………………..
After ………………………………………………………………………………….
2. We had snack then we had a look around the shops.
After……………………………………………………………………………………
3. The light failed the moment they began work.
They had no sooner …………………………………………………………………….
No sooner……………………………………………………………………………….
Hardly ………………………………………………………………………………….
4. We had never been so happy before.
We were………………………………………………………………………………...
5. I went to the zoo last year and that was where I saw a real tiger for the first time.
Before …………………………………………………………………………………..
6. I like you didn’t go to the party yesterday.
I’d rather you …………………………………………………………………………...
7. The man was poor so he could not afford accommodation.
If ………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. My teacher gave me a lot of homework.
I wish……………………………………………………………………………………
9. He didn’t obey with his parents.
I’d rather he……………………………………………………………………………..
10. She didn’t take that job in the city because his home was very far from there.
If his home …………………………………………………………………………….

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Bài 1: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc.
1. They (come) …………….. back home after they (finish) ………………… their
work.
2. She said that she ( meet) ……………………. Mr. Bean before.
3. Before he (go) ………………………….. to bed, he (read) …………………………
a novel.
4. He told me he (not/wear) ………………………… such kind of clothes before.
5. When I came to the stadium, the match (start) ………………………………….
6. Before she (listen) ………………….. to music, she (do)…………………….
homework.
7. Last night, Peter (go) ………………….. to the supermarket before he (go)
………………… home.
Bài 2: Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không đổi sử dụng từ gợi ý cho sẵn.
1. David had gone home before we arrived.
– After
…………………………………………………………………………………….
2. We had lunch then we took a look around the shops.
– Before
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. The light had gone out before we got out of the office.
–
When…………………………………………………………………………………….
4. After she had explained everything clearly, we started our work.
– By the time
…………………………………………………………………………….
5. My father had watered all the plants in the garden by the time my mother came
home.
– Before
………………………………………………………………………………….

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B. THE FUTURE SIMPLE WITH WILL AND BE GOING TO (THÌ TƯƠNG LAI VỚI
WILL VA BE GOING TO)
1. The future simple with “will”
* Cấu trúc (Form):

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

S + will + V (bare-inf) + (O) S + will + not + V (bare-inf) + Will + S + V (bare-inf) + (O)?

(O)
→ Yes, S + will./ No, S + won’t.

Ex: The shop will open in June. Ex: The shop won’t open in June. Ex: Will the shop open in June?
(will = ‘ll) (won’t = will not)

Note: Trong những ngữ cảnh trang trọng thì ta có thể dùng shall thay cho will khi đi với chủ
ngữ I và We
Ex: Shall/ Will I see you before 10 o’clock?
* Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả dự đoán không có căn cứ.
Ex: I think it will rain tomorrow.
- Diễn tả quyết định nhất thời tại thời điểm nói.
Ex: I will drink coffee, please.
- Diễn tả lời yêu cẩu, đề nghị.
Ex: Will you help me carry this suitcase, please?
Ex: Shall I make you a cup of tea?
- Diễn tả lời hứa.
Ex: I promise I will arrive on time.
- Diễn tả lời từ chối với won’t.
Ex: No, I won’t eat this kind of food.
- Diễn tả sự việc thực tế sẽ xảy ra ở tương lai.
Ex: The shop will open tomorrow.
* Time phrases (Các cụm từ thời gian):
Chúng ta thường sử dụng thì này với các cụm từ thời gian như: tomorrow, next week/ month/
etc., in the future, when I’m older, later, soon, etc.
Note: Chúng ta cũng thường sử dụng thì tương lai đơn với các cụm từ như I hope/ think/
expect/ etc hoặc các từ như probably/ perhaps.
Ex: Perhaps it will rain tomorrow.

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2. The future simple with “be going to”
* Cấu trúc:

Affirmative (Khẳng định) Negative (Phủ định) Interrogative (Nghi vấn)

S + is/ am/ are + going to + S + is/ am/ are + not + going Is/ Am/ Are + S + going to +
V(bare-inf) + (O) to + V(bare-inf) + (O) V(bare-inf) + (O)?

Ex: They are going to visit Ex: They aren’t going to visit Ex: Are they going to visit
their parents. their parents. their parents?

* Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả dự định, kế hoạch trong tương lai.
Ex: I’m going to get married next year.
- Diễn tả dự đoán có căn cứ, bằng chứng ở hiện tại.
Ex: Bill is playing very well. He isn’t going to lose this game.
Ex: Look at that tree! It is going to fall on your car!

BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN

I. Put the verbs into the correct form (future simple tense will).
Tim, 16 years old, asked an ugly fortune teller about his future. Here is what she told him:
1. You (be) ………………………………. very happy.
2. You (get) ………………………………. a lot of money.
3. You (buy) ………………………………. a beautiful house.
4. Your friends (envy) ………………………………. you.
5. You (meet) ………………………………. a beautiful woman.
6. You (marry) ………………………………. her.
7. You and your wife (travel) ………………………………. around the world.
8. People (serve) ………………………………. you.
9. They (not/ refuse) ………………………………. to make you happy.
10. But all this (happen/ only) ………………………………. when you are 70 years old.
II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense (the future simple ‘will’ or ‘going
to’ future).
1. John: Did you remember to bring that book I lent you? - Paul: Oh, sorry, I forgot again. I
(bring) ………………………… it tomorrow.
2. Sally: Do you know what to buy your sister for her birthday? - Tom: Yes. I (buy)
………………………… her a book on gardening.

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3. I don’t feel like going out this evening. I (stay) ………………………… at home and
watch TV.
4. Elizabeth: There’s someone at the door. - Mark: I (go) ………………………… and see
who it is.
5. David: Do you know that Mark (open) ………………………… a shop in the center of
town? - Linda: Really? What type of shop?
6. I’ve decided that I (look) ………………………… for a new job.
7. The train is faster than the bus. - OK, I (take) ………………………… the train.
8. There’s a big traffic jam on the motorway to the stadium. - OK, I (go)
………………………… another way.
9. Do you know what to buy your dad for his birthday? - Yes, I (buy)
………………………… a watch.
10. Did you bring my books? - Sorry, I forgot. I (bring) ………………………… them
tomorrow.
11. There’s someone at the door. - OK, I (open) ………………………… it.
12. My wife and I (start) ………………………… a new business. We’re planning to open an
antiques shop.
C. THE PASSIVE VOICE (THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG)
1. Cấu trúc (Form)
Chủ động: S + V + O
Bị động: S + be + PP (+ by + O)
* Note:
- TÂN NGỮ (O) trong câu chủ động làm CHỦ NGỮ trong câu bị động.
- ĐỘNG TỪ (V) trong câu chủ động sẽ chuyển thành “be + PP”. Trong đó “be” chia theo thì
và chia theo chủ ngữ.
- CHỦ NGỮ (S) trong câu chủ động sẽ biến đổi thành tân ngữ và có giới từ “bỵ” phía trước
(by + O).
E.g: Chủ động: My parents (S) will build (V) a house (O) next year.
🡪 Bị động: A house (S) will be built (be PP) by my parents (by O) next year.
2. Các bước để chuyển từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động
a. Xác định S, V, O và thời của V trong câu chủ động.
b. Lấy O trong câu chủ động làm S của câu bị động.
c. Lấy S trong câu chủ động làm O và đặt sau by trong câu bị động.
d. Biến đổi V chính trong câu chủ động thành PP (Past Participle) trong câu bị động.
e. Thêm To be vào trước PP trong câu bị động (To be phải chia theo thời của V chính trong
câu chủ động và chia theo số của S trong câu bị động).

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- Trong câu bị động by + O luôn đứng sau adverbs of place (trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn) và đứng
trước adverbs of time (trạng từ chỉ thời gian).
- Trong câu bị động, có thể bỏ: by people, by us, by them, by someone, by him, by her … nếu
chỉ đối tượng không xác định.
3. Cấu trúc câu bị động với các thì

Tenses (Thì) Active (Chủ động) Passive (Bị động)

1. Hiện tại đơn S + V(s/es) + O S + is/am/are + PP (+ by + O)

E.g: I do my homework every 🡪 My homework is done every
evening. evening.

2. Hiện tại tiếp S + is/am/are + V-ing + O S + is/am/are + being + PP (+ by +

diễn E.g. He is reading books now. O)
🡪 Books are being read (by him)
now.

3. Quá khứ đơn S + V-ed/cột 2 + O S + was/were + PP (+ by + O)

E.g. She wrote a letter yesterday. 🡪 A letter was written (by her)
yesterday.

4. Quá khứ tiếp S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were +being + PP (+ by +

diễn E.g. They were doing the housework O)
at 9 am yesterday. 🡪 The housework was being done
at 9 am yesterday.

5. Hiện tại hoàn S + have/ has + PP + O S + have/ has + been + PP (+ by +

thành E.g: My parents have given me a new O)
computer. 🡪 I have been given a new
computer by my parents.
OR: A new computer has been
given to me by my parents.

6. Hiện tại hoàn S + have/has + been + V-ing + O S + have/has + been + being + PP

thành tiếp diễn E.g: Tim has been repairing the roof (+ by + O)
for 2 hours. 🡪 The roof has been being repaired
by Tim for 2 hours.

7. Quá khứ hoàn S + had + PP + O S + had + been + PP (+ by + O)

thành E.g: He had finished his homework 🡪 His homework had been finished
before 9 p.m yesterday. before 9 p.m yesterday.

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8. Quá khứ hoàn S + had + been + V-ing + O S + had + been + being + PP (+ by
thành tiếp diễn E.g: I had been typing the letter for 3 + O)
hours before you came yesterday. 🡪 The letter had been being typed
for 3 hours before you came
yesterday.

9. Tương lai đơn S + will + V (nguyên thể) + O S + will + be + PP (+ by + O)

E.g: She will meet him tomorrow. 🡪 He will be met tomorrow.

10. Tương lai tiếp S + will + be + V-ing + O S + will + be + being + PP (+ by +

diễn E.g: She will be taking care of her O)
children at this time tomorrow. 🡪 Her children will be being taken
care of at this time tomorrow.

11. Tương lai hoàn S + will + have + PP + O S + will + have + been + PP (+ by

thành E.g: They will have completed this + O)
house by the end of this year. 🡪 This house will have been
completed by the end of this year.

12. Tương lai hoàn S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have + been + being +
thành tiếp diễn E.g: I will have been teaching English PP (+ by + O)
for 5 years by next week. 🡪 English will have been being
taught by me for 5 years by next
week.

*The passive voice with modals (Bị động với các động từ khuyết thiếu)

Active voice Passive voice

S (0) + Modals (may/must/
S+ Modals (may/must/ can/
can/ could/
could/ should/
should/ etc.) + BE + pp+ (by
etc.)+V(bare-inf) +0
0)
E.g:
Active: Our English teacher may give a test today.
Passive: A test may be given by our English teacher today.
Active: John can give them some information about the job.
Passive 1 : They can be given some information about the job by John.
Passive2: Some information can be given to them about the job by John.
Active: Should we obey the traffic rules?
Passive: Should the traffic rules be obeyed?

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BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN
IV. Decide whether the following sentences belong to the active voice or passive voice.
1. I have never been to Paris. (active voice/ passive voice)
2. I have never been arrested. (active voice/ passive voice)
3. The tower was built in 1802 by a French Artist. (active voice/ passive voice)
4. Nothing happened. (active voice/ passive voice)
5. No one was injured by the fire. (active voice/ passive voice)
6. The award was given to the top student. (active voice/ passive voice)
7. We decided not to hire anyone. (active voice/ passive voice)
8. The pizza was delicious. (active voice/ passive voice)
9. The pizza was ordered. (active voice/ passive voice)
10. The pizza made me sick. (active voice/ passive voice)
V. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the passive voice
1. The words (to explain - Present simple) ……………………………. by the teacher.
2. My car (to steal - Past simple) ……………………………. while I was gardening.
3. A new restaurant (to open - Future simple) ……………………………. next week
4. Our street (to close - Present continuous) ……………………………. because of snow.
5. A new house (to build - be going to) ……………………………. by my parents next
month.
VI. Change the sentences into the passive voice by filling in the missing words.
1. People eat 40 million hamburgers every day.
→ 40 million hamburgers ……………………………. every day.
2. People speak English all over the world
→ English ……………………………. all over the world.
3. Where did they invent gun powder?
→ Where …………………. gun powder ……………………….?
4. The police didn’t find the missing girl last weekend.
→ The missing girl ……………………………. last weekend.
5. Tourists don’t visit this museum very often.
→ This museum ……………………………. very often.
6. Workers are building a new fun park in town.
→ A new fun park ……………………………. in town.
7. When did they translate this book into English?

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 → When ……………………. this book ………………………. into English?
8. Women send thousands of emails to the star every month.
→ Thousands of emails ……………………………. to the star every month.
9. Daisy brought me some fresh grapes.
→ I ……………………………. some fresh grapes by Daisy.
10. Some dangerous looking men were following me the whole evening.
→ I ……………………………. the whole evening by some dangerous looking men.
VII. Change the sentences into the passive voice.
1. People speak Vietnamese in Vietnam.
………………………………………………………………………….
2. The government is planning a new road near my house.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. My grandfather built this house in 1990.
………………………………………………………………………….
4. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
………………………………………………………………………….
5. The cleaner has cleaned the office.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. He had written three books before 1867.
………………………………………………………………………….
7. John will tell you later.
………………………………………………………………………….
8. Somebody did the work.
………………………………………………………………………….
VIII. Change the sentences into the active voice.
1. The children are helped by the policemen.
………………………………………………………………………….
2. A letter is being typed by the manager.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. Sally’s little brother will be looked after by her.
………………………………………………………………………….
4. Our window was broken by the robber.
………………………………………………………………………….

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5. The car has been cleaned by us.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. I was offered a bike for my birthday by my parents.
………………………………………………………………………….
IX. Reorder the words to make a complete sentence.
1. in Thailand/ made/ cars/ are/?
………………………………………………………………………….
2. to hospital/ been/ taken/ has/ she/?
………………………………………………………………………….
3. fried/ the potatoes/ be/ can/ in ten minutes/?
………………………………………………………………………….
4. for the exam/ be/ prepared/ the students/ will/?
………………………………………………………………………….
5. tea/ when/ be/ served/ will/?
………………………………………………………………………….
6. today/ being/ is/ lunch/ provided?
………………………………………………………………………….
7. given/ last week/ laptops/ were/ to them/?
………………………………………………………………………….
8. the videos/ may/ be/ broadcasted/?
………………………………………………………………………….
BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
X. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense.
1. The train (arrive) ……………………………. at 12:30.
2. We (have) ……………………………. dinner at a seaside restaurant on Sunday.
3. It (snow) ……………………………. in Brighton tomorrow evening.
4. On Friday at 8 o’clock I (meet) ……………………………. my friend.
5. John (fly) ……………………………. to London on Monday morning.
6. Wait! I (drive) ……………………………. you to the station.
7. The English lesson (start) ……………………………. at 8:45.
8. Are you still writing your essay? If you (finish) ……………………………. by 4 pm, we
can go for a walk.
9. You’re carrying too much. I (open) ……………………………. the door for you.

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10. Look at the clouds – it (rain) ……………………………. in a few minutes.
XI. Change the sentences into the passive voice by filling in the missing words.
1. Someone burgled my house while I was away.
→ My house ……………………………. while I was away.
2. He started to leave before they had given him the directions.
→ He started to leave before he ……………………………. directions.
3. I went to the showroom but was informed that they had sold all the houses.
→ I went to the showroom but was informed that all the houses ………………………
4. They were still building the hotel when we stayed there.
→ The hotel ……………………………. when we stayed there.
5. They sent my son home from school for being cheeky to the teachers.
→ My son ………………………. home from school for being cheeky to the teachers.
6. My doctor prescribed me some medicine for my cough.
→ I ……………………………. some medicine for my cough.
7. They haven’t finished fixing my car yet. They’re so slow!
→ My car ……………………………. yet. They’re so slow!
8. I visited my home town last year, only to find that they’d demolished the house I’d grown
up in.
→I visited my hometown last year, only to find that the house I’d grown up in
…………………………….
XII. Change the sentences into the passive voice.
1. Tim collects money.
………………………………………………………………………….
2. Mai opened the window.
………………………………………………………………………….
3. We have done our homework
………………………………………………………………………….
4. I will ask a question.
………………………………………………………………………….
5. He can cut out the picture.
………………………………………………………………………….
6. We do not clean our rooms.
………………………………………………………………………….

14
7. David will not repair the car.
………………………………………………………………………….
8. Did Sue draw this circle?
………………………………………………………………………….
D. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Câu điều kiện)
Type 1: Real conditional sentences (câu điều kiện có thật):

Situation If Clause Main Clause

1. Future possible If + S + V(simple S+
(có thể xảy ra ở present) will/can/may/must +
tương lai) Ex: If I have the V
money, I will be a new car.
2. Habitual (thói quen) If + S + V (simple S + V(simple present)
present) she usually walks to school
Ex: If Ann has enough
time,
3. Command (câu mệnh If + S + V (simple Command form
lệnh, yêu cầu) present) please call me
Ex : If you hear from
Bill,

Type 2: Present unreal conditional sentences (câu điều kiện không

có thật ở hiện tại):

If Clause Main Clause

If + S + Vsimple past (be S + would/could/ might/ had
were) to + V
Ex: I don’t have free time, so we can’t go to the beach with you
 If I had time, I would go to the beach with you

Type 3: Past unreal conditional sentences

(câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ):

If Clause Main Clause

If + S + V(past perfect) S + would/could/might + have
+ P.P (V3/ed)
Ex: I didn’t know that you were there, so I didn’t write you a letter.
 If I had known that you were I would have written you a letter.
there,

15
* Note:
- Có thể dùng phép đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện loại 1 và loại 2 nếu trong câu
có were, had, should. Khi đó If hay Unless trong câu sẽ được bỏ.
Ex : If Ann had found the right buyer, she would have sold the
house.
 Had Ann found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.
- Mệnh đề điều kiện có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính.
Ex: You could make better progress if you attended class regularly.
- Unless = If …not
Ex: If you don’t work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your
living.
= Unless you work hard, you can’t earn enough money for your
living.
- Without + N = There …no + N
Ex: Without water, life wouldn’t exist
= If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist.
- Command (mệnh lệnh) + or + Clause : dùng If loại 1
Ex: Go away or I will call the police.
→ If you don’t go away, I will call the police.
3. Conditional sentences in reported speech ( Câu điều kiện gián tiếp )
Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu tường thuật ( gián tiếp ), động từ trong câu điều kiện loại
1 ( conditional type 1 ) được chia theo loại 2 (conditional type 2 ), câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3
không thay đổi dạng động từ.
E.g
“ I’ll will come to see you if I have time”, the man said to her.
-> The man said to her ( that ) he would come to see her if he had time.
“What would you say if someone stepped on your feet?”, they asked me.
-> They asked me what I would say if someone stepped on my feet.
“ If you had asked me, I would have lent you my laptop”, my brother said to me.
-> My brother said to me ( that ) if I had asked him, he would have lent me his laptop.
4. Câu điều kiện kết hợp loại 2 và loại 3 (Thường có trạng từ đi theo, nếu
không phải dịch theo ngữ cảnh trước sau của sự việc)
Ex: 1. If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so
tired now.
2. You wouldn’t be so hungry if you had had breakfast this
morning
 Trong trường hợp này, mệnh đề If chia động từ ở loại 3, mệnh đề chính chia động từ ở
loại 2

BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN

Bài 1: Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If you go to Paris, where you (stay) ___________________?
2. If you ( swim )_______________ in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold.
3. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you
(choose)___________________.
4. The flight may be cancelled if the fog ( get ) _________________ thick.

16
5. If the milkman ( come ) _____________________, tell him to leave two pints.
Bài 2: Choose the correct answer in the brackets.
1. If you ( turn/ turns/ could turn ) the volume down, the music ( sounded/ would sound/
would sounded) clearer.
2. Your pencils ( broke not/ didn’t break/ wouldn’t break if you ( pack/ would pack/ packed)
your school bad more carefully.
3. If the girls ( goed/ went/ could went ) to bed earlier, they ( yawned not/ wouldn’t yawn/
won’t yawn) all through the lesson.
4. ( Would you like/ like you/ will you like ) a car if you ( has/ had/ have ) the money?
5. If Bill ( closes/ closed/ will close ) the window, it ( wouldn’t be/ won’t be/ isn’t) so cold in
the kitchen.
Bài 3: Combine the two sentences using conditional sentences.
1 . They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution
-> If they _____________________________________.
2. He sits around too much. He isn’t fit.
-> If he ________________________________________.
3. She’s very thin; perhaps that’s why she feels cold so much.
-> If he _______________________________________.
4. He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart.
-> If he _______________________________________.
5. He can’t park near his office; that’s why he doesn’t come by car.
-> If he ____________________________________________.
Bài 4: Change the following conditional sentences into reported speech.
1. “ If catch the plane I’ll be home by four o’clock” she said.
__________________________________________________
2. “You should stay in bed if you feel unwell.” My mother said.
__________________________________________________
3. “What would you do if you were having a problem with grammar, Nga?” Huyen asked.
_________________________________________________
4. “If I were you, I’d stop smoking,” she said to her brother.
________________________________________________
5. “I’d have been in bad trouble if Lan hadn’t helped me,” he said.
__________________________________________________
Bài 5: Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as
the sentence given.
1. I don’t see you very often because you live so far away.
-> If you ____________________________________________
2. I don’t have enough money, so I’m not going to buy that skirt.
-> I’d ______________________________________________
3. We don’t practice English very often - We can’t communicate with foreigners.
-> If we _____________________________________________
4. I can’t meet you tomorrow - I have to work late.
-> If __________________________________________________
5. I don’t want her advice, and that’s why I’m not going to ask for it.
-> If ________________________________________________.
BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO

17
Bài 6: Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form. ( Conditional sentences )
1. If you come with me, I __________ (do) the shopping with you.
2. Tom ___________(help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening.
3. If it __________(rain), I will stay at home.
4. Our teacher will be happy if we __________( learn) the letter by heart.
5. If they had enough money, they ____________( buy 0 a new house.
6. They ___________ ( pass ) the exam if they studied harder.
7. If Nick ______________ ( repair ) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
8. She would get 50 pounds if she ____________(sell) this old computer.
9. If I were you, I _______________( invite ) John to the party.
10. If the weather ____________(be) fine, the children can walk to school.
Bài 7: Choose the correct answer in the brackets.
1. If I ( listen/ listens/ will listen) to classical music, I (writes/ writes/ can write) good poems.
2. Sally (look/ looks, must look) after her baby brother if her father ( go/ goes/ with go )
jogging.
3. If you (take/ takes/ will take) the train, you ( arrive/ arrive/ should arrive ) in Hanoi before
8 pm.
4. The girls ( hurry/ hurries/ should hurry) if they ( book/ books/ haven’t booked) the tickets
yet.
5. If Mark ( do/ does/ will do ) that, Sue ( scream/ screamed/ will scream ).
Bài 8: Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form.
1. If I had time, I (go) shopping with you.
2. If you (speak) English, you will get along with them perfectly.
3. If she (come ) to see us, we will go to the zoo.
4. I would (tell) you, if I saw him.
5. Would you mind if I (open) the window?
6. My friend will meet me at the station if he (get) the afternoon off.
7. If I (not do) it, nobody would do it.
8. If my mother (not pick) me up, I’ll take the bus home.
Bài 9: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction.
1. If we (A) have time (B) in the weekend, we (C) will come (D) to see you.
2. If I (A) am you, I would (B) follow (C) his (D) advice.
3. He can (A) pass (B) the exam if he (C) studied (D) hard.
4. What (A) do you (B) do if you won (C) the first prize of (D) the lottery?
5. Would people (A) be able (B) to fly, if they (C) have feathers (D) instead of hair?
Bài 10: Rearrange the words or phrases to make meaningful sentences.
1. not / if / does / rain / it / we /, /go / out / will / for / walk / a /.
_____________________________________________________________
2. there / if / plant / more / we / trees / , /be / more / will / animals / this / in / area /.
____________________________________________________________
3. earn / unless / works / he / hard / , / will / nothing / he /.
____________________________________________________________
4. if / I / accept / that / were / company’s / would / offer / I / Alex/.
____________________________________________________________
5. following / they / that / device / that / would / announced / be / produced / the / year /.

18
Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets in to the correct forms:
1. If he (eat)......................................... all that, he will be ill.
2. She could give us some advice if she (be)............................................ here
now.
3. What (happen)........................................... if my parachute does not open?
4. The baby (wake) ....................................... up if you spoke louder.
5. If he had gotten one more mark, he (pass)………………………………the
exam.
6. If she (not get)................................. married young, she wouldn’t have had
many children.
7. If I (know) ..............................................the answer, I would tell you.
8. You (not have)............................................. so many accidents if you drove
more carefully.
9. If Peter (ask)............................................ me, I’ll help him with all my
ability.
10.If she studied harder, she (get)................................................... better
grades.
11.If I (be)................................. you, I (tell) ....................................... them the
truth.
12.If you (do)..................................... as I told you, you
(succeed).......................................
13. I (not go).......................................... to his house unless you go with me.
14.We could have a drink if it............................................. (not be) so late.
15.Please don’t disturb him if he (be).............................................. busy.
16.If ice (be).................................. heavier than water, it (not
float)...........................................
17.They would be glad if the rain (stop)………………………soon.
18.If Jack (come) ………………………….to my party, I would have danced with
him.
19.It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) ……………..here, she (know)
…………………….. what to do.
20.Lee will go to a Disneyland if he (save) ………………………… enough money.
Exercise 2: Complete each of the following sentences in such a
way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.
1. They don’t understand the problem. They won’t find a solution


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
2. Go right now or you’ll be late for the train.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
3. Because you speak English unnaturally, they do not understand you.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
4. We didn’t know your phone number, so we could not contact you.

19


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
5. Because Simon doesn’t live near his mother, he can’t visit her often.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
6. She didn’t hurry, so she missed the train.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
7. John is fat because he eats so many chips.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………..…
8. Bill never does anything if you don’t tell him what to do.


Unless………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….…
9. They don’t have enough time so they cannot do me a favour.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
10.I must leave now, or I’ll miss the flight.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
11.Hurry up, or we will be late for the exam.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
12.Peter gets bad marks because he doesn’t prepare his lessons well


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
13.He doesn’t apply for the job because he doesn’t have enough
qualifications.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
14.We can’t buy this car because it is very expensive.


20
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
15.Unless he phones her immediately, he won’t get any information
 If
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………
16.They don’t find out the remedy. The patient will die.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
17.Susan felt sick because she ate 4 cream cakes.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
18.If he hadn’t wasted too much time, he wouldn’t have failed in his
examination.


Unless………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
19.Rita is exhausted today because she didn’t get any sleep last night.


………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………
20.The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete these following
sentences.
1. They _____________ angry if you didn’t visit them.
A. would be B. should be C. would D. should
2. What would you do if you _____________ a million dollars?
A. win B. won C. had won D. will win
3. What will happen if the air _____________?
A. was polluted B. be polluted C. is polluted D. has
polluted
4. He wouldn’t have had an accident if he _____________ more carefully.
A. drives B. drove C. had driven D. was
driving
5. If you _____________ better last night, you wouldn’t have been so tired.
A. sleep B. had slept C. was sleeping D. slept
6. If I had noticed him, I _____________ hello to him .
A. say B. said C. would say D. would
have said
7. If he _____________ with us now, he _____________ the beauty of the nature of
the National Park

21
 A. is / can enjoy B. was/ will enjoy C. had/would enjoyed D. were/
could enjoy
8. Would you mind if I _____________ in the room?
A. smoke B. smoked C. would smoke D. had
smoked
9. You can’t get higher result _____________ .
A. if you work hard B. unless you work harder
C. if you worker harder D. unless
you will not work harder
10. Can you imagine what____________ if everyone ____________.
A. will happen / can fly B. would
happen / could fly
C. had happen / could have flown D. happened / will have flown
11. ____________ for work early, he could have caught the bus.
A. If Peter left B. Peter left C. had Peter left D. If had
Peter left
12. Jane ____________ in such a trouble if she had been more carefully when
typing the contract.
A. won’t be B. wouldn’t be C. won’t have been D. wouldn’t
have been
13. If I____________ his address, I would give it to you.
A know B. would known C. knew D. had
known
14. Tom got to the station in time to catch his train.
A. If he had missed it, he would have been late for his interview.
B. If he missed it, he would have been late for his interview.
C. If he had missed it, he would be late for his interview.
D. If he had missed it, he would had be late for his interview.
15. He stepped on the mine, and it exploded.
A. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it doesn’t explode.
B. If he doesn’t step on the mine, it won’t explode.
C. If he didn’t step on the mine, it wouldn’t explode.
D. If he hadn’t stepped on the mine, it wouldn’t have exploded.
16. It may rain this afternoon. I hope it doesn’t because I don’t want the match to
be cancelled
A. If it rains, the match is cancelled. B. If it rains, the match
will be cancelled
C. If it rained, the match would be cancelled D. If it had rained, the
match would have been cancelled
17. Unfortunately, I don’t know Philosophy, so I can’t answer your question.
A. If I know Philosophy, I can answer your question.
B. If I know Philosophy, I will be answer your question.
C. If I knew Philosophy, I would be able to answer your question.
D. If I had known Philosophy, I would have been to answer your question.
18. I/ if/ be/ ill/ not/ absent/ school/ from/ be/ yesterday/.
A. If I hadn’t been ill, I wouldn’t be absent from school yesterday
B. If I wasn’t ill, I wouldn’t have been absent from school yesterday
C. If I have been ill, I wouldn’t have been absent from school yesterday
D. If I hadn’t been ill, I wouldn’t have been absent from school yesterday
19. If / parents / my / exam / my / pass / I / be / very / happy / last year.

22
 A. If I had passed my exam last year, my parents would have been very
happy.
B. If I pass my exam last year, my parents would be very happy.
C. If I had passed my exam last year, my parents will be very happy.
D. If I will pass my exam, my parents would be very happy.
20. Peter cannot go out for lunch because his car is broken.
A. In spite of his broken car, Peter will go out for lunch.
B. If his car is not broken, Peter will go out for lunch.
C If his car were not broken, Peter could go out for lunch.
D. Unless his car were not broken, Peter could go out for lunch.
21. If you____________ time, please write to me.
A. have B. had C. have had D. has
22. I shouldn’t go there at night if I ____________ you.
A. am B. was C. be D. were
23. If I ____________ get a pole, I will go fishing.
A. can B. could C. may D. might
24. If you had the chance, ____________ you go fishing?
A. did B. may C. would D. do
25. If you ____________ a choice, which country would you visit?
A. have B. had C. have had D. will have
26. Trees won’t grow____________ there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as
27. ____________ she agreed, you would have done it.
A. if B. had C. should D. would
28. If he hadn’t wasted too much time , he ____________ in his examination.
A. would fail B. wouldn’t fail C. wouldn’t have failed D. won’t
fail
29. If I had taken that English course, I____________ much progress.
A. had made B. would have made C. made D. would
make
30. If I were in your place, I____________ a trip to England.
A. will make B. had made C. would make D. made

E. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
1. Who: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm chủ ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, sau
Who là "be/V".
Ex: The man is Mr. Pike. He is standing over there.
=> The man who is standing over there is Mr. Pike.
2. Whom: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người, làm tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, sau
Whom là "a clause".
Ex: That is the girl. I told you about her.
=> That is the girl whom I told you about.
Note: Whom làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
3. Which: which dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong mệnh
đề quan hệ.
Ex: The dress is very beautiful. I bought it yesterday.
=> The dress which I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
Note: Which làm tân ngữ có thể được bỏ đi trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định.
4. That: là đại từ chỉ cả người và vật, đứng sau danh từ để làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ trong

23
mệnh đề quan hệ.
Ex: This is the book. I like it best.
=> This is the book that I like best.
Note: + Sau dấu phẩy không bao giờ dùng that
+ That luôn được dùng sau các danh từ hỗn hợp (gồm cả người lẫn vật) everything,
something, anything, all little, much, none và sau dạng so sánh nhất.
5. Whose: là đại từ quan hệ chỉ sở hữu. Whose đứng trước danh từ chỉ người hoặc vật và thay
thế cho tính từ sở hữu hoặc sở hữu cách trước danh từ. Sau whose là 1 danh từ.
Ex: John found a cat. Its leg was broken.
=> John found a cat whose leg was broken.
F. RELATIVE ADVERBS
1. When: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ thời gian, When được thay cho at/on/in + danh từ
thời gian hoặc then.
Ex: May Day is a day. People hold a meeting on that day.
=> May Day is a day when people hold a meeting.
2. Where: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ nơi chốn, When được thay cho at/on/in + danh
từ nơi chốn hoặc there.
Ex: Do you know the country? I was born.
=> Do you know the country where I was born?
3. Why: dùng để thay thế cho danh từ chỉ lí do. Why thay cho for which.
Ex: I don't know the reason. She left him alone.
=> I don't know the reason why she left him alone.
BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BÀN
Bài 1: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.
1. She is talking about the author _________ book is one of the best-sellers this year.
A. which B. whose C. that D. who
2. He bought all the books_________are needed for the next exam.
A. that B.what C. those D. who
3. The children_________parents are famous teachers, are taught well.
A. that B. whom C. whose D. their
4. Do you know the boy_________we met at the party last week?
A. which B. whose C. where D. whom
5. The exercises which we are doing _________ very easy.
A. is B. has been C. are D. was
6. The man _________ next to me kept talking during the film, _________ really ennoyed
me.
A. having sat/ that B. sitting/ which C. to sit/ what D. sitting/ who
7. Was Neil Armstrong the fisrt person _________ set foot on the moon?
A. when B. which C. who D. whom
8. This is the village in _________ my family and I have lived for over 20 years.
A. which B. that C. whom D. where
9. My mother, _________ everyone admires, is a famous teacher.
A. where B. whom C. which D. whose
10. The old building _________ is in front of my house fell down
A. of which B. which C. whose D. whom

24
Bài 2: Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
1. I This is the bank _________ was robbed yesterday.
2. A boy _________ brother is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man _________ robbed the bank is my old friend.
4. He wore a mask _________ made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend _________ waited outside in the car.
6. The woman _________ gave him the money was young.
7. The bag _________ contained the money was yeilow.
8. The people _________ were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man _________ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10. A woman _________ daughter was crying tried to calm her.
Bài 3: Rewrite the sentences using who, whose and which.
1. A tiger is an animal. It is very strong.
→ A tiger___________________________________________________________
2. A novelist is a person. He writes novels.
→ A novelist_________________________________________________________
3. A bottle opener is a device. It opens bottles.
→ A bottle___________________________________________________________
4. The girl speaks French. Her mother writes poems.
→ The girl___________________________________________________________ .
5. A detective is someone. He discovers the truth about crimes.
→ A detective_________________________________________________________
Bài 4: Complete the text with relative pronoun/ adverbs.
My daughter (1)_______ is studying English at Oxford is going on holiday. Her boyfriend
Tim invited her to London (2)_______ he bought a new house last month. She is putting all
her clothes into the suitcase (3)_______ she has just bought. Her sister, (4)______ has
nothing better to do is watching her. The train (5)________ she is going to catch leaves at 11
a.m. Tim, (6)_________ house she is going to stay in, is a doctor too. Tim is coing for her to
the station in a new car (7)________ his parents gave him for his birthday. His parents are
coming to London too. My daughter, (8)________ has never met them before, is very excited
about it.
Bài 5: Underline any relative pronouns that can be left out in these sentences.
1. I think that my boss is the person whom I admire most.
2. We are taking the train that leaves at 6.00.
3. Have you seen the book that I left on the desk?
4. My radio, which isn’t very old, has suddenly stopped working.
5. Last week I ran into an old friend whom I hadn't seen for ages.
6. The couple who met me at the bus stop took me out to dinner.
7. The bag in which the robbers put the money was found later.
8. I really like the tea which you made me this morning.
Bài 6: Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence using relative pronouns in the brackets.
1. We want to visit a temple. 11 opens at 7.00. (that)
→ The temple________________________________________________________ .
2. A boy s bike was taken. He went to the police station. (whose)
→ The boy __________________________________________________________
3 A friend met me at the airport. He carried my suitcase. (who)

25
→ The friend _________________________________________________________
4. Nam cooked a meal. It was delicious. (that)
→The meal __________________________________________________________
5. The friend is staying with me. She comes from Vietnam. (who)
→ The friend _________________________________________________________
6. I found man’s wallet. He gave me a reward. (whose)
→ The man_________________________________________________________
7. I go to the shop in the centre. It is cheaper. (that)
→ The shop in the centre ______________________________________________
8. I went to a girl’s party. She phoned me. (whose)
→ The girl _________________________________________________________

BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO

Bài 7: Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
1. I talked to the man _________ car had broken down in front of the shop.
2. Mr Nick, _________ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3. We often visit our uncle in Hanoi, _________ is the capital city of Vietnam.
4. This is the girl _________ comes from Japan.
5. That's Tim. the boy _________ has just arrived at the airport.
6. Thank you very much for your book _________ is very interesting.
7. That man, _________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.
8. The children, _________ shouted in the street, are not from our school.
9. The car, _________ driver is a young man, is from Korea.
10. What did you do with the money _________ your mother lent you?
Bài 8: Choose the correct answer in the brackets.
1. A hotel is a place (which/ where) people stay when they're on holiday.
2. What's the name of the woman (who/ whose) lives In that house?
3. What do you call someone (which/ that) writes computer programs?
4. A waiter is a person (that/ whose) job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
5. Overalls are cloches (where/ which) people wear to protect their clothes when they are
working.
6. Is that the shop (where/ that) you bought your new laptop?
7. He’s the man (who/ whose) son plays football for Liverpool
8. Mark didn't get the job (that/ where) he applied for.

Bài 9: Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb

1. The woman __________ is sitting at the desk is Mr. John’s secretary.
2. I cannot remember the reason __________ he wanted us to leave.
3. Kelly, __________ mother is a physician, is very good at biology.
4. She didn't see the snake __________ was lying on the ground.
5. Do you know the shop __________ Michael picked me up?
Bài 10: Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not)
1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I have one black cat. His name is Mickey.
_____________________________________________________________________

26
3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Sue plays the piano very well. She is only 8 years old.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
_____________________________________________________________________
Bài 11: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction.
1. The man for (A) who the police (B) are looking (C) robbed (D) the bank last week.
2. Today, (A) the number of people (B) whom moved into this city (C) is almost double (D)
that of twenty years ago.
3. They work (A) with (B) a person (C) his name (D) is John.
4. (A) The man (B) whom you (C) are looking for (D) living in this neighborhood
5. (A) His father warned (B) him not (C) repeating (D) that mistake again
6. My mother (A, will fly to Hanoi (B) that is (C) the capital city (D) of Wetnam
7. She (A) is (B) the.most beautiful girl (C) whose I have (D) ever met
8. Every student (A) who (B) majors in English (C) are ready to participate (D) in this
contest.
Bài 12: Complete the sentences with relative pronouns/ adverbs.
1. Let me see the letter _________ you have written.
2. Is there anyone_________can help me do this?
3. Mr. Brown, _________ is only 34, is the director of this company.
4. I know a Place _________roses grow in abundance.
5. It was the nurse_________ told me to come in.
6. The teacder with _________ we studied last year no longer teaches in our school.
7. They showed me the hospital _________ buildings had been destroyed by US bombings.
8. We saw many soldiers and tanks _________ were moving to the front.
Bài 13: Combine the sentences, using relative clauses.
1. Most of the people speak German. They live in Australia.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
2. This bus isn't running today. It goes to Hung Yen.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
3. I don't like the man. He is going out with my sister.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
4. Michelangelo is one of Italy's greatest artists. He lived until he was 90.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
5. Mary was staying with her friend. He has a big house in Scotland.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
6. The person asked me some very difficult questions. He interviewed me.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
7. Charlie Chaplin became a very rich man. He was from a poor family.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
8. That bike was too expensive. He wanted to buy it.
→ ______________________________________________________________________

G. REPORTED SPEECH ( LỜI NÓI TƯỜNG THUẬT, GIÁN TIẾP)

1. Definition

27
 Lời nói gián tiếp là lời nói thuật lại ý của người nói, thông tin đi từ người thứ nhất qua
người thứ hai đến người thứ ba. Trong lời nói gián tiếp thì cấu trúc câu có sự biến đổi về mặt
ngữ pháp.
Ex:
Trực tiếp: He said,”I am a student.”
Gián tiếp: He said (that) he was a student.
2. Types of sentences in reported speech ( các loại câu trong lời nói gián tiếp)
a. Statements ( Câu kể/ Câu trần thuật)
Câu trần thuật là kiểu câu dùng để kể, xác nhận, miêu tả, thông báo, nhận định, trình
bày về những hiện tượng, những hoạt động, trạng thái, tính chất trong thực tế.
Ex: “Mary said,” I am watching TV”
- Khi chuyển một câu trần thuật trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta phải thực hiện như sau:
+ Dùng động từ say hoặc tell:
S + say/ say to sb/ tell sb (that) + S + ……
Form:

+ Đổi các đại từ nhân xưng, tính từ sở hữu, …..sao cho tương ứng với mệnh đề chính
E.g:
Trực tiếp: Nga said,”I am reading books.”
Gián tiếp: Nga said (that) she was reading books.
Trực tiếp: She said, “My brother is a doctor”.
Gián tiếp: She said (that) her brother was a doctor.
+ Thay đổi “thì” của động từ
- “thì” của động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi thì:
S + said/ said to sb/ told sb (that) + S + V( lùi thì )…..
Form

Saul đây là bảng chỉ sự thay đổi “thì” của động từ trong lời nói Gián tiếp.
Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech)
Hiện tại đơn Quá khứ đơn
He said, “I work in a bank.” -> He said (that) he worked in a bank

Hiện tại tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn

Nam said, I am talking to my brother.” -> Nam said (that) he was talking to his brother.

Hiện tại hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành

Mr Ha said, “ I have bought a computer.” -> Mr Ha said (that) he had bought a computer.

Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
He said, “I have been waiting for you for 2 hours.” -> Ha said (that) he/ she had been waiting for me for
2 hours.

28
Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ hoàn thành
She said, “ I did the exercise.” -> She said (that) she had done the exercise.

Tương lai đơn Tương lai trong quá khứ

She said, “I did the exercise.” -> My mother said (that) she would visit Hue city.

Tương lai tiếp diễn Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ
He said, “I will be sitting at the café.” -> He said (that) he would be sitting at the café.

Tương lai gần ( Is/ am/ are going to do) Was/ were going to do
They said, “ We are going to build a new house.” -> They said (that) they were going to build a new
house.

Can/ may/ must do Could/ might/ had to do

He said, “ I must do my homework.” -> He said (that) he had to do his homework.

+ Thay đổi tính từ chỉ định, trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn
Lời nói trực tiếp ( Direct speech) Lời nói gián tiếp ( Reported speech )
This/ These That/ Those
Here There
Now Then
Today That day
Ago Before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day/ the day after
The day after tomorrow Two days after/ in two day’s time
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
The day before yesterday Two days before
Last week The previous week/ the week before
Next week The next week/ the following week/ the week after

Ex:
Trực tiếp: She said, “ I saw him here in this room yesterday.”
Gián tiếp: She said (that) she had seen him there in that room the day before/ the
previous day.
Ngoài quy tắc chung trên đây thì cần nhớ rằng tình huống thật và thời gian khi hành động
được thuật lại đóng vai trò rất quan trọng trong khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói
gián tiếp.
*Note:

29
 - “should, ought to, would” giữ nguyên trong lời nói gián tiếp.
- Động từ “tell” phải có tân ngữ.
Ex: She told me that he was a student.
- Động từ “say” có thể có tân ngữ hoặc không. Nếu muốn đề cập đến người nghe, ta dùng
“to”
Ex: She said to me that she was doing the housework.
b. Questions ( câu hỏi )
Câu hỏi được chia làm loại:
+ Yes/ No questions ( câu hỏi yes/ No ):
- Câu hỏi yes/ no là loại câu hỏi được trả lời bằng yes/ no.
Ex:
Are you a doctor?
Does he live here?
- Để chuyển một hỏi yes/ no từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:
S1 + asked + (O) + IF/ WHETHER + S2 + V (lùi thì)….

- Tân ngữ sau động từ “ask” có thể có hoặc không.

Ex:
Trực tiếp: Miss Nga said, “Are you a foreigner?”
Gián tiếp: Miss Nga asked (me) if/ whether I was a foreigner.
Trực tiếp: “Does John understand music? He asked.
Gián tiếp: He asked (me) if/ whether John understood music.
+ WH - questions ( Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi )
- Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi là loại câu hỏi mà người hỏi muốn biết thêm thông tin và cần được giải
đáp.
Ex:
What are you doing now?
Where did you go yesterday?
- Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:
S1 + asked + (O) + WH - (when, where, how….) + S2 + V ( lùi thì )…..
Ex:
Trực tiếp: “ What is your name?” He asked.
Gián tiếp: He asked (me) what my name was.
C. Imperatives (Câu mệnh lệnh ):
Câu mệnh lệnh là loại câu dùng để yêu cầu/ đề nghị người khác làm gì đó.
Cách nhận biết câu mệnh lệnh:
Câu mệnh lệnh thường được bắt đầu bằng:
- Động từ ( V )
Ex:
Open the windows, please. Hoặc please open the windows. ( Từ “please” có thề được
thêm vào đầu hoặc cuối câu để tạo ra sự lịch sự.)
- Don’t + V …… ( Mệnh lệnh ở phủ định )
Ex:
Don’t smoke in the room.
- Can/ Could/ Will/ Would you + S + V …..? ( Chỉ yêu cầu lịch sự )

30
 Ex: Can you lend me some books? ( Bạn có thể cho tôi mượn một vài quyển sách
được không ?)
Để chuyển câu hỏi có từ để hỏi từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp thì chúng ta làm theo cấu trúc sau:
S + told/ asked/ ordered + O + (not) + to V +…….
Ex:
Trực tiếp: The teacher said to students ‘ Close the door, please”.
Gián tiếp: The teacher asked/ told students to close the door.
Note: Trong câu mệnh lệnh thì bắt buộc phải có tân ngữ ( người nghe ) nên chúng ta cần tìm
tân ngữ trong câu.
Các cách để tìm tân ngữ:
- Đối với những câu mà đề bài đã cho sẵn thì ta chỉ việc lấy đó mà sử dụng.
Ex:
Trực tiếp: Lan said to Hung: “Open your book.” ( Hung là tân ngữ )
Gián tiếp: Lan told/ asked Hung to open his book.
- Đối với những câu mà người nghe được đặt ở vị trí cuối câu ( có dấu phẩy trước người
nghe) thì ta lấy đó sử dụng .
Ex:
Trực tiếp: “ Help me clean the house, Nga”. Said Hung ( Nga là tân ngữ )
Gián tiếp: Hung asked. Told nga to help her clean the house.
- Đối với những câu mà không có người nghe được nhắc đến phía ngoài dấu ngoặc và không
tìm thấy ở cuối câu thì ta xem xét phía trước người nói có tính từ sở hữu hay không. Nếu có
thì ta lấy đó làm tân ngữ.
Ex:
Trực tiếp: Her mother said: “Don’t talk loudly in the room.” ( mẹ của cô ấy => người
nghe là cô ấy, tân ngữ là her)
Gián tiếp: Her mother asked/ told her not to talk loudly in the room.
- Đối với những câu mà không thể tìm được tân ngữ theo 3 cách trên thì dùng “me” ( tôi ) làm
tân ngữ ( người nghe )
Ex:
Trực tiếp: Lan said:”Go home work.”
Gián tiếp: Lan asked/ told me to go home then.
D. Một số trường hợp không thay đổi “thì” của động từ
- Động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì hiện tại đơn ( say/ says ), hiện tại tiếp diễn ( is/ are
saying ); hiện tại hoàn thành “ ( have said/ has said ); tương lai đơn ( will say )
Trực tiếp: Tom says, “ I am fine “.
Gián tiếp: Tom says he is fine. ( Tom nói anh ấy khỏe )
- Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, sự thật hiển nhiên.
Trực tiếp: He said, “ The sun rises in the East.”
Gián tiếp: He said ( that ) the sun sises in the East.
- Lời nói trực tiếp là các câu điều kiện loại II và III
Trực tiếp: “ If I were you, I would meet her” he said.
Gián tiếp: He said that if he were me, he would meet her.
- Lời nói trực tiếp là cấu trúc “ Wish + past simple/ past perfect”
Trực tiếp: “ I wish I lived in Ho Chi Minh City”, she said.
Gián tiếp: She said she wished he lived in Ho Chi Minh City.
- Cấu trúc “ It’s time the children went to school”, she said.

31
 Gián tiếp: She said it was time the children went to school.
- Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ khiếm khuyết ( could/ would/ should/ might/ ought to/ had
better/ used to….)
Trực tiếp: Miss Lan said, “ you should study hard.”
Gián tiếp: Miss Lan said I should study hard.

*BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG CƠ BẢN

Bài 1: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.
1. The stranger asked me where I ____________ from.
A. come B. coming C. to come D. came
2. Ms. Nga wanted to know what time ________.
A. the movie began B. the movie begins
C. does the movie begin D. did the movie begin
3. Mary said she ……… there the day before.
A. is B. had been C. will be D. would be
4. Mai asked Quang ……
A. when he will come back B. when he would come back
C. when he comes back D. when he is coming back
5. She told me _____________ her up at six o’clock.
A. please pick B. to pick C. should pick D. I can pick
6. He said that He and his friend _____________ married ______________.
A. were getting/ tomorrow B. are getting/ the next day
C. were getting/ the next day D. will get/ the day after
7. He asked me when _____________ there.
A. did I arrive B. will I arrive C. I had arrived D. I can arrive
8. The teacher said, “ I didn’t see her.” -> The teacher said ________ her.
A. he had seen B. I hadn’t seen C. he didn’t see D. he hadn’t seen
9. I wondered _________ the right thing.
A. If I am doing B. was I doing
C. am I doing D. whether I was doing
10. Tom ___________ that his mother was in hospital.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. asked me
Bài 2: Change the statements into reported speech.
1. “She works in a bank”
He said ____________________________.
2. “ We went out last night”
She told me _______________________________________
3. “I’m coming!”
He said _______________________________________
4. “ I’d never been there before”
She said ______________________________________
5. “ I didn’t go to the party “
He told me ____________________________________
6. “My mother will come later”
She said _______________________________________
7. “ He hasn’t eaten breakfast”

32
She told me ___________________________________
8. “ You should go to bed early “
She told me ___________________________________.
Bài 3: Change the questions into reported speech.
1. “ What are you going to do at the weekend?’
He asked me _____________________________________.
2. “Where will you work after graduation?”
He asked me _____________________________________.
3. “How was the journey?”
He asked me ______________________________________.
4. “Do you live in Hanoi?”
She asked me ________________________________________.
5. “Did he arrive on time?”
She asked me _______________________________________.
Bài 4: Change the requests into reported speech.
1. “Please help me carry this suitcase”
She asked me ________________________________________.
2. “Please come early”
She asked me ________________________________________.
3. “Could you please open the window?”
She asked me _______________________________________.
4. “Do your homework!”
She told me _________________________________________.
5. “Don’t be late!”
She told me _________________________________________.
Bài 5: Change the sentences into reported speech
1. Lan said “ Can you sing a song?”
→ _______________________________________________.
2. Miss Hoa asked Hung, “Where did you go last weeks?”
→ _______________________________________________.
3. Mr Nam said, “ I am taking the IELTS test tomorrow.”.
→ _______________________________________________.
4. My mother said, “ I didn’t have a computer last year.”
→ _______________________________________________.
5. The teacher said, “ You must do your homework yourself.”
→ _______________________________________________.
6. Mary said, “ I want to be a writer when I grow up.”
→ _______________________________________________.
7. My mother said, “you should go to bed early.”
→ _______________________________________________.
8. Lan asked, “ Do many tourists visit Ha Long Bay every year, Mai?.”
→ _______________________________________________.
9. Mrs Linh said “ She will spend my holiday in Da Lat next month”.
→ _______________________________________________.
10. Tom told us, “ I do not understand what you are saying.”
→ _______________________________________________.

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BÀI TẬP TỔNG HỢP NÂNG CAO
Bài 6: Choose the best answer to complete the sentence.
1. Jylia said that she ____________there at noon.
A. is going to be B. was going to be C. will be D. can be
2. He _____________that he was leaving way that afternoon.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me
3. She said to me that she ______________to me the Sunday before.
A. wrote B. has written C. was writing D. had written
4. I _____________him to sell that old motorbike.
A. said to B. suggested C. advised D. recommended
5. My parents reminded me ______________ the flowers.
A. to planting B. plant C. to plant D. planting
6. I asked Martha __________ to enter law school.
A. are you planning B. is she planning
C. was she planning D. if she was planning
7. Nam wanted to know what time ________________.
A. does the movie begin B. did the movie begin
C. the movie begins D. the movie began
8. I wondered __________________the right thing.
A. whether I was doing B. if I am doing
C. was I doing D. am I doing
9. The scientist said the earth ____________the sun.
A. goes round B. is going around
C. went around D. was going around
10. Peter said that if he ______________rich, he _______________ a lot.
A. is - will travel B. were - would travel
C. had been - would have travelled D. was - will travel
Bài 7: Choose the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction.
1. I (A) asked him how far (B) was it from my school to post office (C) if I went there
(D) by taxi.
2. They asked me (A) that I (B) could do (C) some shopping (D) with them.
3. Her mother (A) ordered her (B) do not go out with (C) him the day (D) before.
4. She said (A) that the book (B) in the library (C) would be available (D) tomorrow.
5. He (A) advised her (B) thinking about that example (C) again because it needed (D)
correcting.
Bài 8: Complete the sentence into reported speech.
1. “Open the door,”he said to them.
-> He told them _______________________________________________.
2. “Where are you going?” he asked her.
-> He asked her where __________________________________________.
3. “Which way did they go?” he asked.
-> He asked me ________________________________________________.
4. “Bring it back if it doesn’t fit”, I said to her.
-> I told ______________________________________________________.
5. “Don’t try to open it now,” she said to us.

34
-> She told ____________________________________________________.
6. “Is it going to be fine day today?” I asked her.
-> I asked her _________________________________________________.
7. “He’s not at home”, she says.
-> She says that ________________________________________________.
8. “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked.
-> The girl wanted to know _____________________________________.
9. “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said.
-> Tom told Ann _____________________________________________.
10. “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her.
-> He asked __________________________________________________.
Bài 9: Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as
the sentence given.
1. “Would you like to go to the movies with us tonight?” they said to me.
-> They invited _____________________________________________.
2. To do this test was difficult.
-> It was _________________________________________________.
3. The last time Bill met Tom was in 2010.
-> Bill hasn’t _____________________________________________.
4. Ms, Smith is proud of her son’s contribution to the play.
-> Ms. Smith is proud of what ________________________________.
5. I had to cancel the birthday party because my grandmother is seriously ill.
-> I had to cancel _______________________________.
Bài 10. Complete each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same
as the sentence given using the words in the brackets.
1. “I haven’t been home this evening, Mary” said Bill (told)
-> Bill ___________________________________________.
2. I haven’t seen my sister for 5 years (since)
-> It’s ____________________________________________.
3. My book was published last year. It became a best seller. (that)
-> My book _______________________________________.
4. “ I’ll pick you up at 7:00, Kate” said Mark (promised)
-> Mike ________________________________________________.
5. The bad was found later. The robbers put the money in it (in)
-> The bag _____________________________________________.

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