DRILL STEM TESTING: A test involving temporary completion of a well to prove the productive

possibilities of an oil or gas strike with the drill string in the hole. A DST, as it is usually known, may be
conducted inside casing or open hole, and it gives essential information about the rate of production
that can be expected from a particular producing horizon. It interferes little with the drilling program,
and once completed, permits drilling to be resumed quickly so that other horizons can be explored. The
testis accomplished with a DST string, comprising a test tree, valves, Packers and chokes, which is
lowered on the drill string to the selected productive horizon, which isolates from the rest of the well.
Mud is removed from the section under test, down hole pressures and temperatures are logged, and oil
or gas is caused to flow into the test tree, to be later brought to the surface by reverse circulation. Fluid
samples are sent in transfer bottles for analysis, accompanied by logs and records, and a detailed
reservoir evaluation is made, from which commercial value of the well can be judged. The results of a
DST are publicly announced in the form "2600 BPD flowed through " choke on DST."

DRILL STEM TEST STRING: An assembly of items joined together near the end of a drill string for the
purpose of testing a formation to determine its oil or gas flow characteristics. The following pieces
comprise a typical string: sub-sea test tree, slip joint safety valve, reversing valve, pressures recorders,
bottom hole choke, packers and perforated tubing

DRILL STRING COMPENSATOR: A heave compensator that sense the heave of a floating rig, and
automatically compensates for the movement by rising or lowering the swivel. As a floating rig is
subjected to the heave of the sea, the string would move up and down in the hole, with consequent
intolerable variations in bit weight as the swivel dipped in sympathy, were it not for the compensating
motion of the device.

As can be inferred from the above definitions, a DST is normally a very short-term test unless the well
will flow continuously. In some offshore areas there is enough reservoir pressure to flow the wells, but
due to loss fluid in the well, (heavy water) and where the gravity of the fluid is heavy and the cooling of
the fluid as it rises, especially in the riser that extends from the sea floor (mud line) to the rig will not
flow at this time. Even if it flows, the amount of reduction in formation is usually small. In an effort to
improve the flowing characteristics, nitrogen lift is often employed. Liquid nitrogen is brought to the rig
and pumped down hole through coiled tubing to the bottom of the drill stem in an effort to gas lift the
well. While this can draw the well down more than natural flow, the problem of setting up of the heavy
crude or paraffin base oil still exists. To offset this, diesel is often injected to serve as a diluent. Some
success has been achieved with this technique, but the productions rates generally range form zero to a
few hundred BPD and nitrogen lift methods sets up surges (heading) that results in uneven flow rates
and varying down hole pressures. What the operators would like is a method that can give a sustained
and steady draw down over a period of days so that kill and acidizing fluid are removed and withdrawal
reaches out into the reservoir some distance to better characterize it.
Since the producing rate and bottom hole are unknowns, it is difficult to size an artificial lift means
unless it has a wide operating range or can be resized easily and quickly.

Various artificial lifts have been proposed and tried. The most common is nitrogen lift as discussed
above. The use of drill motors as pump has been suggested, and we think tried, but no results are
known. This method involves anchoring the drill motor down hole and rotating the drill string to make
the Moyno type motor act as a pump. Sucker rod pump has been tied, by using the drawworks as a
stroking device. To date the jet pump has been very successful in all cases along with unloading the well.

Weatherford Sliding Sleeve Jet Pumps

An Effective Solution for Drill Stem Testing or Production Units, Using Sliding Sleeve Cavities

Weatherford Production Systems has been successfully designing. manufacturing and operating
hydraulic downwell production units in the world's oil fields for over thirty years. The last fifteen of
those years have positioned Weatherford as a world leader in Jet Pump technology as applied to oil field
lift system problems. Utilizing that capability, a line of Jet Pumps was designed to operate in downwell
sliding sleeve assemblies. This development brings the Weatherford Jet Pump's inherent advantages to
any sliding sleeve pumping application. Production rates from several hundred barrels per day to 10,000
BPD or more are achievable utilizing these units

Jet Pump Operation - Maximum Simplicity

The Weatherford Jet Pump operates on the Venturi principle. High pressure power fluid from the
surface unit is forced through the pump nozzle, where the fluid stream is reduced in diameter and it's
velocity is greatly accelerated. This high velocity stream passes through a small open space between the
pump nozzle and the throat. Well fluid flows into this space through side ports in the pump. The jet
stream of power fluid entrains the produced fluid and drives it into the pump throat. Turbulent mixing
of the two fluids occurs inside the throat. During this mixing mixing or the two nuias occurs inside the
throat. During this mixing process, pressure rises in the produced fluid through energy transfer from the
power fluid. The combined stream of power and produced fluids passes through the throat into the
diffuser section of the pump. In the diffuser the velocity head is converted to additional pressure, which
lifts the combined fluids to the surface.

Sliding Sleeve Operation

 With the sliding sleeve in the "open" position, the Weatherford Jet Pump is run
in on standard wire line running tools. The pump's two seals enter the sliding
sleeve top and bottom seal bores, and the top lock, provided by the sliding
sleeve manufacturer, positions and holds the jet pump in place. Standard wire
line retrieving tools are used to pull the pump. A pressure recorder can be
mounted below the jet pump.

POWER FLUID

PUMP SUCTION

CO-MINGLED FLUID

REVERSE FLOW

Weatherford Sliding Sleeve Jet Pumps

FEATURES:

BENEFITS:

1 No Moving Parts

1. Provides extended run time between any required pump maintenance. No contact surfaces to gall or
wear No abrasive damage caused by solids trapped between moving parts.

2. Can handle High Sand Cut

2 In addition to no moving parts, the Weatherford Jet Pump nozzle and the throat liner are
manufactured from precision machined carbide. This construction allows the pump to handle far greater
solids loads than either a reciprocating or centrifugal pump can tolerate

3 Can Handle High Gas/Oil Retics 3 "Free" gas passes easily through the Jet Pump without

causing mechanical damage 4. Can Be Supplied in Corrosion 4. Without the potential for galling Inherent
in moving parts, the Jet Pump can quite easily be manufactured from a variety of

Resistant Materials

5. Wide Flexibility in Operating Range

corrosion resistant alloys. 5. Availability of 16 nozzle and 17 throat sizes allows wido operating range for
units designed to operate in standard

6 Flexibility in Production Rate

tubing sizes from 2" through 5" 6. Changing the surface power fluid pressure can vary

7. Easily Adapted to a Wide Range of Sliding Sleeve Seal Bores and Pitch Lengths

production rate in the Jet Pump 7 The Weatherford Sliding Sleeve Jet Pump can operate in standard seal
bore diameters from 1.875 to 4.562 inches,

8. Compact Lightweight and Easy to

Handle

9. Run in and Removed on a Wire 9. Saves both time and money no "big nig" requirement for installation
or removal. 10. "Conventional Flow' units are arranged for power fluid down the well tubing and return
fluids up the casing annulus.

Line

10. Available in "Conventional or "Reverse Flow"

"Reverse Flow is just the opposite power fluid down the

annulus and retum fluids up the tubing.

with seal pitch lengths of 19.66 inches or greater. 8 Most of these pumps can be handled by one man - a
real advantage on any location, particularly offshore

In addition to the many Operator Benefits described above, Weatherford provides true "state-of-the-art
computer generated, predictive analysis of Jet Pump well production, using the largest, most
sophisticated data base in the industry Selecting the optimum combination of nozzle and throat sizes,
matched to well characteristics, is key to arriving at Jet Pump maximum performance. The Weatherford
analysis, backed by over a decade of field experience in its use, is a maximum tool to achieve maximum
results.
Test well with confidence using Jet Pump

A Question that has faced many operators around the world is "What should be done when logs and
sidewall cores have confirmed the presence of oil in an exploration well. but little or no fluid flows to the
surface?"

One answer is to swab the well, a method fraught with problems that is inherently dangerous, Up to
now, the alternatives have been to run coil tubing and Inject nitrogen: run a drilling motor and anchor it
while the drill string is rotated to pump the well, run an electric submersible pump; or, as has been done
on more than one occasion, mount a complete sucker rod pump on the drill floor. All of these
alternatives are costly, and Involve long-term planning or expensive delays while equipment is located
and transported to the rig site. Apart from the cost factor, these methods are not effective in drawing
down the well and realizing its fuil potential.

Weatherford Artificial Lift Systems has adapted its widely used production jet pump for use as a DST tool
Set in a siding sleeve and powered by the rig's own mud or cementing PUMPS, the jet pump can draw
the well down to a very low pump intako pressure. This ability to provide a positive drawdown helps
clear the perforations and surrounding formation of cuttings, mud, and sand forced into the formation
while drilling Because the drawdown is continuous and steady, all contaminants are drawn out of the
well, allowing a clean and clear flow of the formation's fluids.

The jet pump used as a DST tool can, and has been employed successfully offshore from both floaters
and jack-ups. It has also been used on land rigs. A typical DST string would use a packer above he zone to
be tested, with a pressure controlled safety valve (omni valve) and a sliding sleeve set at any point
desired, but preferably as close to the formations being tested as possible. The jet pump is run in on
standard wireline tools and latched Into the interal sealing areas of the sliding sleeve. The power fluid
can be water, oil, a combination of both, or produced formation fluids. In cases where heavy crudes are
encountered, diesel oil has been used successfully. Heating the power fluids is also successful for heavy
wax or highly viscous crudes. Oil with a gravity as low as 5- 7 degrees API has been easily handled by the
jet pump. Using state-of-the-art programs mining on portable computers at the well site, accurate
calculations can be given on production and drawdown. In addition, the computer can be used to
configure the threat and nozzle to achieve the amount of drawdown required by the operator,
Adjustments to the throat and nozzle combination are easily carned out at the rig site in a short time
and with no special tools.

Developed in the early1980's to lift heavy offshore Califomia crudes, the tool has since been refined.
With capacities of up to 20,000 bpd of produced fluid, the jet pump is capable of getting out as much as
the well will give up. The economics and ease of jet pump use makes this tool the perfect solution for
Drill Stem Testing

USEFUL INFORMATION

(1) SLIDING SLEEVE SET DEPTH

The Baker Model 'L' sliding sleeves are equipped with 3-1/2" VAM threads (boxx pin) The sliding sleeves
have an OD of 4.500" and should be positioned in your test string so as to set as deep as possible, while
remaining above the packer. The sleeve (and pump) need to be at the maximum possible depth to
optimize pump performance.

(2) PACKERS

The packer used should be a mechanical set type (e.g., Halliburton Model RTTS' or similar). It should not
be a hydraulic set packer, as these can be prone to problems when differential pressure exceeds 2000
PSI, and the jet pump will be using the annulus for power fluid injection.

(3) TEST STRING PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES

If customer intends to run an annulus pressure activated safety valve in the string, we would
recommend placing this valve in the string below the sliding sleeve, and above the packer. We will also
need to be advised at what pressure the safety valve will open and allow formation fluid to reach the jet
pump. We would recommend as low a pressure as possible (eg, 1000-1500 PSI), as the lower we can
operate the jet pump, the greater a pressure we can utilize during testing

Any other annulus pressure activated safety valves would need to be set to operate at as high

pressure as possible so they would not overly restrict the pressure variation available to the

jet pump.

(4) GAUGE BUNDLE(S)

We recommend the gauge bundle(s) be set below the packer. This tends to save wear on the
instruments from the jarring on the sliding sleeve and jet pump to set and release.

RENTAL PACKAGE WIRELINE TOOLS

(5) The rental package will contain all tools necessary to attach to your wireline jars to enable operation
of the sliding sleeve and running/retrieving of the jet pump. All our tools are fitted with standard
wireline connections.

Upon his arrival to the location, the service engineer will check out his equipment, to see that all
equipment necessary for the DST are on location. This equipment consists of the jet pump, different
nozzle and throat combinations, spare o-rings, and the correct sub-lock assembly and fishing tools,
(shifting tools) sliding sleeve, spare parts, etc.

After checking his equipment, the serviceman will check what down hole tools will be used during the
jet pump test, to be sure of compatibility with the jet pump. Since there are several service companies
that provide DST tools, the drill stem test is typical (fig. 1). The customer will provide the service
engineer will request for the well parameters (known and assumed). The will use the Weatherford's 4.1
computer program to size the jet pump correctly using the customer's information. After doing the
initials calculations, the service engineer will submit the information for the customer evaluation, and
discuss the options with him. For example, the customer has agreed with the service engineer that the
9C ratio jet is best suited for the target production of 1500 bpd. We will assume that the perforations of
this zone have been shot. The rig begins to pick up tools and run them into the hole. At this time the
service engineer has converted the pump to the desired ratio, installed the lock and is ready to run the
jet when called upon. Prior to running into the hole the service engineer has repeatedly opened and
closed the SSD. Pressure tested the SSD (if possible) to 5000 PSI and has locked the pump into place in
the SSD as a test. After running (1) stand of collars, you must be sure to run I joint of full opening tubular
below the SSD to assist in shifting the sleeve after the jet pump test. With this complete, we now install
the SSD in its place and run (1) stand of tubular into the hole and fill with water to pressure test,
typically done with the rig pump or cementing pumps tc 3000 PSI or the customers desired test
pressure. Run into hole the remaining DST string, and land the packer and set it. The customer at this
time may choose to flow the well if possible. Let us assume the decision has been made to jet pump this
zone. The customer may elect to open circulating valve to remove what fluids are in the test string prior
to shifting the sleeve open. Caution should be taken at this time; to be sure the annular pressure and
tubing pressure are balanced prior to opening the sliding sleeve. This is a precaution to prevent the
wireline from being blown up the hole. Shift the sleeve open and pull out of the hole all wireline
tools/shifting tools. Rig up jet pump with running tool and run into the hole.

Normally, after the jet pump is seated in the sliding sleeve the following

procedures are followed:

1. Test surface line to +/- 3000 PSI or to customer test pressure. 2 Set all pressure relief valves to open
200 PSI below DST tool string shear pressure.

3. Double check all valves and lines are set for reverse flow operation.

Jet pumping can now be started. The power fluid rate at this time will be dependent on the nozzle in the
pump. Slowly pressure annulus to 1000-PSI checking returns and power fluid rate. If the jet has been
determined to be seated and the tester valve is open, increase pressure slowly to 2000 PSI while
recording the power fluid rate ad returns to surface. At this time adjust the manifold to the require
backpressure. At this time the well will be unstable and the manifold will require constant adjusting. As
the well stabilizes, the customer may wish to increase the surface pressure to maximum.

During the DST, the service engineer will monitor the operation of the jet pump and is normally
responsible for maintaining the jet pump operation in the manner in which the customer requires. Drill
Stem Test varies from a few hours to a few days depending upon the customer's requirements and the
formations characteristics.

After the jet pump test and the shut-in (build up) is completed, the wireline equipment is rigged up and
RIH to retrieve the jet pump. Shifting tool is then RIH to closed the SSD. At the end of test, the service
engineer will clean the jet pump and associated equipment. He will then obtain actual reservoir
information from other service companies to generate a new or accurate IPR curve for the tested
production zone.